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Name: Weld size differences between EC and AISC (CISC) codes
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"value": "Existe uma diferença entre as definições do tamanho de soldadura nas operações de soldadura quando se projeta de acordo com os códigos EC ou AISC (CISC). Tenha isso em consideração ao criar um modelo de uma junta no IDEA StatiCa."
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"value": "<p>De acordo com a EN, o tamanho da soldadura é definido pelo parâmetro <em>a,</em> que é <strong>a espessura de garganta da soldadura</strong>.</p>\n<p>De acordo com a AISC (CISC), o tamanho da soldadura é definido pelo parâmetro <em>z,</em> que é <strong>o comprimento do cateto da soldadura</strong>.</p>\n<p>É possível calcular facilmente <em>a</em> a partir de <em>z</em> e vice-versa utilizando o <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem\">Teorema de Pitágoras.</a></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e132c666-93e0-4b7f-9917-8ffc5a5dc770\" data-image-id=\"e132c666-93e0-4b7f-9917-8ffc5a5dc770\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/82cd97fe-7c32-4d7d-b803-1794a985529a/Weld_size.png\" data-asset-id=\"e132c666-93e0-4b7f-9917-8ffc5a5dc770\" data-image-id=\"e132c666-93e0-4b7f-9917-8ffc5a5dc770\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>"
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"value": "<p>É interessante verificar as diferentes abordagens à mesma estrutura que podemos encontrar entre regiões, empresas ou mesmo entre diferentes projetistas. Enquanto alguns soldam tudo sem pensar num único parafuso, outros dividem a estrutura em várias partes e ligam tudo com dezenas de parafusos. Ambas as abordagens para ligar os elementos estruturais têm as suas vantagens e desvantagens. </p>\n<p>As ligações puramente soldadas são mais rígidas do que as ligações aparafusadas e são, por isso, consideradas mais seguras ou podem reduzir as deformações. Mas então um soldador experiente (ou seja, caro) tem de estar em obra, suspenso no espaço, muitas vezes em condições meteorológicas adversas. As verificações da qualidade da soldadura por vezes nem são possíveis, e um trabalho menos preciso implica obviamente custos de material mais elevados.</p>\n<p>A soldadura em oficina, por outro lado, pode ser mais precisa, mas também exige transporte para a obra. E a soldadura em obra é frequentemente dispendiosa na execução e no consumo excessivo de materiais de soldadura. Continue a ler para saber qual a abordagem mais adequada para os seus projetos.</p>\n<p>Já sabe que o IDEA StatiCa pode ajudá-lo a calcular não só a rigidez das ligações soldadas, mas também a estimar os custos da ligação em função do tipo de soldadura, entre outros aspetos. Isso não é novidade. <a data-item-id=\"dc6882ef-317b-417a-b684-943901355f3d\" href=\"\">Pode ler um dos nossos artigos sobre o cálculo do custo da ligação</a>. </p>\n<p>Mas também acreditamos que os projetos de ligações devem ser tão precisos quanto possível, garantindo ao mesmo tempo uma resistência suficiente da ligação. E uma das nossas funcionalidades pode ajudá-lo exatamente com isso. </p>\n<h2>Projetar o contacto entre o pilar e a placa de base</h2>\n<p>Imagine que precisa de projetar um pilar de aço soldado à sua placa de base. A carga deve ser transferida da estrutura superior para as fundações. Em determinados países, é possível incluir o contacto entre o pilar e a sua placa de base na avaliação da resistência à compressão da ligação.</p>\n<p>Na maioria das normas, como o Eurocódigo, assume-se que a carga é transmitida apenas através das soldaduras. Por conseguinte, as soldaduras devem ser dimensionadas de modo a resistir à força de compressão total proveniente da estrutura acima. No entanto, é possível imaginar que existe um determinado contacto entre a base do pilar e a sua placa de base mesmo antes de estes dois elementos serem soldados.</p>\n<p>Em algumas regiões, os guias técnicos permitem ter em conta este contacto na avaliação da resistência à compressão. Naturalmente, existem determinados critérios a cumprir para que seja permitido utilizar esta abordagem. O contacto confere então uma resistência adicional à resistência à compressão da soldadura de base, o que conduz a um dimensionamento mais económico das soldaduras.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" data-image-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/2a16ecdf-f660-47b6-bb32-9b9aeecf3314/6.png\" data-asset-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" data-image-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>O <a data-item-id=\"68076977-c9aa-4fa5-b726-09433e204c2b\" href=\"\">modelo da soldadura</a> será então definido com elevada rigidez. Quando começa a ceder (ou seja, a deformar-se plasticamente), o contacto é ativado e a compressão é absorvida pelo contacto. Isto conduz a valores significativos de tensão na soldadura mesmo quando o contacto é aplicado. No entanto, importa salientar que a resistência da soldadura ao corte não é reduzida. A soldadura deixa de ser verificada à compressão, uma vez que esta é absorvida pelo contacto, mas a tração e o corte continuam a ser atribuídos à soldadura e as verificações adequadas são realizadas.</p>\n<p>Na prática, adicionará simultaneamente um contacto <strong>e</strong> uma soldadura nas arestas apropriadas do elemento (o pilar, neste caso). Do ponto de vista da transferência de carga, o contacto será eficaz apenas à compressão, enquanto as soldaduras transferirão forças de corte e de tração. Ambas as operações estão disponíveis na operação de fabrico \"Soldadura ou contacto\".</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"29614fc0-aa03-499c-b343-7c518253d397\" data-image-id=\"29614fc0-aa03-499c-b343-7c518253d397\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/d7f5114a-1fcd-4da4-9496-44a11d412653/1.png\" data-asset-id=\"29614fc0-aa03-499c-b343-7c518253d397\" data-image-id=\"29614fc0-aa03-499c-b343-7c518253d397\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>É o que verá no IDEA StatiCa Connection:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Uma linha vermelha que representa o contacto à compressão é combinada com uma linha amarela utilizada para indicar as soldaduras (quando a vista transparente está ativada)</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9a6d9cfe-6a47-4004-ac16-16dc15eadf5d\" data-image-id=\"9a6d9cfe-6a47-4004-ac16-16dc15eadf5d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/6af8d357-08a5-4696-bc89-3f5b3938463a/5.png\" data-asset-id=\"9a6d9cfe-6a47-4004-ac16-16dc15eadf5d\" data-image-id=\"9a6d9cfe-6a47-4004-ac16-16dc15eadf5d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Nos resultados e relatórios, foi adicionada uma seta apontada para baixo junto ao símbolo retangular da soldadura de filete</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"49e646c3-621b-4946-98c5-3330d6b697dc\" data-image-id=\"49e646c3-621b-4946-98c5-3330d6b697dc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/40b0ff4a-152f-4245-af7e-7424793620db/7.png\" data-asset-id=\"49e646c3-621b-4946-98c5-3330d6b697dc\" data-image-id=\"49e646c3-621b-4946-98c5-3330d6b697dc\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Pode aplicar qualquer tipo de soldadura de filete em combinação com o contacto (ou seja, contínua, parcial ou intermitente). As soldaduras de topo não são combinadas pela sua própria natureza.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"29ab325a-b8f5-4f92-93af-d4e9a10b81c8\" data-image-id=\"29ab325a-b8f5-4f92-93af-d4e9a10b81c8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/d2b3e9c9-3586-4eeb-963a-70e24edca19c/4.png\" data-asset-id=\"29ab325a-b8f5-4f92-93af-d4e9a10b81c8\" data-image-id=\"29ab325a-b8f5-4f92-93af-d4e9a10b81c8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h3>Limitações do procedimento</h3>\n<p>A abordagem apresentada pode ser aplicada quando as operações de fabrico reais são garantidas: as arestas do elemento soldado devem ser <strong>maquinadas com precisão</strong> de modo a que <strong>não exista folga</strong> entre os elementos soldados. Devido a estes critérios rigorosos, este procedimento está limitado a determinados países, como <a href=\"https://www.steel.org.au/getattachment/f68b3f37-530a-4316-8c4e-e2617a95b7de/Detailing-considerations-Design-Guide-7_bk745.pdf\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">os Países Baixos</a> e o Reino Unido. Não podemos deixar de sublinhar que a responsabilidade pelo cumprimento deste critério recai sobre o engenheiro.</p>\n<h3>Saiba mais </h3>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"ddfe7eda-4125-461a-b0f1-90de133d5cc6\" href=\"\">A combinação do contacto à compressão</a> e uma soldadura na mesma aresta da chapa de aço é uma das novas funcionalidades da versão 22.1 do IDEA StatiCa, lançada em outubro deste ano. Consulte a lista completa das novas funcionalidades nas nossas <a data-item-id=\"8136efc3-3a87-48df-9cb2-890edbe4cfb2\" href=\"\">Notas de lançamento do IDEA StatiCa 22.1</a> para aço e betão, ou assista a uma apresentação ao vivo no nosso webinar de lançamento <a data-item-id=\"16d6512d-82ee-4689-823f-5998c9421d66\" href=\"\">Novidades no IDEA StatiCa 22.1</a>.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"bf99fda6_17c6_0131_301c_52f0e701131e\"></object>"
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"value": "<h2>Modelo de parafuso segundo o CBFEM</h2>\n<p>A IDEA StatiCa possui um método único no seu solver, o <a data-item-id=\"6e068636-6a02-5d0e-89ad-6dcff4e21151\" href=\"\">Método dos Elementos Finitos baseado em Componentes (CBFEM)</a>. O modelo de parafuso utilizado no CBFEM é descrito e verificado segundo vários códigos de dimensionamento de estruturas de aço. A resistência à carga e a capacidade de deformação são também comparadas com os principais programas de investigação experimental.</p>\n<p>No Método dos Elementos Finitos baseado em Componentes (CBFEM), o parafuso com o seu comportamento à tração, ao corte e ao esmagamento é o componente descrito por molas não lineares dependentes. O parafuso à tração é descrito por uma mola com a sua rigidez axial inicial, resistência de cálculo, início de cedência e capacidade de deformação. Para o início de cedência e a capacidade de deformação, assume-se que a deformação plástica ocorre apenas na parte roscada do fuste do parafuso.</p>\n<p>No nosso Enquadramento Teórico, pode encontrar <a data-item-id=\"c2cc67f3-4000-4959-a195-b28becf63f2a\" href=\"\">mais informação sobre como o método CBFEM descreve e verifica parafusos</a>. Se quiser saber um pouco mais sobre o CBFEM em geral, o <a data-item-id=\"d4aa2923-a94a-4c40-8fd8-93608acbf893\" href=\"\">Enquadramento teórico geral</a> completo é definitivamente o melhor ponto de partida.