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Name: Weld size differences between EC and AISC (CISC) codes
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"value": "Existe una diferencia entre las definiciones del tamaño de soldadura en las operaciones de soldadura cuando se diseña según los códigos EC o AISC (CISC). Téngalo en cuenta al crear un modelo de una junta en IDEA StatiCa."
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"value": "<p>Según EN, el tamaño de soldadura se define como el parámetro <em>a,</em> que es <strong>el espesor de garganta de la soldadura</strong>.</p>\n<p>Según AISC (CISC), el tamaño de soldadura se define como el parámetro <em>z,</em> que es <strong>el tamaño del cateto de la soldadura</strong>.</p>\n<p>Puede calcular fácilmente <em>a</em> a partir de <em>z</em> y viceversa utilizando el <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem\">Teorema de Pitágoras.</a></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e132c666-93e0-4b7f-9917-8ffc5a5dc770\" data-image-id=\"e132c666-93e0-4b7f-9917-8ffc5a5dc770\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/82cd97fe-7c32-4d7d-b803-1794a985529a/Weld_size.png\" data-asset-id=\"e132c666-93e0-4b7f-9917-8ffc5a5dc770\" data-image-id=\"e132c666-93e0-4b7f-9917-8ffc5a5dc770\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>"
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"value": "<p>Es interesante ver los diferentes enfoques para la misma estructura que podemos encontrar en distintas regiones, empresas o incluso entre diferentes diseñadores. Mientras que algunos soldarían todo sin pensar en un solo perno, otros dividirían la estructura en varias partes y conectarían todo con docenas de pernos. Ambos enfoques para conectar los elementos estructurales tienen sus ventajas e inconvenientes. </p>\n<p>Las uniones puramente soldadas son más rígidas que las uniones atornilladas y, por tanto, se consideran más seguras o pueden reducir las deflexiones. Pero entonces algún soldador experimentado (es decir, caro) tiene que estar en obra, colgado de forma segura en el espacio, a menudo en condiciones meteorológicas adversas. Los controles de calidad de la soldadura a veces ni siquiera son posibles, y un trabajo menos preciso conlleva obviamente mayores costes de material.</p>\n<p>La soldadura en taller, por otro lado, puede ser más precisa, aunque también requiere transporte hasta la obra. Y la soldadura en obra suele ser costosa en su ejecución y supone un uso excesivo de materiales de soldadura. Siga leyendo para saber qué enfoque se adapta mejor a sus proyectos.</p>\n<p>Ya sabe que IDEA StatiCa puede ayudarle a calcular no solo la rigidez de las uniones soldadas, sino también a estimar los costes de la unión en función del tipo de soldadura, etc. Eso no es nada nuevo. <a data-item-id=\"dc6882ef-317b-417a-b684-943901355f3d\" href=\"\">Puede leer uno de nuestros artículos sobre el cálculo del coste de la unión</a>. </p>\n<p>Pero también creemos que los diseños de uniones deben ser lo más precisos posible, garantizando al mismo tiempo una resistencia suficiente de la unión. Y una de nuestras funciones puede ayudarle exactamente con esto. </p>\n<h2>Diseño del contacto entre el pilar y la placa base</h2>\n<p>Imagine que necesita diseñar un pilar de acero soldado a su placa base. La carga debe transferirse desde la estructura superior a las cimentaciones. En ciertos países, es posible incluir el contacto entre el pilar y su placa base al evaluar la resistencia a compresión de la unión.</p>\n<p>En la mayoría de las normativas, como el Eurocódigo, se asume que la carga fluye únicamente a través de las soldaduras. Por lo tanto, las soldaduras deben diseñarse de modo que resistan la fuerza de compresión total de la estructura superior. No obstante, se puede imaginar que existe un cierto contacto entre la base del pilar y su placa base incluso antes de que ambos estén soldados.</p>\n<p>En algunas regiones, las guías técnicas permiten tener en cuenta este contacto al evaluar la resistencia a compresión. Por supuesto, deben cumplirse ciertos criterios para que esté permitido utilizar este enfoque. Entonces, el contacto aporta una resistencia adicional a la resistencia a compresión de la soldadura de la base, lo que conduce a un diseño más económico de las soldaduras.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" data-image-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/2a16ecdf-f660-47b6-bb32-9b9aeecf3314/6.png\" data-asset-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" data-image-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>El <a data-item-id=\"68076977-c9aa-4fa5-b726-09433e204c2b\" href=\"\">modelo de la soldadura</a> se configurará entonces para tener una rigidez elevada. Una vez que comienza a plastificar (es decir, a deformarse plásticamente), se activa el contacto y la compresión es absorbida por el contacto. Esto conduce a valores significativos de tensión en la soldadura incluso cuando se aplica el contacto. Sin embargo, es importante destacar que la resistencia de la soldadura a cortante no disminuye. La soldadura ya no se verifica a compresión, ya que esta es absorbida por el contacto, pero la tracción y el cortante siguen asignados a la soldadura y se realizan las verificaciones correspondientes.</p>\n<p>En términos prácticos, añadirá un contacto <strong>y</strong> una soldadura en los bordes apropiados del elemento (el pilar en este caso) al mismo tiempo. Desde la perspectiva de la transferencia de carga, el contacto será efectivo solo a compresión, mientras que las soldaduras transferirán las fuerzas de cortante y tracción. Ambas operaciones están disponibles en la operación de fabricación \"Soldadura o contacto\".</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"29614fc0-aa03-499c-b343-7c518253d397\" data-image-id=\"29614fc0-aa03-499c-b343-7c518253d397\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/d7f5114a-1fcd-4da4-9496-44a11d412653/1.png\" data-asset-id=\"29614fc0-aa03-499c-b343-7c518253d397\" data-image-id=\"29614fc0-aa03-499c-b343-7c518253d397\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Esto es lo que verá en IDEA StatiCa Connection:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Una línea roja que representa el contacto a compresión se combina con una línea amarilla utilizada para indicar las soldaduras (cuando se activa la vista transparente)</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9a6d9cfe-6a47-4004-ac16-16dc15eadf5d\" data-image-id=\"9a6d9cfe-6a47-4004-ac16-16dc15eadf5d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/6af8d357-08a5-4696-bc89-3f5b3938463a/5.png\" data-asset-id=\"9a6d9cfe-6a47-4004-ac16-16dc15eadf5d\" data-image-id=\"9a6d9cfe-6a47-4004-ac16-16dc15eadf5d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>En los resultados e informes, se ha añadido una flecha hacia abajo junto al símbolo rectangular de la soldadura en ángulo</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"49e646c3-621b-4946-98c5-3330d6b697dc\" data-image-id=\"49e646c3-621b-4946-98c5-3330d6b697dc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/40b0ff4a-152f-4245-af7e-7424793620db/7.png\" data-asset-id=\"49e646c3-621b-4946-98c5-3330d6b697dc\" data-image-id=\"49e646c3-621b-4946-98c5-3330d6b697dc\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Puede aplicar cualquier tipo de soldadura en ángulo en combinación con el contacto (es decir, continua, parcial o intermitente). Las soldaduras a tope no se combinan por su propia naturaleza.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"29ab325a-b8f5-4f92-93af-d4e9a10b81c8\" data-image-id=\"29ab325a-b8f5-4f92-93af-d4e9a10b81c8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/d2b3e9c9-3586-4eeb-963a-70e24edca19c/4.png\" data-asset-id=\"29ab325a-b8f5-4f92-93af-d4e9a10b81c8\" data-image-id=\"29ab325a-b8f5-4f92-93af-d4e9a10b81c8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h3>Limitaciones del procedimiento</h3>\n<p>El enfoque presentado puede aplicarse cuando se garantizan las operaciones de fabricación reales: los bordes del elemento soldado deben estar <strong>mecanizados con precisión</strong> <strong></strong>de modo que <strong>no</strong> <strong>haya espacio</strong> entre los elementos soldados. Debido a estos estrictos criterios, este procedimiento está limitado a ciertos países como <a href=\"https://www.steel.org.au/getattachment/f68b3f37-530a-4316-8c4e-e2617a95b7de/Detailing-considerations-Design-Guide-7_bk745.pdf\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">los Países Bajos</a> y el Reino Unido. No podemos enfatizar suficientemente que la responsabilidad de que se cumplan estos criterios recae en el ingeniero.</p>\n<h3>Descubra más </h3>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"ddfe7eda-4125-461a-b0f1-90de133d5cc6\" href=\"\">La combinación del contacto a compresión</a> y una soldadura en el mismo borde de la placa de acero es una de las nuevas funciones de IDEA StatiCa versión 22.1 lanzada en octubre de este año. Consulte la lista completa de las nuevas funcionalidades en nuestras <a data-item-id=\"8136efc3-3a87-48df-9cb2-890edbe4cfb2\" href=\"\">Notas de versión de IDEA StatiCa 22.1</a> para acero y hormigón, o vea una presentación en directo en nuestro seminario web de lanzamiento <a data-item-id=\"16d6512d-82ee-4689-823f-5998c9421d66\" href=\"\">Novedades de IDEA StatiCa 22.1</a>.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"ad651013_74f8_0193_2def_0f9d10548a2e\"></object>"