</p>\n<h2>Parafusos segundo os códigos de dimensionamento</h2>\n<p>Vejamos como o CBFEM aborda os parafusos do ponto de vista dos diferentes códigos de dimensionamento. Até ao momento, a IDEA StatiCa suporta oito códigos de dimensionamento nos quais o dimensionamento e/ou a pormenorização de parafusos e parafusos pré-esforçados são tratados. </p>\n<h3>Verificação normativa de parafusos e parafusos pré-esforçados segundo o Eurocódigo</h3>\n<p>A rigidez inicial e a resistência de cálculo dos parafusos ao corte são modeladas no CBFEM de acordo com as Cl. 3.6 e 6.3.2 da EN 1993-1-8. A mola que representa o esmagamento e a tração tem um comportamento força-deformação bilinear com rigidez inicial e resistência de cálculo de acordo com as Cl. 3.6 e 6.3.2 da EN 1993-1-8.</p>\n<p><strong>Pormenorização </strong></p>\n<p>A verificação normativa dos parafusos é realizada se a opção estiver selecionada na configuração normativa. São verificadas as distâncias do centro do parafuso às bordas da chapa e entre parafusos. A distância à borda <em>e</em> = 1,2 e o espaçamento entre parafusos <em>p</em> = 2,2 são recomendados na Tabela 3.3 da EN 1993-1-8. Os utilizadores podem modificar ambos os valores na configuração normativa.</p>\n<h3>Verificação normativa de parafusos e parafusos pré-esforçados segundo o AISC</h3>\n<p>As forças nos parafusos são determinadas por análise de elementos finitos. As forças de tração incluem forças de alavanca. As resistências dos parafusos são verificadas de acordo com o AISC 360 - Capítulo J3.</p>\n<p><strong>Pormenorização </strong></p>\n<p>São verificados o espaçamento mínimo entre parafusos e a distância mínima do centro do parafuso à borda de uma peça ligada. O espaçamento mínimo de 2,66 vezes (editável na configuração normativa) o diâmetro nominal do parafuso entre centros de parafusos é verificado de acordo com o AISC 360-16 – J.3.3. A distância mínima do centro do parafuso à borda de uma peça ligada é verificada de acordo com o AISC 360-16 – J.3.4; os valores constam das Tabelas J3.4 e J3.4M.</p>\n<h3>Verificação normativa de parafusos e parafusos pré-esforçados segundo outras normas</h3>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-cisc\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verificação normativa de parafusos e parafusos pré-esforçados segundo o CISC (Canadá)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-chinese-standard\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verificação normativa de parafusos e parafusos pré-esforçados segundo a norma chinesa (GB)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-according-to-hong-kong-code\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verificação normativa de parafusos segundo o Código de Hong Kong (HKG)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-according-to-is-800\">Verificação normativa de parafusos pré-esforçados segundo a IS 800 (Índia)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-sp\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verificação normativa de parafusos e parafusos pré-esforçados segundo a SP (Rússia)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-as\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verificação normativa de parafusos e parafusos pré-esforçados segundo a AS (Austrália)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Pormenorização de parafusos </h2>\n<p><strong>Como definir as distâncias</strong></p>\n<p>As distâncias às bordas utilizadas para a resistência ao esmagamento dos parafusos devem ser relevantes para geometrias gerais de chapas, chapas com aberturas, recortes, etc.</p>\n<p>O algoritmo lê a direção real do vetor da força de corte resultante num dado parafuso e calcula em seguida as distâncias necessárias para a verificação ao esmagamento.</p>\n<p>As distâncias de extremidade (<em>e</em><sub>1</sub>) e de borda (<em>e</em><sub>2</sub>) são determinadas dividindo o contorno da chapa em três segmentos. O segmento de extremidade é indicado por um intervalo de 60° na direção do vetor de força. Os segmentos de borda são definidos por dois intervalos de 65° perpendiculares ao vetor de força. A distância mais curta de um parafuso a um segmento relevante é então tomada como distância de extremidade ou de borda.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" data-image-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/c166c28a-3f8f-4d50-99ba-857ed9b01e6c/Bolt%20bearing%20distances%201.png\" data-asset-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" data-image-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>As distâncias de espaçamento entre furos de parafusos (<em>p</em><sub>1</sub>; <em>p</em><sub>2</sub>) são determinadas ampliando virtualmente os furos de parafusos circundantes em metade do seu diâmetro, traçando depois duas linhas na direção e perpendicularmente ao vetor da força de corte. As distâncias aos furos de parafusos ampliados que são intersectados por estas linhas são então consideradas como <em>p</em><sub>1</sub> e <em>p</em><sub>2</sub> no cálculo.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" data-image-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/b8152921-f220-412f-81de-8c8c83d7e2c2/Bolt%20bearing%20distances%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" data-image-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Exemplos de verificação</h2>\n<p>Preparámos vários exemplos de verificação para comparar os resultados com outros métodos de cálculo.</p>\n<h4>EN</h4>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-connection-splices-in-shear\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ligação aparafusada - Emendas ao corte</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-connection-interaction-of-shear-and-tension\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ligação aparafusada - Interação de corte e tração</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/haunched-joint-capacity-design\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Junta com mísula – dimensionamento por capacidade</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>AISC</h4>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-splice-connection\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ligação de emenda aparafusada</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-flange-plate-moment-connection-lrfd\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ligação de momento com chapa de banzo aparafusada – LRFD</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/extended-moment-end-plate-connection-asd\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ligação de momento com placa de extremidade estendida – ASD</a></li>\n</ul>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n0c05bb71_98f6_0175_3c68_4d2cfdaceb67\"></object>\n<h2>Tecnologia patenteada para engenheiros estruturais</h2>\n<p>Sabia que a nossa solução de modelo de parafuso faz parte de uma patente americana? Leia <a data-item-id=\"627bdc92-14f2-416a-b7ef-7df116ea3e73\" href=\"\">aqui</a> sobre a nossa história de sucesso. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\" data-image-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/a0abb5ad-7dba-4687-bfd8-e64fa9c03512/756213100-huge.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\" data-image-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2> Junta com um parafuso - a nossa solução </h2>\n<p>Por vezes, o engenheiro necessita de criar uma <strong>junta com apenas um parafuso</strong>, especialmente quando se prevê, por exemplo, uma rótula, uma contraventamento, uma barra ou uma diagonal. Para modelar e calcular este tipo de operação, é necessário definir um <strong>Tipo de modelo</strong> adequado para o elemento. Pode ler mais sobre isso <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/how-to-model-one-bolt-connection\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">aqui</a>. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\" data-image-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/edfb27a5-88b9-4f39-ac2b-bd319f37ee29/Model%20type%200.png\" data-asset-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\" data-image-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Parafusos, soldaduras e rigidez de uma junta</h2>\n<p>Tanto os parafusos como as soldaduras têm as suas vantagens e desvantagens. Um dos aspetos importantes na escolha de uma junta é a sua rigidez prevista. Em geral, uma junta aparafusada nunca é tão rígida como uma junta soldada. Se optar por uma ligação aparafusada, recomendamos calcular a rigidez dessa ligação e ter em conta a rigidez resultante na estrutura global. Pode ler como é esse cálculo e o que implica <a data-item-id=\"6726bbc6-1826-4c43-9253-b8f6e0ab39a9\" href=\"\">aqui</a>, ou ver este <a data-item-id=\"ab4c1281-d0ce-5c97-95ef-3c369206d272\" href=\"\">vídeo</a>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\" data-image-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/d43f402a-8463-4e51-b040-bcbadaaab500/stiffness.png\" data-asset-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\" data-image-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"untitled_content_item_a1697b4\"></object>"
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"value": "<h2>Enquadramento Teórico</h2>\n<p>Leia a informação essencial sobre o modelo de soldadura no nosso Enquadramento Teórico. A parte geral descreve o próprio modelo de cálculo:</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/general-theoretical-background#Welded_connections_analysis\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Enquadramento Teórico: Análise de ligações soldadas</a></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\" data-image-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/a62801a2-1d6a-4743-8627-e232e90e69d9/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Plate%20model%20and%20mesh%20convergence%201200%20x%20630.png\" data-asset-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\" data-image-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Partes específicas do Enquadramento Teórico para cada uma das normas nacionais suportadas:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"df238e7d-f2f3-4b2a-beec-3b7e8f11651e\" href=\"\">Verificação normativa de soldaduras (EN)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"6a4c43f3-4910-44fa-9a88-a9f70967f647\" href=\"\">Verificação normativa de soldaduras (AISC)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"cb00295b-bfcf-4c0f-8743-8532e311ca7b\" href=\"\">Verificação normativa de soldaduras (CISC)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"538b8bcb-f287-4259-b4e2-787c9792c367\" href=\"\">Verificação normativa de soldaduras (AS)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"5d152fe4-3e0b-4905-b4d2-56dd1e255416\" href=\"\">Verificação normativa de soldaduras (IS)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"e301fcc8-cc43-42a4-8480-8a72357cd91f\" href=\"\">Verificação normativa de soldaduras (HKG)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"0e848bd9-17f2-4448-83de-33c5b19bbde8\" href=\"\">Verificação normativa de soldaduras (GB)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"dad4f217-a192-41c1-bd71-6b540978346e\" href=\"\">Verificação normativa de soldaduras (SP)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Pode encontrar uma demonstração clara de como a tensão se desenvolve durante o carregamento, bem como a discussão sobre a distribuição de tensões ao longo de soldaduras longas, no artigo <a data-item-id=\"1bfd3251-61f8-5fec-b5a4-08d1a6fe5b5f\" href=\"\">Como são modeladas as soldaduras no IDEA StatiCa</a>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\" data-image-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/9e3dc390-df9d-4ee5-a959-7c4cfa9aca3b/welds_distr.png\" data-asset-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\" data-image-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Além disso, as soldaduras e as ligações soldadas são abordadas nos nossos artigos de blogue <a data-item-id=\"de840e15-4e8e-4a27-8715-b8f27e643682\" href=\"\">Ligações de aço soldadas – preocupar ou não preocupar?</a> e <a data-item-id=\"3caa8db0-05d2-4ae4-9175-763a14f01252\" href=\"\">Reduza os custos de soldadura com uma fabricação melhorada</a> (onde é discutida a combinação da transferência de carga através de uma soldadura e o contacto em compressão).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" data-image-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/2a16ecdf-f660-47b6-bb32-9b9aeecf3314/6.png\" data-asset-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" data-image-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Dimensão e comprimento da soldadura</h2>\n<p>Existem diferentes formas de definir a dimensão da soldadura, consoante a região. Leia o artigo <a data-item-id=\"8af403c6-c098-56ce-96ee-3daaeaf4639e\" href=\"\">Dimensão e comprimento da soldadura</a> para saber como o IDEA StatiCa define a dimensão da soldadura ou caso necessite de conhecer o comprimento exato da soldadura:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\" data-image-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/67cc32f0-0506-4cdf-9637-0bc86dfefa54/Weld%20size.png\" data-asset-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\" data-image-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Verificações</h2>\n<p>No nosso Centro de Suporte, pode encontrar muitos estudos de verificação que descrevem o desempenho de diferentes modelos de ligações soldadas, bem como comparações com ensaios laboratoriais.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/search?category=verification_example&q=weld\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Estudos de verificação em modelos com soldaduras</a></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\" data-image-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/47ea3d3f-dff3-49c7-8e5f-5abab34e343d/04-1-fig7.png\" data-asset-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\" data-image-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Atualizações nas versões</h2>\n<p>As seguintes funcionalidades fazem parte das notas de versão do IDEA StatiCa e podem estar relacionadas com as soldaduras. Leia mais sobre as funcionalidades nos artigos dedicados através dos links:</p>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"c1adb56e-c715-4213-b637-bc94b8f84def\" href=\"\"><strong>Verificação de soldaduras em falta</strong></a><strong> </strong>(versão 20.1)</p>\n<p>Adicionámos outra ferramenta útil para ajudar automaticamente o utilizador a encontrar partes não soldadas da ligação: o utilitário para analisar um modelo de ligação em busca de soldaduras potencialmente em falta. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" data-image-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/12b10280-2125-44a3-b60e-6031f87a3e03/Missing%20welds.png\" data-asset-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" data-image-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"d38299a4-0ea1-44c0-bf31-c2b61ad0d63b\" href=\"\"><strong>Importação de soldaduras recomendadas</strong></a> (versão 20.1)</p>\n<p>Ao importar uma ligação de software CAD, existe agora a opção de adicionar soldaduras recomendadas. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" data-image-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/e38caf39-0947-4aff-be81-7d3eb57ada99/Screenshot%202020-10-05%20122254.png\" data-asset-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" data-image-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"040fcb75-d544-4d75-bc49-182d150177d7\" href=\"\"><strong>Modelo melhorado de soldaduras de topo</strong></a> (versão 20.1)</p>\n<p>A dimensão das soldaduras de topo foi corrigida para soldaduras de topo de aresta para superfície. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\" data-image-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/20b7b61e-2508-4f74-9c1e-355619627e82/Butt%20welds%20upgraded%20model.png\" data-asset-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\" data-image-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"6a1966e1-7905-4ced-a002-c8f568072d4c\" href=\"\"><strong>Especificidades da verificação normativa de soldaduras segundo o Eurocódigo (EN) e a Norma Indiana (IS)</strong></a><strong> </strong>(versão 21.1)</p>\n<p>Para cumprir as normas e garantir a segurança do dimensionamento, o valor de resistência considerado na verificação normativa das soldaduras é agora calculado a partir do valor de resistência do aço base para as normas EN e IS, bem como do próprio material de soldadura.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\" data-image-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/59c4504e-b3b9-4dc2-8b14-4f121a23e1c3/Welds1.png\" data-asset-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\" data-image-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"ddfe7eda-4125-461a-b0f1-90de133d5cc6\" href=\"\"><strong>Combinação de operações de soldadura e contacto</strong></a><strong> </strong>(versão 22.1)</p>\n<p>Desde a versão 22.1, as operações de soldadura e contacto podem ser combinadas.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" data-image-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/4dd4d3e4-77f0-4c14-9801-e9183f26cca6/WaC.png\" data-asset-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" data-image-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"102a323e-f663-4c3a-8a1e-1c95edec23c6\" href=\"\"><strong>Verificação de colisão entre chapas e soldaduras</strong></a><strong> </strong>(versão 22.1)</p>\n<p>As chapas e partes do modelo podem ser posicionadas de forma a colidir com outras chapas e elementos. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\" data-image-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/d631a548-e7ca-4f84-a3c1-5c0207280cc0/clash3.png\" data-asset-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\" data-image-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"d0b2eca2-e40d-4ac8-bf4e-d2d0f8e09fbf\" href=\"\"><strong>Verificação das soldaduras de secções soldadas</strong></a><strong> </strong>(versão 23.0)</p>\n<p>O IDEA StatiCa pode agora verificar as soldaduras longitudinais de elementos com secções transversais soldadas.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\" data-image-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/b60903c8-dc26-4604-bc81-96d35d003afb/Welded-sections%200.png\" data-asset-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\" data-image-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>Visualização melhorada da verificação de soldaduras</strong></a> (versão 23.0)</p>\n<p>A verificação de soldaduras pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos difere dos cálculos de dimensionamento tradicionais. Nos cálculos tradicionais, pequenas excentricidades, deformações, torções, coeficiente de Poisson, etc. podem ser negligenciados.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\" data-image-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/172ca452-c56d-40ca-afc4-9dc406734d70/weldchecktable.png\" data-asset-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\" data-image-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"5f4c7d1f-5145-4fa0-a9bf-535808187857\" href=\"\"><strong>Melhorias de pormenorização para parafusos e soldaduras no Eurocódigo</strong></a> (versão 23.0)</p>\n<p>A verificação de pormenorização no IDEA StatiCa Connection foi melhorada. Os engenheiros podem ter uma melhor visão geral do dimensionamento e da verificação normativa de parafusos e soldaduras, graças a informação detalhada e recomendações segundo o Eurocódigo fornecidas nas tabelas de verificação e no Relatório.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\" data-image-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/9e0a6490-1e33-44fa-ab30-1247a201de0f/Detailing%20improvements_main%20image.png\" data-asset-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\" data-image-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>Elétrodos de soldadura definidos pelo utilizador</strong></a> (versão 23.1)</p>\n<p>O material de soldadura é um item editável na <a data-item-id=\"898f72ce-7360-54a8-95b1-9b26a8d16346\" href=\"\">MPRL (Biblioteca de Materiais e Gama de Produtos)</a>. Isto significa que pode definir os elétrodos de soldadura independentemente do grau de aço das chapas ligadas.</p>\n<p>Para adicionar um material de soldadura definido pelo utilizador, aceda ao separador <strong>Materiais</strong>, adicione um material de <strong>Soldadura</strong> e <strong>Edite</strong> as suas propriedades.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\" data-image-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/13eae981-ca17-401d-b1c8-7da0416d207e/Welds%20-%20autodesign%2C%20input%2C%20warnings%2C%20visualization1.png\" data-asset-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\" data-image-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>Soldadura geral destacada na cena 3D</strong></a> (versão 23.1)</p>\n<p>Existe uma melhoria simples na cena 3D da aplicação Connection para melhor orientação, especialmente em modelos de ligação maiores importados via ligações BIM de aplicações CAD.</p>\n<p>Quando uma <strong>operação de soldadura geral ou contacto</strong> é selecionada, a soldadura na cena 3D é destacada a laranja (por defeito).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\" data-image-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/ae2aa532-e36b-4125-a8b6-80015ebb8df3/Welds%20-%20autodesign%2C%20input%2C%20warnings%2C%20visualization10.png\" data-asset-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\" data-image-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>Aviso para elétrodos mais resistentes do que as chapas</strong></a> (versão 23.1)</p>\n<p>Quando a <a data-item-id=\"5f4c7d1f-5145-4fa0-a9bf-535808187857\" href=\"\"><strong>verificação de</strong> <strong>pormenorização</strong></a><strong> </strong>está ativada na <strong>Configuração normativa</strong> da aplicação Connection, os utilizadores recebem um aviso se o material do elétrodo de soldadura for mais resistente do que as chapas soldadas. Isto ajuda a garantir os padrões de segurança do dimensionamento.