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"value": "<h2>Modelo de tornillo según CBFEM</h2>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa dispone de un método único en su solver, el <a data-item-id=\"6e068636-6a02-5d0e-89ad-6dcff4e21151\" href=\"\">Método de los Elementos Finitos basado en Componentes (CBFEM)</a>. El modelo de tornillo utilizado en CBFEM se describe y verifica según varios códigos de diseño de acero. La resistencia a la carga y la capacidad de deformación también se comparan con los principales programas de investigación experimental.</p>\n<p>En el Método de los Elementos Finitos basado en Componentes (CBFEM), el tornillo con su comportamiento a tracción, cortante y aplastamiento es el componente descrito por muelles no lineales dependientes. El tornillo a tracción se describe mediante un muelle con su rigidez axial inicial, resistencia de cálculo, inicio de la plastificación y capacidad de deformación. Para el inicio de la plastificación y la capacidad de deformación, se asume que la deformación plástica ocurre únicamente en la parte roscada del vástago del tornillo.</p>\n<p>En nuestros Fundamentos Teóricos, puede encontrar <a data-item-id=\"c2cc67f3-4000-4959-a195-b28becf63f2a\" href=\"\">más información sobre cómo el método CBFEM describe y verifica los tornillos</a>. Si desea saber un poco más sobre CBFEM en general, los <a data-item-id=\"d4aa2923-a94a-4c40-8fd8-93608acbf893\" href=\"\">Fundamentos teóricos generales</a> son definitivamente el mejor punto de partida.</p>\n<h2>Tornillos según códigos de diseño</h2>\n<p>Veamos cómo CBFEM aborda los tornillos desde el punto de vista de los distintos códigos de diseño. Hasta ahora, IDEA StatiCa admite ocho códigos de diseño en los que se resuelve el diseño y/o el detallado de tornillos y tornillos pretensados. </p>\n<h3>Verificación normativa de tornillos y tornillos pretensados según Eurocódigo</h3>\n<p>La rigidez inicial y la resistencia de cálculo de los tornillos a cortante se modelan en CBFEM según los apartados 3.6 y 6.3.2 de EN 1993-1-8. El muelle que representa el aplastamiento y la tracción tiene un comportamiento bilineal fuerza-deformación con rigidez inicial y resistencia de cálculo según los apartados 3.6 y 6.3.2 de EN 1993-1-8.</p>\n<p><strong>Detallado </strong></p>\n<p>La verificación normativa de los tornillos se realiza si la opción está seleccionada en la configuración del código. Se comprueban las distancias desde el centro del tornillo a los bordes de la placa y entre tornillos. La distancia al borde <em>e</em> = 1,2 y la separación entre tornillos <em>p</em> = 2,2 se recomiendan en la Tabla 3.3 de EN 1993-1-8. Los usuarios pueden modificar ambos valores en la configuración del código.</p>\n<h3>Verificación normativa de tornillos y tornillos pretensados según AISC</h3>\n<p>Las fuerzas en los tornillos se determinan mediante análisis por elementos finitos. Las fuerzas de tracción incluyen las fuerzas de palanca. Las resistencias de los tornillos se verifican según AISC 360 - Capítulo J3.</p>\n<p><strong>Detallado </strong></p>\n<p>Se comprueba la separación mínima entre tornillos y la distancia desde el centro del tornillo al borde de la parte conectada. La separación mínima de 2,66 veces (editable en la configuración del código) el diámetro nominal del tornillo entre centros de tornillos se verifica según AISC 360-16 – J.3.3. La distancia mínima desde el centro del tornillo al borde de la parte conectada se verifica según AISC 360-16 – J.3.4; los valores se encuentran en las Tablas J3.4 y J3.4M.</p>\n<h3>Verificación normativa de tornillos y tornillos pretensados según otras normas</h3>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-cisc\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verificación normativa de tornillos y tornillos pretensados según CISC (Canadá)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-chinese-standard\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verificación normativa de tornillos y tornillos pretensados según la norma china (GB)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-according-to-hong-kong-code\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verificación normativa de tornillos según el Código de Hong Kong (HKG)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-according-to-is-800\">Verificación normativa de tornillos pretensados según IS 800 (India)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-sp\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verificación normativa de tornillos y tornillos pretensados según SP (Rusia)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-as\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verificación normativa de tornillos y tornillos pretensados según AS (Australia)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Detallado de tornillos </h2>\n<p><strong>Cómo establecer las distancias</strong></p>\n<p>Las distancias al borde utilizadas para la resistencia al aplastamiento de los tornillos deben ser relevantes para geometrías generales de placas, placas con aberturas, recortes, etc.</p>\n<p>El algoritmo lee la dirección real del vector de fuerza cortante resultante en un tornillo dado y luego calcula las distancias necesarias para la verificación al aplastamiento.</p>\n<p>Las distancias al extremo (<em>e</em><sub>1</sub>) y al borde (<em>e</em><sub>2</sub>) se determinan dividiendo el contorno de la placa en tres segmentos. El segmento de extremo se indica mediante un rango de 60° en la dirección del vector de fuerza. Los segmentos de borde se definen por dos rangos de 65° perpendiculares al vector de fuerza. La distancia más corta desde un tornillo hasta el segmento correspondiente se toma entonces como distancia al extremo o al borde.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" data-image-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/c166c28a-3f8f-4d50-99ba-857ed9b01e6c/Bolt%20bearing%20distances%201.png\" data-asset-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" data-image-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Las distancias de separación entre agujeros de tornillos (<em>p</em><sub>1</sub>; <em>p</em><sub>2</sub>) se determinan ampliando virtualmente los agujeros de tornillos circundantes en la mitad de su diámetro, trazando luego dos líneas en la dirección y perpendicular al vector de fuerza cortante. Las distancias a los agujeros de tornillos ampliados que son intersectados por estas líneas se consideran entonces como <em>p</em><sub>1</sub> y <em>p</em><sub>2</sub> en el cálculo.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" data-image-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/b8152921-f220-412f-81de-8c8c83d7e2c2/Bolt%20bearing%20distances%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" data-image-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Ejemplos de verificación</h2>\n<p>Hemos preparado varios ejemplos de verificación para comprobar los resultados en comparación con otros métodos de cálculo.