</p>\n<p>Isto aplica-se ao Eurocódigo (EN) e à norma indiana (IS), que contêm cláusulas que definem que a resistência da soldadura é determinada pela menor resistência última das chapas ligadas e requisitos que estabelecem que o material adicionado pelos elétrodos de soldadura deve ser mais resistente do que o material base (EN 1993-1-8 – 4.5.3.2 e IS 800:2007 - 10.5.7.1.1).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\" data-image-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/e467c86d-22ea-47de-b048-7c2265a63cda/Welds%20-%20autodesign%2C%20input%2C%20warnings%2C%20visualization11.png\" data-asset-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\" data-image-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"139d124d-d3e0-463d-979a-86ae271d3e81\" href=\"\"><strong>Avisos para soldaduras e parafusos que ligam as mesmas chapas</strong></a> (versão 23.1)</p>\n<p>O dimensionamento de ligações que combina soldaduras e parafusos, ou parafusos e parafusos pré-esforçados, é inseguro e não é permitido pelas normas. A aplicação Connection informa-o automaticamente se tal fluxo de trabalho for utilizado num projeto, para garantir um dimensionamento correto e seguro.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\" data-image-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/f7b68cff-d260-4f8a-8ab2-048893e63b39/Bolts%20and%20welds_warning%20message.png\" data-asset-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\" data-image-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"0248496a-4acc-4b33-8842-4afe0bd9e802\" href=\"\"><strong>Dimensionamento automático de soldaduras para ductilidade/resistência total/sobrerresistência</strong></a> (versão 24.0)</p>\n<p>O dimensionamento automático de soldaduras elimina a introdução manual fastidiosa e morosa, bem como a verificação de cada soldadura. Com o algoritmo de automatização, o IDEA StatiCa proporciona uma modelação mais rápida e um dimensionamento absolutamente seguro de ligações soldadas.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\" data-image-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/202ed4a2-278b-466c-b2d2-47023adfa727/Weld%20sizing%20to%20ductility1.png\" data-asset-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\" data-image-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b5fdc985-c8bd-41af-abf8-d6722fc84d43\" href=\"\"><strong>Dimensionamento automático de soldaduras por estimativa de capacidade</strong></a> (versão 24.0)</p>\n<p>O dimensionamento automático de soldaduras resolve o desafio de ajustar manualmente a dimensão de cada soldadura, o que é simultaneamente fastidioso e moroso. Ao automatizar este processo, o IDEA StatiCa ajuda-o significativamente a acelerar o processo de dimensionamento e promove projetos de soldadura mais consistentes entre projetos.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\" data-image-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/139beb9e-2e4e-4581-8a6b-e076578371d0/Weld%20sizing%20to%20capacity%20estimation1.png\" data-asset-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\" data-image-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"d65d8320-3860-4fbc-984c-a73163766798\" href=\"\"><strong>Soldaduras de chanfro com penetração parcial (PJP)</strong></a><strong> </strong>(versão 24.0, 24.1, 25.0)</p>\n<p>A integração de soldaduras de chanfro com penetração parcial de junta, ou soldaduras de topo com penetração parcial de junta, ou simplesmente soldaduras PJP no IDEA StatiCa Connection responde aos requisitos específicos estabelecidos para soldaduras de topo PJP, distintos dos aplicáveis a soldaduras de filete.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\" data-image-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/d8a95f95-4aa5-4b9e-9b51-d58130c4afab/Partial%20Joint%20Penetration%20%28PJP%29%20groove%20weld.png\" data-asset-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\" data-image-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>A dimensão de uma soldadura de penetração parcial é considerada na análise com o mesmo valor introduzido. O IDEA StatiCa não aplica quaisquer ajustes, como a redução da dimensão nominal da soldadura — esta é da responsabilidade do utilizador antes da introdução dos dados.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\" data-image-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/1dd7c48e-f81a-4570-a239-8aa1a096c24d/Partial%20Joint%20Penetration%20%28PJP%29%20groove%20welds%2018.png\" data-asset-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\" data-image-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>Avisos relacionados com elementos de soldadura (versão 24.1)</strong></p>\n<p>Existem dois tipos de avisos incorporados:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>'Tipo de soldadura alterado para soldadura de topo devido a ligação aresta-a-aresta' (alteração do tipo de soldadura causada por uma ação de modelação)</li>\n <li>'A soldadura não foi criada devido a restrições geométricas' (abrange situações em que imprecisões na geometria causam a criação mal sucedida da soldadura)</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b69964d5-581d-4184-bddd-80b58f80a902\" href=\"\"><strong>Melhorias regionais (versão 25.0)</strong></a></p>\n<p>Para engenheiros locais, a versão 25.0 oferece várias melhorias, como soldaduras PJP no Eurocódigo, implementação do novo ACI e não apenas para engenheiros dos EUA, verificações de ancoragem para a norma chinesa, diferenciação da terminologia britânica e americana, entre outras.</p>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"39838f72-2f1e-4385-9393-952efa63dc20\" href=\"\"><strong>Área de distribuição da soldadura (versão 25.0)</strong></a></p>\n<p>A área de distribuição da soldadura foi ligeiramente alterada na versão 25.0. No artigo seguinte, é explicado de forma clara como funciona agora a distribuição de forças de uma chapa para outra através das soldaduras.</p>\n<p>A área de distribuição da soldadura difere significativamente entre soldaduras de topo e soldaduras de filete. A área de distribuição da aresta da chapa para a superfície de outra chapa é definida de acordo com a figura seguinte:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\" data-image-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/c15a1435-db8f-4d2a-84e1-51a0e516a84b/Weld%20spreading%20area%20v25.png\" data-asset-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\" data-image-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>A força proveniente da chapa de aresta é então distribuída pelos nós da chapa de superfície com base na proximidade do nó à área de distribuição da soldadura.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\" data-image-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/7ab584c9-fd6e-4489-969d-fd851e41008e/Weld%20spreading%20area%20-%20nodal%20forces.png\" data-asset-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\" data-image-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>O que implica a alteração na versão 25.0?</p>\n<ul>\n <li>A área de distribuição foi reduzida para soldaduras de topo</li>\n <li>A área de distribuição das soldaduras de filete reflete agora com maior precisão a dimensão da soldadura de filete</li>\n <li>A espessura da chapa de superfície deixou de ser relevante para a área de distribuição da soldadura</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Por que razão foram efetuadas as alterações?</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Recentemente, realizámos um <a data-item-id=\"7f29d59b-f37a-45fe-abf2-4bc19bc48be4\" href=\"\">projeto conjunto</a> com a <a href=\"https://www.uc.pt/en/\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Universidade de Coimbra</a> e o <a href=\"https://isise.net/\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ISISE</a>. O objetivo do projeto foi criar uma série de modelos numéricos no <a href=\"https://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/abaqus\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Abaqus</a> (pacote de software de elementos finitos gerais com elementos finitos sólidos) e comparar os resultados com o IDEA StatiCa Connection (elementos finitos de casca). O foco incide sobre ligações momento viga-coluna soldadas. A comparação mostra que:\n <ul>\n <li>Os resultados de colunas laminadas sem uma força de compressão significativa na coluna apresentam boa concordância </li>\n <li>Os resultados de colunas soldadas de topo são ligeiramente não conservativos (em 5,8%). É por esta razão que esta alteração — redução da área de distribuição da soldadura para soldaduras de topo — foi efetuada.</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\" data-image-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/577d9983-9802-49ac-b805-f267c33c2280/AbaqusCoimbra.png\" data-asset-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\" data-image-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\" data-image-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/66a85600-5ee6-4108-8dc2-36a915e7e09f/Contemplated%20geometries.png\" data-asset-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\" data-image-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n4b383e3f_3dd9_013b_6344_6c743338ed27\"></object>\n<p><strong>Soldadura de chapa circular (versão 26.0)</strong></p>\n<p>As chapas de enrijecimento circulares são frequentemente utilizadas para reforçar almas esbeltas, mas antes da versão 26.0 não era possível definir soldaduras para estas chapas diretamente.</p>\n<p>Como resultado, os utilizadores tinham de recorrer a soluções alternativas, tipicamente importando a chapa como um polígono a partir de DXF, o que acrescentava passos desnecessários e reduzia a eficiência da modelação.</p>\n<p>Com esta atualização, as soldaduras podem agora ser definidas <strong>diretamente para chapas de enrijecimento com forma circular</strong>. A chapa é internamente discretizada em segmentos, de forma semelhante às secções ocas circulares, garantindo um comportamento de análise preciso. O número de segmentos respeita as <a data-item-id=\"e19f7ee2-b429-4cc4-9879-5c9bb8e42a1f\" href=\"\">Definições do projeto</a> globais, assegurando consistência em todo o modelo.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b35bf18f-05c5-431c-8ed3-5c3739ee5d6e\" data-image-id=\"b35bf18f-05c5-431c-8ed3-5c3739ee5d6e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/4393742b-3339-49ac-aa9e-848b9c4b336d/Circular%20plate%20welds_01.png\" data-asset-id=\"b35bf18f-05c5-431c-8ed3-5c3739ee5d6e\" data-image-id=\"b35bf18f-05c5-431c-8ed3-5c3739ee5d6e\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<h2>Webinars e vídeos</h2>\n<p>No passado, realizámos vários webinars sobre a modelação de ligações soldadas. Pode encontrar inspiração nas seguintes gravações:</p>\n<h4>Soldaduras e Parafusos no IDEA StatiCa (AISC)</h4>\n<p>A <a data-item-id=\"b8ee28ec-bc18-4a92-8c48-5e922b160899\" href=\"\">sessão de webinar</a> aborda a teoria subjacente aos parafusos e soldaduras e como são modelados no IDEA StatiCa. Além disso, as operações destes dois componentes serão detalhadas, bem como algumas dicas. Por fim, será explicada a interpretação dos resultados e as fórmulas utilizadas para verificar que cumprem os requisitos AISC.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n7a790b13_5f71_01b0_799e_426ba776f74b\"></object>\n<h4>Compreender os resultados de soldaduras para o Eurocódigo</h4>\n<p>A tabela detalhada com resultados pode ser consultada em todas as fórmulas, incluindo os valores. As tensões direcionais também são fornecidas. A utilização da soldadura é evidente. Mas a utilização global Utc é calculada a partir da capacidade de toda a soldadura. Veja como funciona.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"ec13a949_8ce9_0186_ecea_603695ecf7f0\"></object>\n<h4>É possível encontrar correspondência entre a tensão na soldadura e os cálculos manuais?</h4>\n<p>A tensão numa soldadura é calculada nas direções principais de acordo com o EC e os resultados são fornecidos nos separadores de resultados. Embora a análise no IDEA StatiCa Connection seja baseada no CBFEM, em casos simples, a tensão pode ser comparada com cálculos manuais para verificar os valores obtidos.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n9e3608a1_846e_013a_5add_26a3ffd56bd8\"></object>\n<h4>Definição de soldaduras de filete ao longo de uma alma de SHS e uma superfície de chapa</h4>\n<p>As secções ocas e, principalmente, os cantos curvos das suas secções transversais são por vezes difíceis de tratar no que respeita à soldadura, entre outros aspetos. Veja como definir corretamente uma soldadura de filete simples em ambos os lados de um elemento SHS, ao longo dos seus cantos que têm de ser ligados à superfície de uma chapa.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n657cc63f_3f18_0120_a4bc_261f403905b1\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"take_idea_statica_24_0_for_a_test_drive_today\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"b5c0bd1f_10f2_01f8_581b_3ef52c52d34d\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>Existem várias opções para tratar as soldaduras em modelos numéricos. As grandes deformações tornam a análise mecânica mais complexa, sendo possível utilizar diferentes descrições de malha, diferentes variáveis cinéticas e cinemáticas, e modelos constitutivos. Os diferentes tipos de modelos geométricos 2D e 3D e, consequentemente, os elementos finitos com a sua aplicabilidade para diferentes níveis de precisão são geralmente utilizados. O modelo de material mais frequentemente utilizado é o modelo de plasticidade comum independente da taxa, baseado no critério de cedência de von Mises. São descritas duas abordagens utilizadas para as soldaduras. As tensões residuais e as deformações causadas pela soldadura não são consideradas no modelo de cálculo.</p>\n<p>A carga é transmitida através de restrições força-deformação baseadas na formulação Lagrangiana para a chapa oposta. A ligação é designada por restrição multiponto (MPC) e relaciona os nós dos elementos finitos de uma extremidade de chapa com outra. Os nós dos elementos finitos não estão ligados diretamente. A vantagem desta abordagem é a capacidade de ligar malhas com diferentes densidades. A restrição permite modelar a superfície da linha média das chapas ligadas com o afastamento, que respeita a configuração real da soldadura e a espessura de garganta. A distribuição de carga na soldadura é derivada da MPC, pelo que as tensões são calculadas na secção de garganta. Isto é importante para a distribuição de tensões na chapa sob a soldadura e para a modelação de chapas em T.</p>\n<h4>Redistribuição plástica de tensões nas soldaduras</h4>\n<p>O modelo com apenas restrições multiponto não respeita a rigidez da soldadura, e a distribuição de tensões é conservadora. Os picos de tensão que aparecem nas extremidades das chapas, nos cantos e nos arredondamentos, condicionam a resistência ao longo de todo o comprimento da soldadura. Para eliminar este efeito, é adicionado um elemento elastoplástico especial entre as chapas. O elemento respeita a espessura de garganta da soldadura, a posição e a orientação. O sólido de soldadura equivalente é inserido com as dimensões de soldadura correspondentes. É aplicada a análise de material não linear e o comportamento elastoplástico no sólido de soldadura equivalente é determinado. O estado de plasticidade é controlado pelas tensões na secção de garganta da soldadura. Os picos de tensão são redistribuídos ao longo da maior parte do comprimento da soldadura.</p>\n<p>O modelo elastoplástico das soldaduras fornece valores reais de tensão, não sendo necessário calcular médias ou interpolar as tensões. Os valores calculados no elemento de soldadura mais solicitado são utilizados diretamente para as verificações normativas do componente de soldadura. Desta forma, não é necessário reduzir a resistência de soldaduras multidirecionais, soldaduras em banzos não enrijecidos ou soldaduras longas.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\" data-image-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/0bd27c97-ebab-4887-9fc1-d9027cdf3df8/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Welds.png\" data-asset-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\" data-image-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Restrição entre o elemento de soldadura e os nós da malha</em></p>\n<p>As soldaduras gerais, quando se utiliza a redistribuição plástica, podem ser definidas como contínuas, parciais e intermitentes. As soldaduras contínuas estendem-se ao longo de todo o comprimento da aresta, as parciais permitem ao utilizador definir afastamentos em ambos os lados da aresta, e as soldaduras intermitentes podem ser adicionalmente definidas com um comprimento e um espaçamento.</p>"
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"value": "<p>O método de penalidade padrão é recomendado para modelar o contacto entre chapas. Se for detetada a penetração de um nó numa superfície de contacto oposta, é adicionada rigidez de penalidade entre o nó e a chapa oposta. A rigidez de penalidade é controlada por um algoritmo heurístico durante a iteração não linear para obter uma melhor convergência. O solver deteta automaticamente o ponto de penetração e resolve a distribuição de forças de contacto entre o nó penetrado e os nós na chapa oposta. Isto permite a criação de contacto entre malhas diferentes, como ilustrado. A vantagem do método de penalidade é a montagem automática do modelo. O contacto entre as chapas tem um impacto significativo na redistribuição de forças na ligação.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\" data-image-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/c1c19e97-c73b-4e5c-b40e-1655f9e9d1d3/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Contacts%20between%20plates.png\" data-asset-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\" data-image-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Exemplo de separação de chapas em contacto entre a alma e os banzos de duas madres em Z sobrepostas</em></p>\n<p>É possível adicionar contacto entre</p>\n<ul>\n <li>duas superfícies,</li>\n <li>dois bordos,</li>\n <li>bordo e superfície.</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\" data-image-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/02e3e1c2-223a-4a9f-800d-935e7b3dac76/edge-to-edge-contact.png\" data-asset-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\" data-image-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Exemplo de contacto bordo a bordo entre o assento e a placa de extremidade</em></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\" data-image-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/02d6ce4a-86b1-4eac-9525-c59772b520e3/edge-to-surface-contact.png\" data-asset-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\" data-image-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Exemplo de contacto bordo a superfície entre o banzo inferior da viga e o banzo do pilar</em></p>\n<p>As <a data-item-id=\"22ff0f4a-a6f0-4086-bc4c-ed49f4aa86e2\" href=\"\">tensões nos contactos</a> podem ser visualizadas, e os valores são apresentados na tabela de verificação das chapas. No entanto, as tensões de contacto são apenas informativas e não são utilizadas em nenhuma verificação normativa. Além disso, a tensão na espessura dos elementos de casca não é considerada. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\" data-image-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/3762ca8b-a140-47c8-a32e-3e2db2d6ca4d/contacts.png\" data-asset-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\" data-image-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\" alt=\"\"></figure>"
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"value": "<p>O aumento do número de elementos fornece resultados mais precisos, mas à custa de uma maior exigência computacional.</p>\n<h4>Modelo de placa</h4>\n<p>Os elementos de casca são recomendados para a modelação de chapas na análise por Método dos Elementos Finitos de ligações estruturais. São aplicados elementos de casca quadrangulares de 4 nós com nós nos seus cantos. São considerados seis graus de liberdade em cada nó: 3 translações (<em>u</em><sub>x</sub>, <em>u</em><sub>y</sub>, <em>u</em><sub>z</sub>) e 3 rotações (<em>φ</em><sub>x</sub>, <em>φ</em><sub>y</sub>, <em>φ</em><sub>z</sub>). As deformações do elemento são divididas nas componentes de membrana e de flexão.</p>\n<p>A formulação do comportamento de membrana baseia-se no trabalho de Ibrahimbegovic (1990). São consideradas rotações perpendiculares ao plano do elemento. É fornecida uma formulação 3D completa do elemento. As deformações de corte fora do plano são consideradas na formulação do comportamento à flexão de um elemento com base na hipótese de Mindlin. É aplicada a nossa variante estabilizada interna do elemento de placa quadrilateral de Mindlin com deformação de corte constante ao longo da aresta. Os elementos são inspirados nos elementos MITC4; ver Dvorkin (1984). A casca é dividida em cinco camadas de integração ao longo da espessura da chapa em cada ponto de integração, sendo o comportamento plástico analisado em cada ponto. Denomina-se integração de Gauss–Lobatto. O estágio elasto-plástico não linear do material é analisado em cada camada com base nas deformações conhecidas. São apresentadas apenas as tensões e deformações máximas de todas as camadas.</p>\n<h4>Convergência de malha</h4>\n<p>Existem alguns critérios para a geração de malha no modelo de ligação. A verificação normativa da ligação deve ser independente do tamanho do elemento. A geração de malha numa chapa isolada não apresenta problemas. Deve ser prestada atenção a geometrias complexas, como painéis enrijecidos, T-stubs e placas de base. A análise de sensibilidade considerando a discretização da malha deve ser realizada para geometrias complexas.