</p>\n<h4>EN</h4>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-connection-splices-in-shear\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Unión atornillada - Empalmes a cortante</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-connection-interaction-of-shear-and-tension\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Unión atornillada - Interacción de cortante y tracción</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/haunched-joint-capacity-design\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Junta con cartela – diseño por capacidad</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>AISC</h4>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-splice-connection\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Unión de empalme atornillada</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-flange-plate-moment-connection-lrfd\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Unión de momento con placa de ala atornillada – LRFD</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/extended-moment-end-plate-connection-asd\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Unión de momento con placa de testa extendida – ASD</a></li>\n</ul>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"e315507b_bd32_0133_9fe8_60bb0e7f0ec9\"></object>\n<h2>Tecnología patentada para ingenieros estructurales</h2>\n<p>¿Sabía que nuestra solución de modelo de tornillo forma parte de una patente estadounidense? Lea <a data-item-id=\"627bdc92-14f2-416a-b7ef-7df116ea3e73\" href=\"\">aquí</a> nuestra historia de éxito. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\" data-image-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/a0abb5ad-7dba-4687-bfd8-e64fa9c03512/756213100-huge.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\" data-image-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2> Una junta con un solo tornillo - nuestra solución </h2>\n<p>En ocasiones, el ingeniero necesita realizar una <strong>junta con un solo tornillo</strong>, especialmente cuando se prevé, por ejemplo, una articulación, un arriostramiento, una barra o una diagonal. Para modelar y calcular este tipo de operación, es necesario definir un <strong>Tipo de modelo</strong> adecuado del elemento. Puede leer más al respecto <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/how-to-model-one-bolt-connection\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">aquí</a>. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\" data-image-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/edfb27a5-88b9-4f39-ac2b-bd319f37ee29/Model%20type%200.png\" data-asset-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\" data-image-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Tornillos, soldaduras y rigidez de una junta</h2>\n<p>Tanto los tornillos como las soldaduras tienen sus ventajas e inconvenientes. Uno de los aspectos importantes a la hora de elegir una junta es su rigidez prevista. En general, una junta atornillada nunca es tan rígida como una junta soldada. Si elige una unión atornillada, recomendamos calcular la rigidez de dicha unión y tener en cuenta la rigidez resultante en la estructura global. Puede leer cómo es ese cálculo y qué implica <a data-item-id=\"6726bbc6-1826-4c43-9253-b8f6e0ab39a9\" href=\"\">aquí</a>, o ver este <a data-item-id=\"ab4c1281-d0ce-5c97-95ef-3c369206d272\" href=\"\">vídeo</a>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\" data-image-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/d43f402a-8463-4e51-b040-bcbadaaab500/stiffness.png\" data-asset-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\" data-image-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"untitled_content_item_a1697b4\"></object>"
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"value": "<h2>Antecedentes Teóricos</h2>\n<p>Lea la información esencial sobre el modelo de soldadura en nuestros Antecedentes Teóricos. La parte general describe el propio modelo computacional:</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/general-theoretical-background#Welded_connections_analysis\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Antecedentes Teóricos: Análisis de uniones soldadas</a></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\" data-image-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/a62801a2-1d6a-4743-8627-e232e90e69d9/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Plate%20model%20and%20mesh%20convergence%201200%20x%20630.png\" data-asset-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\" data-image-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Partes específicas de los Antecedentes Teóricos para cada una de las normativas nacionales compatibles:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"df238e7d-f2f3-4b2a-beec-3b7e8f11651e\" href=\"\">Verificación normativa de soldaduras (EN)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"6a4c43f3-4910-44fa-9a88-a9f70967f647\" href=\"\">Verificación normativa de soldaduras (AISC)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"cb00295b-bfcf-4c0f-8743-8532e311ca7b\" href=\"\">Verificación normativa de soldaduras (CISC)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"538b8bcb-f287-4259-b4e2-787c9792c367\" href=\"\">Verificación normativa de soldaduras (AS)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"5d152fe4-3e0b-4905-b4d2-56dd1e255416\" href=\"\">Verificación normativa de soldaduras (IS)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"e301fcc8-cc43-42a4-8480-8a72357cd91f\" href=\"\">Verificación normativa de soldaduras (HKG)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"0e848bd9-17f2-4448-83de-33c5b19bbde8\" href=\"\">Verificación normativa de soldaduras (GB)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"dad4f217-a192-41c1-bd71-6b540978346e\" href=\"\">Verificación normativa de soldaduras (SP)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Puede encontrar una demostración clara de cómo se desarrollan las tensiones durante la carga, así como la distribución de tensiones a lo largo de las soldaduras largas, en el artículo <a data-item-id=\"1bfd3251-61f8-5fec-b5a4-08d1a6fe5b5f\" href=\"\">Cómo se modelan las soldaduras en IDEA StatiCa</a>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\" data-image-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/9e3dc390-df9d-4ee5-a959-7c4cfa9aca3b/welds_distr.png\" data-asset-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\" data-image-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Además, las soldaduras y las uniones soldadas se tratan en nuestros artículos de blog <a data-item-id=\"de840e15-4e8e-4a27-8715-b8f27e643682\" href=\"\">Uniones de acero soldadas – ¿preocuparse o no preocuparse?</a> y <a data-item-id=\"3caa8db0-05d2-4ae4-9175-763a14f01252\" href=\"\">Reducir los costes de soldadura mediante una fabricación mejorada</a> (donde se analiza la combinación de la transferencia de carga a través de una soldadura y el contacto en compresión).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" data-image-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/2a16ecdf-f660-47b6-bb32-9b9aeecf3314/6.png\" data-asset-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" data-image-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Tamaño y longitud de la soldadura</h2>\n<p>Existen diferentes formas de definir el tamaño de la soldadura según la región. Lea el artículo <a data-item-id=\"8af403c6-c098-56ce-96ee-3daaeaf4639e\" href=\"\">Tamaño y longitud de la soldadura</a> para saber cómo IDEA StatiCa define el tamaño de la soldadura o en caso de que necesite conocer la longitud exacta de la soldadura:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\" data-image-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/67cc32f0-0506-4cdf-9637-0bc86dfefa54/Weld%20size.png\" data-asset-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\" data-image-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Verificaciones</h2>\n<p>En nuestro Centro de Soporte, puede encontrar numerosos estudios de verificación que describen el comportamiento de diferentes modelos de uniones soldadas, así como comparaciones con ensayos de laboratorio.