</p>\n<p>Todas as chapas de uma secção transversal de viga têm uma divisão comum em elementos. O tamanho dos elementos finitos gerados é limitado. O tamanho mínimo do elemento é definido como 10 mm e o tamanho máximo como 50 mm (pode ser definido na configuração de norma). As malhas nos banzos e nas almas são independentes entre si. O número predefinido de elementos finitos é de 8 elementos por altura da secção transversal, conforme ilustrado na figura seguinte. O utilizador pode modificar os valores predefinidos na configuração de norma.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"56b04327-298f-4d82-9f7d-0c066664772c\" data-image-id=\"56b04327-298f-4d82-9f7d-0c066664772c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/82635179-c288-44ba-bf8d-c12b80a32766/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Plate%20model%20and%20mesh%20convergence.png\" data-asset-id=\"56b04327-298f-4d82-9f7d-0c066664772c\" data-image-id=\"56b04327-298f-4d82-9f7d-0c066664772c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>A malha numa viga com restrições entre a alma e a chapa do banzo</em></p>\n<p>A malha das placas de extremidade é separada e independente das restantes partes da ligação. O tamanho predefinido dos elementos finitos é de 16 elementos por altura da secção transversal, conforme ilustrado na figura.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8d24be01-1329-41ea-8233-9de761728436\" data-image-id=\"8d24be01-1329-41ea-8233-9de761728436\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/7f71beb4-9fd6-4517-b069-6905b8176a8a/plate_mesh.png\" data-asset-id=\"8d24be01-1329-41ea-8233-9de761728436\" data-image-id=\"8d24be01-1329-41ea-8233-9de761728436\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>A malha numa placa de extremidade com 7 elementos ao longo da sua largura</em></p>\n<p>O exemplo seguinte de uma junta viga-pilar mostra a influência do tamanho da malha na resistência ao momento. Uma viga de secção aberta IPE 220 é ligada a um pilar de secção aberta HEA 200 e carregada por um momento fletor, conforme ilustrado na figura seguinte. O componente crítico é o painel da alma do pilar ao corte. O número de elementos finitos ao longo da altura da secção transversal varia de 4 a 40 e os resultados são comparados. As linhas a tracejado representam as diferenças de 5%, 10% e 15%. Recomenda-se subdividir a altura da secção transversal em 8 elementos.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d7f4071e-0e80-460f-8d61-f7e271cbb6a0\" data-image-id=\"d7f4071e-0e80-460f-8d61-f7e271cbb6a0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/d5bcfb21-1bf5-4c38-9d34-8e4ffe398738/beam_to_column.png\" data-asset-id=\"d7f4071e-0e80-460f-8d61-f7e271cbb6a0\" data-image-id=\"d7f4071e-0e80-460f-8d61-f7e271cbb6a0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Modelo de junta viga-pilar e deformações plásticas no estado limite último</em></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"80bf0274-5a14-4471-90af-93f56fc0a914\" data-image-id=\"80bf0274-5a14-4471-90af-93f56fc0a914\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/601738d5-2a76-4d40-97f7-722342d6d256/mesh_influence.png\" data-asset-id=\"80bf0274-5a14-4471-90af-93f56fc0a914\" data-image-id=\"80bf0274-5a14-4471-90af-93f56fc0a914\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>A influência do número de elementos na resistência ao momento</em></p>\n<p>É apresentado o estudo de sensibilidade de malha de um enrijecedor esbelto comprimido do painel da alma do pilar. O número de elementos ao longo da largura do enrijecedor varia de 4 a 20. O primeiro modo de encurvadura e a influência do número de elementos na resistência à encurvadura e na carga crítica são apresentados na figura seguinte. A diferença de 5% e 10% é apresentada. Recomenda-se a utilização de 8 elementos ao longo da largura do enrijecedor.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"79630fed-3e60-44f9-bd9c-c9d2d47ffaf8\" data-image-id=\"79630fed-3e60-44f9-bd9c-c9d2d47ffaf8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/c6c4099f-4691-4820-8691-8335303b111e/buckling_mesh.png\" data-asset-id=\"79630fed-3e60-44f9-bd9c-c9d2d47ffaf8\" data-image-id=\"79630fed-3e60-44f9-bd9c-c9d2d47ffaf8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>O primeiro modo de encurvadura e a influência do número de elementos ao longo do enrijecedor na resistência ao momento</em></p>\n<p>É apresentado o estudo de sensibilidade de malha de um T-stub à tração. Metade da largura do banzo é subdividida em 8 a 40 elementos, e o tamanho mínimo do elemento é definido como 1 mm. A influência do número de elementos na resistência do T-stub é apresentada na figura seguinte. As linhas a tracejado representam as diferenças de 5%, 10% e 15%. Recomenda-se a utilização de 16 elementos em metade da largura do banzo.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bd5d475b-5787-403f-886a-685e33f1be9d\" data-image-id=\"bd5d475b-5787-403f-886a-685e33f1be9d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/05531827-8853-4859-ac6a-0de511100185/T-stub-mesh.png\" data-asset-id=\"bd5d475b-5787-403f-886a-685e33f1be9d\" data-image-id=\"bd5d475b-5787-403f-886a-685e33f1be9d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>A influência do número de elementos na resistência do T-stub</em></p>"
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"value": "<h3>Parafusos</h3>\n<p>No Método dos Elementos Finitos Baseado em Componentes (CBFEM), o parafuso com o seu comportamento à tração, ao corte e ao esmagamento é o componente descrito por molas não lineares dependentes. O conjunto de parafuso é composto por parafuso, anilha e porca, sendo simulado por uma mola não linear, elementos de corpo rígido e elementos de folga.</p>\n<h4>Parafuso à tração</h4>\n<p>O parafuso à tração é descrito por uma mola com rigidez axial inicial, resistência de cálculo, início de cedência e capacidade de deformação. A rigidez axial inicial é derivada analiticamente na diretriz VDI2230 e em Agerskov (1976).</p>\n<p>\\[D_{Lb} =\\frac{L_s+0.4d_b}{EA_{s}}+ \\frac{0.85d_b}{EA_{t}}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[A_{pp}=\\frac{0.75D_H(L_w-D_H)}{D_{W1}^2-D_{W2}^2}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[A_{P1}=\\frac{\\pi}{4}(D_H^2-D_{W1}^2)\\]</p>\n<p>\\[A_{P2}=\\frac{1}{2}(D_{W2}^2-D_H^2)\\tan^{-1}A_{pp}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[A_P=A_{P1}+A_{P2}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[D_{LW}=\\frac{L_W}{EA_P}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[k=\\frac{1}{D_{LB}+D_{LW}}\\]</p>\n<p>onde:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>\\(d_b\\) – diâmetro do parafuso</li>\n <li>\\(D_H\\) – diâmetro da cabeça do parafuso</li>\n <li>\\(D_{W1}\\) – diâmetro interior da anilha</li>\n <li>\\(D_{W2}\\) – diâmetro exterior da anilha</li>\n <li>\\(L_W\\) – soma das espessuras das anilhas</li>\n <li>\\(L_s\\) – comprimento de aperto do parafuso</li>\n <li>\\(A_{s}\\) – área bruta do parafuso</li>\n <li>\\(A_{t}\\) – área resistente à tração do parafuso</li>\n <li>\\(E\\) – módulo de elasticidade de Young</li>\n</ul>\n<p>O modelo corresponde a dados experimentais; ver Gödrich et al. (2014). Para o início de cedência e a capacidade de deformação, assume-se que a deformação plástica ocorre apenas na parte roscada do fuste do parafuso.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"acc623fd-ee60-4959-8227-ec855f72a150\" data-image-id=\"acc623fd-ee60-4959-8227-ec855f72a150\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/6984c02e-b380-4b92-aca1-9712291cf94b/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Bolts%20and%20preloaded%20bolts.png\" data-asset-id=\"acc623fd-ee60-4959-8227-ec855f72a150\" data-image-id=\"acc623fd-ee60-4959-8227-ec855f72a150\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Diagrama força-deformação para o esmagamento da chapa</em></p>\n<p>O diagrama força-deformação é construído com as seguintes equações:</p>\n<p>Rigidez plástica:</p>\n<p>\\[ k_t = c_1 k \\]</p>\n<p>Força no limite elástico:</p>\n<p>\\[ F_{t,el} = \\frac{F_{t,Rd}}{c_1 c_2 - c_1 +1} \\]</p>\n<p>Deformação no limite elástico:</p>\n<p>\\[ u_{el} = \\frac{ F_{t,el} }{k} \\]</p>\n<p>Deformação no limite plástico:</p>\n<p>\\[ u_{t,Rd} = c_2 u_{el} \\]</p>\n<p>\\[ c_1 = \\frac{f_{ub} - f_{yb}}{\\frac{1}{4} A E - f_{yb}} \\]</p>\n<p>\\[ c_2 = \\frac{AE}{4 f_{yb}} \\]</p>\n<p>onde:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>\\(F_{t,Rd}\\) – valor de cálculo da resistência do parafuso à tração</li>\n <li>\\(f_{yb}\\) – tensão de cedência do parafuso</li>\n <li>\\(f_{ub}\\) – tensão última do parafuso</li>\n <li>\\(A\\) – extensão após rotura</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Parafuso ao corte</h4>\n<p>Apenas a força de compressão é transferida do fuste do parafuso para a chapa no furo do parafuso. É modelada por ligações de interpolação entre os nós do fuste e os nós da borda dos furos. A rigidez de deformação do elemento de casca que modela as chapas distribui as forças entre os parafusos e simula o esmagamento adequado da chapa.</p>\n<p>Os furos dos parafusos são considerados normais (por defeito) ou oblongos (pode ser definido no editor de chapas). Os parafusos em furos normais podem transferir força de corte em todas as direções; os parafusos em furos oblongos têm uma direção excluída e podem mover-se livremente nessa direção selecionada.</p>\n<p>A rigidez inicial e a resistência de cálculo de um parafuso ao corte são definidas pelas seguintes fórmulas:</p>\n<p>\\[k_{el}=\\frac{1}{\\frac{1}{k_{11}}+\\frac{1}{k_{12}}}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[k_{11} = \\frac{8d_b^2f_{ub}}{d_{M16}}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[k_{12}=12k_td_bf_{up}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[k_t=\\min \\left ( 2.5,\\, \\frac{1.5t_{min}}{d_{M16}} \\right ) \\]</p>\n<p>\\[k_{pl}=\\frac{k_{el}}{1000}\\]</p>\n<p>onde:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>\\(d_b\\) – diâmetro do parafuso</li>\n <li>\\(f_{ub}\\) – tensão última do parafuso</li>\n <li>\\(d_{M16}=16 \\textrm{ mm}\\) – diâmetro do parafuso de referência M16</li>\n <li>\\(f_{up}\\) – tensão última da chapa ligada</li>\n <li>\\(t_{min}\\) – espessura mínima da chapa ligada </li>\n</ul>\n<p>A mola que representa o parafuso ao corte tem um comportamento força-deformação bilinear. O início de cedência é esperado em:</p>\n<p>\\[F_{V,el}=0.999 F_{V,Rd}\\]</p>\n<p>A capacidade de deformação é considerada como:</p>\n<p>\\[\\delta_{pl}=\\delta_{el}\\]</p>\n<p>onde:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>\\(F_{V,el}\\) – resistência elástica do parafuso ao corte</li>\n <li>\\(F_{V,Rd}\\) – resistência do parafuso ao corte</li>\n <li>\\(\\delta_{el}\\) – deformação elástica do parafuso ao corte</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Interação entre tração e corte</h4>\n<p>A interação da força axial e da força de corte pode ser introduzida diretamente no modelo de análise. A distribuição de forças reflete melhor a realidade (ver diagrama em anexo). Os parafusos com uma força de tração elevada absorvem menos força de corte e vice-versa.