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/search?category=verification_example&q=weld\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Estudios de verificación sobre modelos con soldaduras</a></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\" data-image-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/47ea3d3f-dff3-49c7-8e5f-5abab34e343d/04-1-fig7.png\" data-asset-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\" data-image-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Actualizaciones en versiones</h2>\n<p>Las siguientes funcionalidades forman parte de las notas de versión de IDEA StatiCa y pueden estar relacionadas con las soldaduras. Lea más sobre las funcionalidades en los artículos dedicados bajo los enlaces:</p>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"c1adb56e-c715-4213-b637-bc94b8f84def\" href=\"\"><strong>Verificación de soldaduras faltantes</strong></a><strong> </strong>(versión 20.1)</p>\n<p>Hemos añadido otra herramienta útil para ayudar automáticamente al usuario a encontrar partes no soldadas de la unión: la utilidad para analizar un modelo de unión en busca de posibles soldaduras faltantes. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" data-image-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/12b10280-2125-44a3-b60e-6031f87a3e03/Missing%20welds.png\" data-asset-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" data-image-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"d38299a4-0ea1-44c0-bf31-c2b61ad0d63b\" href=\"\"><strong>Importación de soldaduras recomendadas</strong></a> (versión 20.1)</p>\n<p>Al importar una unión desde un software CAD, ahora existe la opción de añadir soldaduras recomendadas. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" data-image-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/e38caf39-0947-4aff-be81-7d3eb57ada99/Screenshot%202020-10-05%20122254.png\" data-asset-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" data-image-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"040fcb75-d544-4d75-bc49-182d150177d7\" href=\"\"><strong>Modelo mejorado de soldaduras a tope</strong></a> (versión 20.1)</p>\n<p>El tamaño de las soldaduras a tope fue corregido para las soldaduras a tope de borde a superficie. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\" data-image-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/20b7b61e-2508-4f74-9c1e-355619627e82/Butt%20welds%20upgraded%20model.png\" data-asset-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\" data-image-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"6a1966e1-7905-4ced-a002-c8f568072d4c\" href=\"\"><strong>Especificidades de la verificación normativa de soldaduras según Eurocode (EN) y la norma india (IS)</strong></a><strong> </strong>(versión 21.1)</p>\n<p>Para cumplir con las normativas y garantizar la seguridad del diseño, el valor de resistencia considerado en la verificación normativa de soldaduras se calcula ahora a partir del valor de resistencia del acero base para las normativas EN e IS, así como del propio material de soldadura.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\" data-image-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/59c4504e-b3b9-4dc2-8b14-4f121a23e1c3/Welds1.png\" data-asset-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\" data-image-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"ddfe7eda-4125-461a-b0f1-90de133d5cc6\" href=\"\"><strong>Combinación de operaciones de soldadura y contacto</strong></a><strong> </strong>(versión 22.1)</p>\n<p>Desde la versión 22.1, las operaciones de soldadura y contacto pueden combinarse.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" data-image-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/4dd4d3e4-77f0-4c14-9801-e9183f26cca6/WaC.png\" data-asset-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" data-image-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"102a323e-f663-4c3a-8a1e-1c95edec23c6\" href=\"\"><strong>Verificación de colisión entre chapas y soldaduras</strong></a><strong> </strong>(versión 22.1)</p>\n<p>Las chapas y partes del modelo pueden posicionarse de forma que colisionen con otras chapas y elementos. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\" data-image-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/d631a548-e7ca-4f84-a3c1-5c0207280cc0/clash3.png\" data-asset-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\" data-image-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"d0b2eca2-e40d-4ac8-bf4e-d2d0f8e09fbf\" href=\"\"><strong>Verificación de soldaduras en secciones soldadas</strong></a><strong> </strong>(versión 23.0)</p>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa puede verificar ahora las soldaduras longitudinales de elementos con secciones transversales soldadas.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\" data-image-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/b60903c8-dc26-4604-bc81-96d35d003afb/Welded-sections%200.png\" data-asset-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\" data-image-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>Visualización mejorada de la verificación de soldaduras</strong></a> (versión 23.0)</p>\n<p>La verificación de soldaduras mediante el Método de los Elementos Finitos difiere de los cálculos de diseño tradicionales. En los cálculos tradicionales, pueden despreciarse pequeñas excentricidades, deformaciones, torsiones, el coeficiente de Poisson, etc.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\" data-image-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/172ca452-c56d-40ca-afc4-9dc406734d70/weldchecktable.png\" data-asset-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\" data-image-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"5f4c7d1f-5145-4fa0-a9bf-535808187857\" href=\"\"><strong>Mejoras en los detalles constructivos de tornillos y soldaduras según Eurocode</strong></a> (versión 23.0)</p>\n<p>La verificación de detalles constructivos en IDEA StatiCa Connection ha sido mejorada. Los ingenieros pueden tener una mejor visión general del diseño y la verificación normativa de tornillos y soldaduras gracias a la información detallada y las recomendaciones según Eurocode proporcionadas en las tablas de verificación y en el Informe.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\" data-image-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/9e0a6490-1e33-44fa-ab30-1247a201de0f/Detailing%20improvements_main%20image.png\" data-asset-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\" data-image-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>Electrodos de soldadura definidos por el usuario</strong></a> (versión 23.1)</p>\n<p>El material de soldadura es un elemento editable en la <a data-item-id=\"898f72ce-7360-54a8-95b1-9b26a8d16346\" href=\"\">MPRL (Biblioteca de Materiales y Gama de Productos)</a>. Esto significa que puede definir los electrodos de soldadura de forma independiente al grado de acero de las chapas conectadas.</p>\n<p>Para añadir un material de soldadura definido por el usuario, vaya a la pestaña <strong>Materiales</strong>, añada un material de <strong>Soldadura</strong> y <strong>Edite</strong> sus propiedades.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\" data-image-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/13eae981-ca17-401d-b1c8-7da0416d207e/Welds%20-%20autodesign%2C%20input%2C%20warnings%2C%20visualization1.png\" data-asset-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\" data-image-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>Soldadura general resaltada en la escena 3D</strong></a> (versión 23.1)</p>\n<p>Se trata de una mejora sencilla en la escena 3D de la aplicación Connection para una mejor orientación, especialmente en modelos de unión más grandes importados mediante enlaces BIM desde aplicaciones CAD.</p>\n<p>Cuando se selecciona una <strong>operación de soldadura general o de contacto</strong>, la soldadura en la escena 3D se resalta en naranja (por defecto).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\" data-image-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/ae2aa532-e36b-4125-a8b6-80015ebb8df3/Welds%20-%20autodesign%2C%20input%2C%20warnings%2C%20visualization10.png\" data-asset-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\" data-image-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>Advertencia para electrodos más resistentes que las chapas</strong></a> (versión 23.1)</p>\n<p>Cuando la <a data-item-id=\"5f4c7d1f-5145-4fa0-a9bf-535808187857\" href=\"\"><strong>verificación</strong> <strong>de detalles constructivos</strong></a><strong> </strong>está activada en la <strong>Configuración normativa</strong> de la aplicación Connection, los usuarios reciben una advertencia si el material del electrodo de soldadura es más resistente que las chapas soldadas. Esto ayuda a garantizar los estándares de seguridad del diseño.</p>\n<p>Esto se aplica al Eurocode (EN) y a la norma india (IS), que contienen cláusulas que definen que la resistencia de la soldadura está determinada por la menor resistencia última de las chapas conectadas y los requisitos de que el material añadido de los electrodos de soldadura debe ser más resistente que el material base (EN 1993-1-8 – 4.5.3.2 e IS 800:2007 - 10.5.7.1.1).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\" data-image-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/e467c86d-22ea-47de-b048-7c2265a63cda/Welds%20-%20autodesign%2C%20input%2C%20warnings%2C%20visualization11.png\" data-asset-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\" data-image-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"139d124d-d3e0-463d-979a-86ae271d3e81\" href=\"\"><strong>Advertencias para soldaduras y tornillos que conectan las mismas chapas</strong></a> (versión 23.1)</p>\n<p>El diseño de uniones que combina soldaduras y tornillos, o tornillos y tornillos pretensados, no es seguro y no está permitido por las normativas. La aplicación Connection le informa automáticamente si se utiliza dicho flujo de trabajo en un proyecto para garantizar un diseño correcto y seguro.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\" data-image-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/f7b68cff-d260-4f8a-8ab2-048893e63b39/Bolts%20and%20welds_warning%20message.png\" data-asset-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\" data-image-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"0248496a-4acc-4b33-8842-4afe0bd9e802\" href=\"\"><strong>Autodiseño de soldaduras para ductilidad/resistencia total/sobrerresistencia</strong></a> (versión 24.0)</p>\n<p>El dimensionamiento automático de soldaduras elimina la tediosa y laboriosa introducción manual y verificación de cada soldadura. Con el algoritmo de automatización, IDEA StatiCa proporciona un modelado más rápido y un diseño absolutamente seguro de uniones soldadas.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\" data-image-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/202ed4a2-278b-466c-b2d2-47023adfa727/Weld%20sizing%20to%20ductility1.png\" data-asset-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\" data-image-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b5fdc985-c8bd-41af-abf8-d6722fc84d43\" href=\"\"><strong>Dimensionamiento automático de soldaduras por estimación de capacidad</strong></a> (versión 24.0)</p>\n<p>El dimensionamiento automático de soldaduras aborda el reto de ajustar manualmente el tamaño de cada soldadura, lo cual resulta tedioso y consume mucho tiempo. Al automatizar este proceso, IDEA StatiCa le ayuda significativamente a acelerar el proceso de diseño y fomenta diseños de soldaduras más coherentes entre proyectos.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\" data-image-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/139beb9e-2e4e-4581-8a6b-e076578371d0/Weld%20sizing%20to%20capacity%20estimation1.png\" data-asset-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\" data-image-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"d65d8320-3860-4fbc-984c-a73163766798\" href=\"\"><strong>Soldaduras en ranura con penetración parcial (PJP)</strong></a><strong> </strong>(versiones 24.0, 24.1, 25.0)</p>\n<p>La integración de soldaduras en ranura con penetración parcial, o soldaduras a tope con penetración parcial, o simplemente soldaduras PJP en IDEA StatiCa Connection responde a los requisitos específicos establecidos para las soldaduras a tope PJP, distintos de los aplicables a las soldaduras en ángulo.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\" data-image-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/d8a95f95-4aa5-4b9e-9b51-d58130c4afab/Partial%20Joint%20Penetration%20%28PJP%29%20groove%20weld.png\" data-asset-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\" data-image-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>El tamaño de una soldadura de penetración parcial se toma en el análisis con el mismo valor que el introducido. IDEA StatiCa no aplica ningún ajuste, como la reducción del tamaño nominal de la soldadura; esto corresponde al usuario antes de la introducción de datos.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\" data-image-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/1dd7c48e-f81a-4570-a239-8aa1a096c24d/Partial%20Joint%20Penetration%20%28PJP%29%20groove%20welds%2018.png\" data-asset-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\" data-image-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>Advertencias relacionadas con elementos de soldadura (versión 24.1)</strong></p>\n<p>Existen dos tipos de advertencias incorporadas:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>'Tipo de soldadura cambiado a soldadura a tope por unión borde a borde' (cambio del tipo de soldadura causado por una acción de modelado)</li>\n <li>'La soldadura no se creó debido a restricciones geométricas' (cubre situaciones en las que imprecisiones en la geometría provocan una creación fallida de la soldadura)</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b69964d5-581d-4184-bddd-80b58f80a902\" href=\"\"><strong>Mejoras regionales (versión 25.0)</strong></a></p>\n<p>Para los ingenieros locales, la versión 25.0 ofrece varias mejoras como soldaduras PJP en Eurocode, implementación del nuevo ACI y no solo para ingenieros estadounidenses, verificaciones de anclaje para la norma china, diferenciación de terminología del Reino Unido y EE. UU., y más.</p>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"39838f72-2f1e-4385-9393-952efa63dc20\" href=\"\"><strong>Área de distribución de la soldadura (versión 25.0)</strong></a></p>\n<p>El área de distribución de la soldadura ha sido ligeramente modificada en la versión 25.0. En el siguiente artículo se explica claramente cómo funciona ahora la distribución de fuerzas de una chapa a otra a través de las soldaduras.</p>\n<p>El área de distribución de la soldadura difiere considerablemente entre las soldaduras a tope y las soldaduras en ángulo. El área de distribución desde el borde de la chapa hasta la superficie de otra chapa se define según la siguiente figura:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\" data-image-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/c15a1435-db8f-4d2a-84e1-51a0e516a84b/Weld%20spreading%20area%20v25.png\" data-asset-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\" data-image-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>La fuerza procedente de la chapa de borde se distribuye entonces en los nodos de la chapa de superficie en función de la proximidad del nodo al área de distribución de la soldadura.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\" data-image-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/7ab584c9-fd6e-4489-969d-fd851e41008e/Weld%20spreading%20area%20-%20nodal%20forces.png\" data-asset-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\" data-image-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>¿Qué implica el cambio en la versión 25.0?</p>\n<ul>\n <li>El área de distribución se redujo para las soldaduras a tope</li>\n <li>El área de distribución de las soldaduras en ángulo refleja ahora con mayor precisión el tamaño de la soldadura en ángulo</li>\n <li>El espesor de la chapa de superficie ya no es relevante para el área de distribución de la soldadura</li>\n</ul>\n<p>¿Por qué se realizaron los cambios?