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ee6f8f98-26d7-46f8-9051-4032b2a043c8\" data-image-id=\"ee6f8f98-26d7-46f8-9051-4032b2a043c8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/8137accf-c8f2-4c63-8715-52ef53e2748f/EC-bolt_interaction.png\" data-asset-id=\"ee6f8f98-26d7-46f8-9051-4032b2a043c8\" data-image-id=\"ee6f8f98-26d7-46f8-9051-4032b2a043c8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Exemplo de interação entre força axial e força de corte (EC)</em></p>\n<h3>Parafusos pré-esforçados</h3>\n<p>Os parafusos pré-esforçados são utilizados nos casos em que é necessário minimizar as deformações. O modelo de tração do parafuso é o mesmo que para os parafusos normais. A força de corte não é transferida por esmagamento, mas por atrito entre as chapas apertadas.</p>\n<p>A resistência de cálculo ao deslizamento de um parafuso pré-esforçado é afetada por uma força de tração aplicada.</p>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b0a659df-8f92-4d1f-abb6-2efa02bad946\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Connection</a> verifica o estado limite de pré-deslizamento dos parafusos pré-esforçados. Se ocorrer deslizamento, os parafusos não satisfazem a verificação. Nesse caso, o estado limite pós-deslizamento deve ser verificado como uma verificação normal de esmagamento dos parafusos, em que os furos das chapas são carregados por esmagamento e os parafusos ao corte.</p>\n<p>O utilizador pode decidir qual o estado limite a verificar: a resistência ao deslizamento principal ou o estado pós-deslizamento ao corte dos parafusos. As duas verificações num mesmo parafuso não são combinadas numa única solução. Assume-se que o parafuso tem um comportamento normal após um deslizamento principal e pode ser verificado pelo procedimento normal de esmagamento.</p>\n<p>A carga de momento da ligação tem uma pequena influência na capacidade de corte. No entanto, a verificação ao atrito em cada parafuso é resolvida de forma simples e separada. Esta verificação é implementada no componente MEF do parafuso. Não existe informação de forma geral sobre se a carga de tração externa de cada parafuso provém do momento fletor ou da carga de tração da ligação.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2bfd95f4-5286-4ebc-9b3d-8e0fd58a01d4\" data-image-id=\"2bfd95f4-5286-4ebc-9b3d-8e0fd58a01d4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/944820ec-480b-40ff-a171-0a4df2168b13/bolts_bearing.png\" data-asset-id=\"2bfd95f4-5286-4ebc-9b3d-8e0fd58a01d4\" data-image-id=\"2bfd95f4-5286-4ebc-9b3d-8e0fd58a01d4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Distribuição de tensões numa ligação de parafusos ao corte normal</em></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cd47edfc-388b-4726-bf51-d1061e981840\" data-image-id=\"cd47edfc-388b-4726-bf51-d1061e981840\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/ccb7c437-2a67-438e-978c-310f790b5abc/bolts_friction.png\" data-asset-id=\"cd47edfc-388b-4726-bf51-d1061e981840\" data-image-id=\"cd47edfc-388b-4726-bf51-d1061e981840\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Distribuição de tensões numa ligação de parafusos ao corte resistente ao deslizamento</em></p>"
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"value": "<h2>1 Novo projeto</h2>\n<p>Inicie o <strong>IDEA StatiCa</strong> (<a data-item-id=\"0dff6482-3e17-4ca2-bb66-b4abc6a8dde4\" href=\"\">descarregue a versão mais recente</a>) e selecione a aplicação <strong>Connection</strong>.</p>\n<p>Crie um novo projeto selecionando o <a data-item-id=\"cc99ba50-ed96-445b-b357-96fbd857ba58\" href=\"\">modelo do assistente</a> mais próximo do dimensionamento pretendido. Preencha o nome, selecione o grau de aço <strong>S355</strong>,<strong> </strong>o código de dimensionamento <strong>Eurocode</strong> e clique em <strong>Create project</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7a513728-e51b-4ee1-923d-c68aa9833506\" data-image-id=\"7a513728-e51b-4ee1-923d-c68aa9833506\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/5b756020-9ced-4887-b35d-549ff91964e5/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2001.png\" data-asset-id=\"7a513728-e51b-4ee1-923d-c68aa9833506\" data-image-id=\"7a513728-e51b-4ee1-923d-c68aa9833506\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>2 Geometria</h2>\n<p>Começaremos com a definição da secção transversal personalizada composta por três secções diferentes.</p>\n<p>Clique com o botão direito do rato no elemento vertical <strong>C</strong> e abra o menu de contexto com as ações disponíveis. Utilize o botão <strong>Plus</strong> para adicionar uma nova secção transversal.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2d59f913-fee2-4d22-9f00-1db8c7918c0d\" data-image-id=\"2d59f913-fee2-4d22-9f00-1db8c7918c0d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/e988310f-ebec-4941-bafc-d6d6afdb2a2d/2.png\" data-asset-id=\"2d59f913-fee2-4d22-9f00-1db8c7918c0d\" data-image-id=\"2d59f913-fee2-4d22-9f00-1db8c7918c0d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Aceda ao separador <strong>Welded, Composed</strong> e selecione <strong>General steel cross-section</strong> para adicionar uma forma definida pelo utilizador.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7cd228b4-3a13-432c-a6e7-d534db0c214f\" data-image-id=\"7cd228b4-3a13-432c-a6e7-d534db0c214f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/5fbdd682-7b0a-4982-b905-c1d7975e1d39/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2003.png\" data-asset-id=\"7cd228b4-3a13-432c-a6e7-d534db0c214f\" data-image-id=\"7cd228b4-3a13-432c-a6e7-d534db0c214f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>No <strong>Cross-section editor</strong>, comece por adicionar uma nova <strong>secção em I</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e22e8114-2c49-49fc-aa31-e56ca36df2c1\" data-image-id=\"e22e8114-2c49-49fc-aa31-e56ca36df2c1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/9f5bbdfd-2ca2-4807-8767-7b2f74786ea6/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2004.png\" data-asset-id=\"e22e8114-2c49-49fc-aa31-e56ca36df2c1\" data-image-id=\"e22e8114-2c49-49fc-aa31-e56ca36df2c1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3cb2fd28-42d7-48e7-b0ba-ff80acf8d912\" data-image-id=\"3cb2fd28-42d7-48e7-b0ba-ff80acf8d912\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/bf83c5ed-8463-4a89-a59b-458078273d45/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2005.png\" data-asset-id=\"3cb2fd28-42d7-48e7-b0ba-ff80acf8d912\" data-image-id=\"3cb2fd28-42d7-48e7-b0ba-ff80acf8d912\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>E altere o perfil pré-selecionado para <strong>IPE270</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6afe76f0-84c9-40b4-bc31-bff6e3df3eb5\" data-image-id=\"6afe76f0-84c9-40b4-bc31-bff6e3df3eb5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/e2522baa-d0cc-45f9-a864-9f7c2a67d4f7/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2006.png\" data-asset-id=\"6afe76f0-84c9-40b4-bc31-bff6e3df3eb5\" data-image-id=\"6afe76f0-84c9-40b4-bc31-bff6e3df3eb5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>De seguida, clique em <strong>New</strong> para adicionar outra secção e selecione <strong>Sections T (I-cut)</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1f3dedda-9175-4e43-a996-f52e842b7e21\" data-image-id=\"1f3dedda-9175-4e43-a996-f52e842b7e21\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/33b62b4d-f758-4619-8b11-9146d2504b67/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2007.png\" data-asset-id=\"1f3dedda-9175-4e43-a996-f52e842b7e21\" data-image-id=\"1f3dedda-9175-4e43-a996-f52e842b7e21\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Para a <strong>Shape</strong>, selecione <strong>IPE270</strong> da biblioteca de secções transversais, introduza <strong>120 mm</strong> para a <strong>Height</strong> e confirme com <strong>OK</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2d35a8a1-b28b-4c08-943f-ab62b08a0d97\" data-image-id=\"2d35a8a1-b28b-4c08-943f-ab62b08a0d97\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/de0e86d0-9d8b-4de9-9d7a-341fe8f1fc2e/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2008.png\" data-asset-id=\"2d35a8a1-b28b-4c08-943f-ab62b08a0d97\" data-image-id=\"2d35a8a1-b28b-4c08-943f-ab62b08a0d97\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Agora posicione a secção T selecionando o <strong>Master component</strong>, o <strong>Master point</strong> e o <strong>Insert point</strong> adequados, e introduza a rotação <strong>Rx1</strong> de <strong>90°</strong> e o deslocamento na direção <strong>z</strong> de <strong>3,3 mm</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2164f68d-a5ab-4ba5-b475-8cf2c5ea9d82\" data-image-id=\"2164f68d-a5ab-4ba5-b475-8cf2c5ea9d82\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/bc89ae89-55ce-4b0a-9137-0fc2f52e4da5/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2009.png\" data-asset-id=\"2164f68d-a5ab-4ba5-b475-8cf2c5ea9d82\" data-image-id=\"2164f68d-a5ab-4ba5-b475-8cf2c5ea9d82\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Faça uma <strong>Copy</strong> desta parte da secção, edite a rotação <strong>Rx1</strong> para <strong>-90°</strong> e feche o editor com o botão <strong>OK</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b4d61790-7e75-4ca0-99e7-6e77d98f6ffa\" data-image-id=\"b4d61790-7e75-4ca0-99e7-6e77d98f6ffa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/7b1d1b69-f293-4ba5-8240-7cdd3cd7130c/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2010.png\" data-asset-id=\"b4d61790-7e75-4ca0-99e7-6e77d98f6ffa\" data-image-id=\"b4d61790-7e75-4ca0-99e7-6e77d98f6ffa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Mais informações sobre o editor de secções transversais gerais no artigo <a data-item-id=\"a93fbea4-d814-5dcb-aa9e-35315063cb88\" href=\"\">Como criar e utilizar uma secção transversal personalizada</a>.</p>\n<h2>3 Efeitos das ações</h2>\n<p>Ajuste os valores do <strong>efeito da ação LE1</strong> em conformidade.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9bd874dd-1d48-46ba-9978-57c2a1766bed\" data-image-id=\"9bd874dd-1d48-46ba-9978-57c2a1766bed\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/3fe24e9d-4800-41f6-995b-9fb2c3e3ed99/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2011.png\" data-asset-id=\"9bd874dd-1d48-46ba-9978-57c2a1766bed\" data-image-id=\"9bd874dd-1d48-46ba-9978-57c2a1766bed\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>4 Dimensionamento</h2>\n<p>Defina os elementos ligados com o perfil <strong>IPE240</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"75696949-e850-4cfd-901b-8bc26a785941\" data-image-id=\"75696949-e850-4cfd-901b-8bc26a785941\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/52e90116-65b7-44ae-b985-d919a4cf355a/3.png\" data-asset-id=\"75696949-e850-4cfd-901b-8bc26a785941\" data-image-id=\"75696949-e850-4cfd-901b-8bc26a785941\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Ajuste os parâmetros do <strong>Template 1 [P]</strong>, clique em <strong>Explode</strong> e desative os enrijecedores. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b28eca3b-860c-46f7-9d57-9d4fb1a21d8c\" data-image-id=\"b28eca3b-860c-46f7-9d57-9d4fb1a21d8c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/2ecfec6f-08c9-4558-8e6f-1958f6645b27/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2013.png\" data-asset-id=\"b28eca3b-860c-46f7-9d57-9d4fb1a21d8c\" data-image-id=\"b28eca3b-860c-46f7-9d57-9d4fb1a21d8c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2> 5 Cálculo e Verificação</h2>\n<p>Selecione o item de projeto <strong>CON1</strong> e altere o tipo de análise para <strong>Stiffness analysis</strong> (<strong>ST</strong>).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f59058fa-508c-4645-ac18-61e4407836e4\" data-image-id=\"f59058fa-508c-4645-ac18-61e4407836e4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/d68bcaaa-48e3-4377-9b32-219db6c7b7c0/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2014.png\" data-asset-id=\"f59058fa-508c-4645-ac18-61e4407836e4\" data-image-id=\"f59058fa-508c-4645-ac18-61e4407836e4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Verifique se o elemento <strong>B2</strong> está definido como o <strong>Analysed member</strong> (sublinhado na lista de elementos e apresentado nas propriedades do elemento) ou defina-o como elemento analisado através do menu de contexto (botão direito do rato). De seguida, execute o <strong>Calculation</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1db5049f-5912-47cf-9723-2d7192d9bd85\" data-image-id=\"1db5049f-5912-47cf-9723-2d7192d9bd85\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/660a4cca-e00b-4bc5-bc1a-116f27d8ac29/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2015.png\" data-asset-id=\"1db5049f-5912-47cf-9723-2d7192d9bd85\" data-image-id=\"1db5049f-5912-47cf-9723-2d7192d9bd85\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Aceda ao separador <strong>Check</strong> e ative a <strong>Plastic strain</strong>, as <strong>Bolt forces</strong>, a <strong>Mesh</strong> e a <strong>Deformed</strong> para visualizar o comportamento da ligação. No separador Rotational stiffness, pode ler a <strong>class</strong> como <strong>Semi-rigid</strong> e o valor da rigidez rotacional inicial <strong>Sj,ini</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0fcaf5aa-cfaf-4927-8d35-914a90da4984\" data-image-id=\"0fcaf5aa-cfaf-4927-8d35-914a90da4984\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/4fd7c2aa-443b-42a2-95d9-c0eb60063116/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2016.png\" data-asset-id=\"0fcaf5aa-cfaf-4927-8d35-914a90da4984\" data-image-id=\"0fcaf5aa-cfaf-4927-8d35-914a90da4984\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Nota: Para uma melhor compreensão do \"</em><em><strong>Theoretical length for My, Mz</strong></em><em>\" e dos resultados, consulte o artigo </em><a data-item-id=\"4597d16d-e951-52fc-940a-382698f2fd03\" href=\"\"><em>Stiffness analysis</em></a><em> e o capítulo </em><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/general-theoretical-background#Stiffness_analysis_and_deformation_capacity_of_steel_joints\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Theoretical Background</em></a><em> </em><em><strong>Stiffness analysis and deformation capacity of steel joints</strong></em><em>.</em></p>\n<h2>6 Otimização da ligação</h2>\n<p>Regresse ao separador <strong>Design</strong> para otimizar a ligação de forma a obter uma ligação rígida.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f3418355-c0bc-4790-ab5e-20da7756eac3\" data-image-id=\"f3418355-c0bc-4790-ab5e-20da7756eac3\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/adc31c0d-4e3b-4b86-b757-155c18003613/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2017.png\" data-asset-id=\"f3418355-c0bc-4790-ab5e-20da7756eac3\" data-image-id=\"f3418355-c0bc-4790-ab5e-20da7756eac3\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Certifique-se de que a operação de <strong>enrijecedor</strong> está desativada e ajuste a espessura, as dimensões e a posição dos parafusos da <strong>placa de extremidade EP1</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"058da95a-e8fc-4e0e-acce-97ca1496341f\" data-image-id=\"058da95a-e8fc-4e0e-acce-97ca1496341f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/a0e2507b-b80d-49b0-9d03-c773280a0764/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2021.png\" data-asset-id=\"058da95a-e8fc-4e0e-acce-97ca1496341f\" data-image-id=\"058da95a-e8fc-4e0e-acce-97ca1496341f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>E adicione uma nova operação <strong>Widener</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"23b63768-1d63-4e62-9d20-4c031fb45c5d\" data-image-id=\"23b63768-1d63-4e62-9d20-4c031fb45c5d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/b3128af7-36e0-42a9-88c8-93b4868884e3/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2020.png\" data-asset-id=\"23b63768-1d63-4e62-9d20-4c031fb45c5d\" data-image-id=\"23b63768-1d63-4e62-9d20-4c031fb45c5d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>A</strong>ltere o item <strong>Related to</strong> para <strong>Plate</strong> (a placa <strong>EP1a</strong> é selecionada automaticamente)<strong> </strong>e introduza <strong>150 mm</strong> para a <strong>Width</strong> e para a <strong>Depth</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"df8c8717-949f-44d6-97c4-ad2c476ca025\" data-image-id=\"df8c8717-949f-44d6-97c4-ad2c476ca025\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/0759af56-cf0c-48aa-8e2b-2f34d571316a/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2021.png\" data-asset-id=\"df8c8717-949f-44d6-97c4-ad2c476ca025\" data-image-id=\"df8c8717-949f-44d6-97c4-ad2c476ca025\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Execute novamente a análise de rigidez e, no separador <strong>Check</strong>, verifique que a <strong>class</strong> passou a <strong>Rigid</strong> e que o valor da rigidez rotacional inicial <strong>Sj,ini</strong> é superior.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"26475752-ec4b-44c7-97b4-d7b455b64fd0\" data-image-id=\"26475752-ec4b-44c7-97b4-d7b455b64fd0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/45eccf56-ade5-4aab-846a-1a8b2d2ba116/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2022.png\" data-asset-id=\"26475752-ec4b-44c7-97b4-d7b455b64fd0\" data-image-id=\"26475752-ec4b-44c7-97b4-d7b455b64fd0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>7 Relatório</h2>\n<p>Como último passo, aceda ao separador <strong>Report</strong>. O IDEA StatiCa disponibiliza um relatório totalmente personalizável para imprimir ou guardar num formato editável.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e5b84b21-2d73-41aa-8456-2f4d5eea89a8\" data-image-id=\"e5b84b21-2d73-41aa-8456-2f4d5eea89a8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/c489fb15-782e-40de-bfc3-0ce18c284a83/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2023.png\" data-asset-id=\"e5b84b21-2d73-41aa-8456-2f4d5eea89a8\" data-image-id=\"e5b84b21-2d73-41aa-8456-2f4d5eea89a8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Dimensionou e efetuou a verificação normativa de uma ligação de aço estrutural de acordo com o Eurocode (EN).</p>\n<h2>8 Vídeos explicativos</h2>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n6bd1f2e8_d14d_017b_dab8_7de98fceb4c9\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n6953c2c8_3b55_01df_5a83_ebf5c7a4b49b\"></object>\n<p>Para mais informações, consulte o <a data-item-id=\"d4aa2923-a94a-4c40-8fd8-93608acbf893\" href=\"\">Theoretical background</a>.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n876722f1_aae0_01ee_e476_efb82addd37a\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"campus_cta\"></object>"
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"value": "<h2>Introdução ao método CBFEM</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#general-introduction\">Introdução geral ao projeto estrutural de ligações de aço</a><br><a href=\"#Steel-connection-material-model\">Modelo de material da ligação de aço</a><br><a href=\"#Plate-model-and-mesh-convergence\">Modelo de chapa e convergência de malha</a><br><a href=\"#Contacts-between-steel-connection-plates\">Contactos entre chapas de ligação de aço</a><br><a href=\"#Welded connections analysis\">Análise de ligações soldadas</a><br><a href=\"#Bolts and preloaded bolts connections\">Ligações com parafusos e parafusos pré-esforçados</a><br><a href=\"#Anchor_bolts\">Parafusos de ancoragem</a><br><a href=\"#Structural model of a concrete block\">Modelo estrutural de um bloco de betão</a></p>\n<h2>Modelo de análise do IDEA StatiCa</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#Steel joint analysis model\">Modelo de análise de junta de aço</a><br><a href=\"#Node equilibrium in the 3D FEM model\">Equilíbrio no nó no modelo MEF 3D</a><a href=\"#Equilibrium_in_node\"><br></a><a href=\"#Internal forces in the steel connections\">Esforços internos nas ligações de aço</a><br><a href=\"#Strength analysis of steel joints\">Análise de resistência de juntas de aço</a><br><a href=\"#Stiffness analysis and deformation capacity of steel joints\">Análise de rigidez e capacidade de deformação de juntas de aço</a><br><a href=\"#Steel connection capacity design\">Dimensionamento por capacidade de ligações de aço</a><br><a href=\"#Steel connection design resistance\">Resistência de cálculo de ligações de aço</a><br><a href=\"#Steel joint buckling analysis\">Análise de encurvadura de juntas de aço</a><br><a href=\"#Analysis convergence of complex steel connection models\">Convergência de análise de modelos complexos de ligações de aço</a><br><a href=\"#Steel-to-timber connections\">Ligações aço-madeira</a><br><a href=\"#Thin-walled steel members\">Elementos de aço de parede fina</a><br><a href=\"#Lateral-torsional restraint in structural design\">Restrição lateral-torcional no projeto estrutural</a><br><a href=\"#Steel joints of hollow section cross-section members\">Juntas de aço de elementos de secção oca</a><br><a href=\"#Fatigue_analysis_type_in_structural_design\">Tipo de análise de fadiga no projeto estrutural</a><br><a href=\"#Fire-design\">Dimensionamento ao fogo</a><br><a href=\"#Weld-sizing\">Dimensionamento de soldaduras</a></p>\n<h2>Especificações para normas nacionais</h2>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"13cc5bee-7ec7-422b-8dbe-8a57ef0073a9\" href=\"\">Verificação de componentes segundo EN (Eurocódigo)</a><br><a data-item-id=\"39660a09-9d6b-596f-acab-dbef59ebd019\" href=\"\">Verificação de componentes segundo AISC (normas americanas)</a><br><a data-item-id=\"ccb0dd69-3047-537c-9214-82c29d42a56a\" href=\"\">Verificação de componentes segundo CISC (normas canadianas)</a><br><a data-item-id=\"93b8c5be-e359-5cf8-a004-7b0ebf0553e7\" href=\"\">Verificação de componentes segundo AS (normas 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}Comprimento da soldadura
Se precisar de saber o comprimento exato de uma soldadura, aceda ao separador Verificação após a realização do cálculo. O comprimento da soldadura está relacionado com a linha central do tubo.
Pode também encontrar todas as dimensões e comprimentos das soldaduras no Relatório, na secção Lista de Materiais (BOM).