</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Recientemente, llevamos a cabo un <a data-item-id=\"7f29d59b-f37a-45fe-abf2-4bc19bc48be4\" href=\"\">proyecto conjunto</a> con la <a href=\"https://www.uc.pt/en/\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Universidad de Coimbra</a> y <a href=\"https://isise.net/\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ISISE</a>. El objetivo del proyecto era crear una serie de modelos numéricos en <a href=\"https://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/abaqus\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Abaqus</a> (paquete de software de elementos finitos de uso general con elementos finitos sólidos) y comparar los resultados con IDEA StatiCa Connection (elementos finitos de lámina). El enfoque se centra en uniones viga-columna con momento flector soldadas. La comparación muestra que:\n <ul>\n <li>Los resultados de columnas laminadas sin una fuerza de compresión significativa en la columna presentan buena concordancia </li>\n <li>Los resultados de columnas soldadas a tope son ligeramente no conservadores (en un 5,8 %). Por ello se realiza este cambio: reducción del área de distribución de la soldadura para soldaduras a tope.</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\" data-image-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/577d9983-9802-49ac-b805-f267c33c2280/AbaqusCoimbra.png\" data-asset-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\" data-image-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\" data-image-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/66a85600-5ee6-4108-8dc2-36a915e7e09f/Contemplated%20geometries.png\" data-asset-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\" data-image-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n7d3f0b65_90ff_012c_0855_3da982ddac0b\"></object>\n<p><strong>Soldadura de chapa circular (versión 26.0)</strong></p>\n<p>Las chapas de rigidización circulares se utilizan habitualmente para reforzar almas delgadas, pero antes de la versión 26.0 no era posible definir soldaduras para estas chapas directamente.</p>\n<p>Como resultado, los usuarios tenían que recurrir a soluciones alternativas, normalmente importando la chapa como un polígono desde DXF, lo que añadía pasos innecesarios y reducía la eficiencia del modelado.</p>\n<p>Con esta actualización, las soldaduras pueden definirse ahora <strong>directamente para chapas de rigidización con forma circular</strong>. La chapa se discretiza internamente en segmentos, de forma similar a las secciones huecas circulares, garantizando un comportamiento de análisis preciso. El número de segmentos respeta la configuración global de <a data-item-id=\"e19f7ee2-b429-4cc4-9879-5c9bb8e42a1f\" href=\"\">Ajustes del proyecto</a>, proporcionando coherencia en todo el modelo.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b35bf18f-05c5-431c-8ed3-5c3739ee5d6e\" data-image-id=\"b35bf18f-05c5-431c-8ed3-5c3739ee5d6e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/4393742b-3339-49ac-aa9e-848b9c4b336d/Circular%20plate%20welds_01.png\" data-asset-id=\"b35bf18f-05c5-431c-8ed3-5c3739ee5d6e\" data-image-id=\"b35bf18f-05c5-431c-8ed3-5c3739ee5d6e\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<h2>Webinars y vídeos</h2>\n<p>En el pasado, hemos celebrado varios webinars sobre el modelado de uniones soldadas. Puede encontrar inspiración en las siguientes grabaciones:</p>\n<h4>Soldaduras y tornillos en IDEA StatiCa (AISC)</h4>\n<p>La <a data-item-id=\"b8ee28ec-bc18-4a92-8c48-5e922b160899\" href=\"\">sesión del webinar</a> cubre la teoría detrás de los tornillos y las soldaduras y cómo se modelan en IDEA StatiCa. Además, se detallarán las operaciones de estos dos componentes y se ofrecerán algunos consejos. Por último, se explicará la interpretación de los resultados y las fórmulas utilizadas para verificar que cumplen los requisitos de AISC.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"c2aa79db_1b2d_01fb_be94_c909fe78c1ec\"></object>\n<h4>Comprensión de los resultados de soldaduras para Eurocode</h4>\n<p>La tabla detallada con resultados puede verse con todas las fórmulas, incluso con valores. También se proporcionan tensiones direccionales. La utilización de la soldadura es evidente. Sin embargo, la utilización global Utc se calcula a partir de la capacidad de toda la soldadura. Compruebe cómo funciona.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"ed66403e_81ad_018c_9f04_7ba0bc60776f\"></object>\n<h4>¿Podemos encontrar correspondencia entre la tensión en la soldadura y mis cálculos manuales?</h4>\n<p>La tensión en una soldadura se calcula en las direcciones principales según el EC y los resultados se proporcionan en las pestañas de resultados. Aunque el análisis en IDEA StatiCa Connection se basa en CBFEM, en casos simples, la tensión puede compararse con cálculos manuales para verificar los valores resultantes.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n61babfc2_10ef_01e7_1516_00ffc09ae5ed\"></object>\n<h4>Configuración de soldaduras en ángulo a lo largo de un alma de SHS y una superficie de chapa</h4>\n<p>Las secciones huecas y principalmente las esquinas curvas de sus secciones transversales pueden resultar complicadas de tratar en lo que respecta a la soldadura, etc. Vea cómo configurar correctamente una soldadura en ángulo simple en ambos lados de un elemento SHS, junto con sus esquinas que deben conectarse a la superficie de una chapa.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"da52de91_92dd_0121_b094_b47cacb735fe\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"take_idea_statica_24_0_for_a_test_drive_today\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n8b7691b9_5b96_0109_4c93_7db0ba6e27e3\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>Existen varias opciones para tratar las soldaduras en modelos numéricos. Las grandes deformaciones hacen que el análisis mecánico sea más complejo, y es posible utilizar diferentes descripciones de malla, diferentes variables cinéticas y cinemáticas, y modelos constitutivos. Se utilizan generalmente los diferentes tipos de modelos geométricos 2D y 3D y, por tanto, elementos finitos con sus niveles de precisión aplicables. El modelo de material más utilizado es el modelo de plasticidad común independiente de la tasa, basado en el criterio de fluencia de von Mises. Se describen dos enfoques utilizados para las soldaduras. Las tensiones residuales y las deformaciones causadas por la soldadura no se consideran en el modelo de cálculo.</p>\n<p>La carga se transmite a través de restricciones fuerza-deformación basadas en la formulación Lagrangiana a la placa opuesta. La unión se denomina restricción multipunto (MPC) y relaciona los nodos de elementos finitos de un borde de placa con otro. Los nodos de elementos finitos no están conectados directamente. La ventaja de este enfoque es la capacidad de conectar mallas con diferentes densidades. La restricción permite modelar la superficie de la línea media de las placas conectadas con el desplazamiento, lo que respeta la configuración real de la soldadura y el espesor de garganta. La distribución de carga en la soldadura se deriva de la MPC, por lo que las tensiones se calculan en la sección de garganta. Esto es importante para la distribución de tensiones en la placa bajo la soldadura y para el modelado de perfiles en T.</p>\n<h4>Redistribución plástica de tensiones en soldaduras</h4>\n<p>El modelo con solo restricciones multipunto no respeta la rigidez de la soldadura, y la distribución de tensiones es conservadora. Los picos de tensión que aparecen en los extremos de los bordes de las placas, en las esquinas y en los redondeos, gobiernan la resistencia a lo largo de toda la longitud de la soldadura. Para eliminar este efecto, se añade un elemento elastoplástico especial entre las placas. El elemento respeta el espesor de garganta de la soldadura, su posición y orientación. El sólido de soldadura equivalente se inserta con las dimensiones de soldadura correspondientes. Se aplica el análisis de material no lineal y se determina el comportamiento elastoplástico en el sólido de soldadura equivalente. El estado de plasticidad se controla mediante las tensiones en la sección de garganta de la soldadura. Los picos de tensión se redistribuyen a lo largo de la mayor parte de la longitud de la soldadura.</p>\n<p>El modelo elastoplástico de soldaduras proporciona valores reales de tensión, y no es necesario promediar ni interpolar la tensión. Los valores calculados en el elemento de soldadura más tensionado se utilizan directamente para las verificaciones del componente de soldadura. De este modo, no es necesario reducir la resistencia de soldaduras multidireccionales, soldaduras en alas no rigidizadas o soldaduras largas.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\" data-image-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/0bd27c97-ebab-4887-9fc1-d9027cdf3df8/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Welds.png\" data-asset-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\" data-image-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Restricción entre el elemento de soldadura y los nodos de la malla</em></p>\n<p>Las soldaduras generales, al utilizar la redistribución plástica, pueden configurarse como continuas, parciales e intermitentes. Las soldaduras continuas abarcan toda la longitud del borde, las parciales permiten al usuario establecer desplazamientos desde ambos lados del borde, y las soldaduras intermitentes pueden configurarse adicionalmente con una longitud y una separación determinadas.</p>"
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"value": "<p>El método de penalización estándar se recomienda para modelar el contacto entre placas. Si se detecta la penetración de un nodo en una superficie de contacto opuesta, se añade rigidez de penalización entre el nodo y la placa opuesta. La rigidez de penalización es controlada por un algoritmo heurístico durante la iteración no lineal para obtener una mejor convergencia. El solver detecta automáticamente el punto de penetración y resuelve la distribución de fuerzas de contacto entre el nodo penetrado y los nodos de la placa opuesta. Permite la creación de contacto entre diferentes mallas, como se muestra. La ventaja del método de penalización es el ensamblaje automático del modelo. El contacto entre las placas tiene un impacto importante en la redistribución de fuerzas en la unión.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\" data-image-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/c1c19e97-c73b-4e5c-b40e-1655f9e9d1d3/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Contacts%20between%20plates.png\" data-asset-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\" data-image-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Un ejemplo de separación de placas en contacto entre el alma y los patines de dos correas Z solapadas</em></p>\n<p>Es posible añadir contacto entre</p>\n<ul>\n <li>dos superficies,</li>\n <li>dos bordes,</li>\n <li>borde y superficie.</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\" data-image-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/02e3e1c2-223a-4a9f-800d-935e7b3dac76/edge-to-edge-contact.png\" data-asset-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\" data-image-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Un ejemplo de contacto borde a borde entre el asiento y la placa de testa</em></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\" data-image-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/02d6ce4a-86b1-4eac-9525-c59772b520e3/edge-to-surface-contact.png\" data-asset-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\" data-image-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Un ejemplo de contacto borde a superficie entre el patín inferior de la viga y el patín del pilar</em></p>\n<p>Las <a data-item-id=\"22ff0f4a-a6f0-4086-bc4c-ed49f4aa86e2\" href=\"\">tensiones en los contactos</a> pueden visualizarse, y los valores se muestran en la tabla de verificación de placas. Sin embargo, las tensiones de contacto son solo informativas y no se utilizan en ninguna verificación. Además, la tensión a través del espesor de los elementos de lámina no se considera. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\" data-image-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/3762ca8b-a140-47c8-a32e-3e2db2d6ca4d/contacts.png\" data-asset-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\" data-image-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\" alt=\"\"></figure>"
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"value": "<p>El aumento en el número de elementos proporciona resultados más precisos, pero a costa de una mayor demanda computacional.</p>\n<h4>Modelo de placa</h4>\n<p>Se recomiendan elementos de lámina para el modelado de placas en el análisis por el Método de los Elementos Finitos de la unión estructural. Se aplican elementos de lámina cuadrangulares de 4 nodos con nodos en sus esquinas. Se consideran seis grados de libertad en cada nodo: 3 traslaciones (<em>u</em><sub>x</sub>, <em>u</em><sub>y</sub>, <em>u</em><sub>z</sub>) y 3 rotaciones (<em>φ</em><sub>x</sub>, <em>φ</em><sub>y</sub>, <em>φ</em><sub>z</sub>). Las deformaciones del elemento se dividen en componentes de membrana y de flexión.</p>\n<p>La formulación del comportamiento de membrana se basa en el trabajo de Ibrahimbegovic (1990). Se consideran las rotaciones perpendiculares al plano del elemento. Se proporciona una formulación 3D completa del elemento. Las deformaciones de cortante fuera del plano se consideran en la formulación del comportamiento a flexión de un elemento basado en la hipótesis de Mindlin. Se aplica nuestra variante estabilizada interna del elemento de placa cuadrangular de Mindlin con deformación de cortante constante a lo largo del borde. Los elementos están inspirados en los elementos MITC4; véase Dvorkin (1984). La lámina se divide en cinco capas de integración a través del espesor de la placa en cada punto de integración y el comportamiento plástico se analiza en cada punto. Se denomina integración de Gauss-Lobatto. La etapa elasto-plástica no lineal del material se analiza en cada capa en función de las deformaciones conocidas. Solo se muestran las tensiones y deformaciones máximas de todas las capas.</p>\n<h4>Convergencia de malla</h4>\n<p>Existen algunos criterios para la generación de malla en el modelo de unión. La verificación normativa de la unión debe ser independiente del tamaño del elemento. La generación de malla en una placa independiente no presenta problemas. Se debe prestar atención a geometrías complejas como paneles rigidizados, perfiles en T y placas base. Para geometrías complicadas se debe realizar el análisis de sensibilidad considerando la discretización de la malla.</p>\n<p>Todas las placas de una sección transversal de viga tienen una división común en elementos. El tamaño de los elementos finitos generados está limitado. El tamaño mínimo del elemento se establece en 10 mm y el tamaño máximo del elemento en 50 mm (puede configurarse en la configuración de código). Las mallas en alas y almas son independientes entre sí. El número predeterminado de elementos finitos se establece en 8 elementos por altura de sección transversal, como se muestra en la figura siguiente. El usuario puede modificar los valores predeterminados en la configuración de código.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"56b04327-298f-4d82-9f7d-0c066664772c\" data-image-id=\"56b04327-298f-4d82-9f7d-0c066664772c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/82635179-c288-44ba-bf8d-c12b80a32766/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Plate%20model%20and%20mesh%20convergence.png\" data-asset-id=\"56b04327-298f-4d82-9f7d-0c066664772c\" data-image-id=\"56b04327-298f-4d82-9f7d-0c066664772c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>La malla en una viga con restricciones entre el alma y la placa del ala</em></p>\n<p>La malla de las placas de testa es independiente de las demás partes de la unión. El tamaño predeterminado del elemento finito se establece en 16 elementos por altura de sección transversal, como se muestra en la figura.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8d24be01-1329-41ea-8233-9de761728436\" data-image-id=\"8d24be01-1329-41ea-8233-9de761728436\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/7f71beb4-9fd6-4517-b069-6905b8176a8a/plate_mesh.png\" data-asset-id=\"8d24be01-1329-41ea-8233-9de761728436\" data-image-id=\"8d24be01-1329-41ea-8233-9de761728436\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>La malla en una placa de testa con 7 elementos a lo largo de su anchura</em></p>\n<p>El siguiente ejemplo de una junta viga-columna muestra la influencia del tamaño de malla en la resistencia a momento. Una viga de sección abierta IPE 220 se conecta a una columna de sección abierta HEA 200 y se carga con un momento flector como se muestra en la figura siguiente. El componente crítico es el panel de la columna a cortante. El número de elementos finitos a lo largo de la altura de la sección transversal varía de 4 a 40 y se comparan los resultados. Las líneas discontinuas representan las diferencias del 5%, 10% y 15%. Se recomienda subdividir la altura de la sección transversal en 8 elementos.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d7f4071e-0e80-460f-8d61-f7e271cbb6a0\" data-image-id=\"d7f4071e-0e80-460f-8d61-f7e271cbb6a0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/d5bcfb21-1bf5-4c38-9d34-8e4ffe398738/beam_to_column.png\" data-asset-id=\"d7f4071e-0e80-460f-8d61-f7e271cbb6a0\" data-image-id=\"d7f4071e-0e80-460f-8d61-f7e271cbb6a0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Modelo de junta viga-columna y deformaciones plásticas en el estado límite último</em></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"80bf0274-5a14-4471-90af-93f56fc0a914\" data-image-id=\"80bf0274-5a14-4471-90af-93f56fc0a914\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/601738d5-2a76-4d40-97f7-722342d6d256/mesh_influence.png\" data-asset-id=\"80bf0274-5a14-4471-90af-93f56fc0a914\" data-image-id=\"80bf0274-5a14-4471-90af-93f56fc0a914\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>La influencia del número de elementos en la resistencia a momento</em></p>\n<p>Se presenta el estudio de sensibilidad de malla de un rigidizador esbelto comprimido del panel del alma de la columna. El número de elementos a lo largo de la anchura del rigidizador varía de 4 a 20. El primer modo de pandeo y la influencia del número de elementos en la resistencia al pandeo y la carga crítica se muestran en la figura siguiente. Se muestra la diferencia del 5% y 10%. Se recomienda utilizar 8 elementos a lo largo de la anchura del rigidizador.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"79630fed-3e60-44f9-bd9c-c9d2d47ffaf8\" data-image-id=\"79630fed-3e60-44f9-bd9c-c9d2d47ffaf8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/c6c4099f-4691-4820-8691-8335303b111e/buckling_mesh.png\" data-asset-id=\"79630fed-3e60-44f9-bd9c-c9d2d47ffaf8\" data-image-id=\"79630fed-3e60-44f9-bd9c-c9d2d47ffaf8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>El primer modo de pandeo y la influencia del número de elementos a lo largo del rigidizador en la resistencia a momento</em></p>\n<p>Se presenta el estudio de sensibilidad de malla de un perfil en T a tracción. La mitad del ancho del ala se subdivide en 8 a 40 elementos, y el tamaño mínimo del elemento se establece en 1 mm. La influencia del número de elementos en la resistencia del perfil en T se muestra en la figura siguiente. Las líneas discontinuas representan las diferencias del 5%, 10% y 15%. Se recomienda utilizar 16 elementos en la mitad del ancho del ala.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bd5d475b-5787-403f-886a-685e33f1be9d\" data-image-id=\"bd5d475b-5787-403f-886a-685e33f1be9d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/05531827-8853-4859-ac6a-0de511100185/T-stub-mesh.png\" data-asset-id=\"bd5d475b-5787-403f-886a-685e33f1be9d\" data-image-id=\"bd5d475b-5787-403f-886a-685e33f1be9d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>La influencia del número de elementos en la resistencia del perfil en T</em></p>"
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"value": "<h3>Tornillos</h3>\n<p>En el Método de los Elementos Finitos Basado en Componentes (CBFEM), el tornillo con su comportamiento a tracción, cortante y aplastamiento es el componente descrito por muelles no lineales dependientes. El conjunto del tornillo está formado por el tornillo, la arandela y la tuerca, y se simula mediante un muelle no lineal, elementos de cuerpo rígido y elementos de contacto.</p>\n<h4>Tornillo a tracción</h4>\n<p>El tornillo a tracción se describe mediante un muelle con su rigidez axial inicial, resistencia de cálculo, inicio de plastificación y capacidad de deformación. La rigidez axial inicial se obtiene analíticamente según la directriz VDI2230 y Agerskov (1976).</p>\n<p>\\[D_{Lb} =\\frac{L_s+0.4d_b}{EA_{s}}+ \\frac{0.85d_b}{EA_{t}}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[A_{pp}=\\frac{0.75D_H(L_w-D_H)}{D_{W1}^2-D_{W2}^2}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[A_{P1}=\\frac{\\pi}{4}(D_H^2-D_{W1}^2)\\]</p>\n<p>\\[A_{P2}=\\frac{1}{2}(D_{W2}^2-D_H^2)\\tan^{-1}A_{pp}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[A_P=A_{P1}+A_{P2}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[D_{LW}=\\frac{L_W}{EA_P}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[k=\\frac{1}{D_{LB}+D_{LW}}\\]</p>\n<p>donde:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>\\(d_b\\) – diámetro del tornillo</li>\n <li>\\(D_H\\) – diámetro de la cabeza del tornillo</li>\n <li>\\(D_{W1}\\) – diámetro interior de la arandela</li>\n <li>\\(D_{W2}\\) – diámetro exterior de la arandela</li>\n <li>\\(L_W\\) – suma de los espesores de las arandelas</li>\n <li>\\(L_s\\) – longitud de apriete del tornillo</li>\n <li>\\(A_{s}\\) – área bruta del tornillo</li>\n <li>\\(A_{t}\\) – área resistente a tracción del tornillo</li>\n <li>\\(E\\) – módulo de elasticidad de Young</li>\n</ul>\n<p>El modelo se corresponde con datos experimentales; véase Gödrich et al. (2014). Para el inicio de la plastificación y la capacidad de deformación, se supone que la deformación plástica se produce únicamente en la parte roscada del vástago del tornillo.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"acc623fd-ee60-4959-8227-ec855f72a150\" data-image-id=\"acc623fd-ee60-4959-8227-ec855f72a150\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/6984c02e-b380-4b92-aca1-9712291cf94b/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Bolts%20and%20preloaded%20bolts.png\" data-asset-id=\"acc623fd-ee60-4959-8227-ec855f72a150\" data-image-id=\"acc623fd-ee60-4959-8227-ec855f72a150\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Diagrama fuerza-deformación para el aplastamiento de la placa</em></p>\n<p>El diagrama fuerza-deformación se construye mediante las siguientes ecuaciones:</p>\n<p>Rigidez plástica:</p>\n<p>\\[ k_t = c_1 k \\]</p>\n<p>Fuerza en el límite elástico:</p>\n<p>\\[ F_{t,el} = \\frac{F_{t,Rd}}{c_1 c_2 - c_1 +1} \\]</p>\n<p>Deformación en el límite elástico:</p>\n<p>\\[ u_{el} = \\frac{ F_{t,el} }{k} \\]</p>\n<p>Deformación en el límite plástico:</p>\n<p>\\[ u_{t,Rd} = c_2 u_{el} \\]</p>\n<p>\\[ c_1 = \\frac{f_{ub} - f_{yb}}{\\frac{1}{4} A E - f_{yb}} \\]</p>\n<p>\\[ c_2 = \\frac{AE}{4 f_{yb}} \\]</p>\n<p>donde:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>\\(F_{t,Rd}\\) – valor de cálculo de la resistencia del tornillo a tracción</li>\n <li>\\(f_{yb}\\) – límite elástico del tornillo</li>\n <li>\\(f_{ub}\\) – resistencia última del tornillo</li>\n <li>\\(A\\) – alargamiento tras la rotura</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Tornillo a cortante</h4>\n<p>Solo la fuerza de compresión se transfiere desde el vástago del tornillo a la placa en el agujero del tornillo. Se modela mediante enlaces de interpolación entre los nodos del vástago y los nodos del borde del agujero. La rigidez de deformación del elemento lámina que modela las placas distribuye las fuerzas entre los tornillos y simula el aplastamiento adecuado de la placa.</p>\n<p>Los agujeros de los tornillos se consideran estándar (por defecto) o rasgados (se puede configurar en el editor de placas). Los tornillos en agujeros estándar pueden transmitir fuerza cortante en todas las direcciones; los tornillos en agujeros rasgados tienen una dirección excluida y pueden desplazarse libremente en esa dirección seleccionada.</p>\n<p>La rigidez inicial y la resistencia de cálculo de un tornillo a cortante se definen mediante las siguientes fórmulas:</p>\n<p>\\[k_{el}=\\frac{1}{\\frac{1}{k_{11}}+\\frac{1}{k_{12}}}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[k_{11} = \\frac{8d_b^2f_{ub}}{d_{M16}}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[k_{12}=12k_td_bf_{up}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[k_t=\\min \\left ( 2.5,\\, \\frac{1.5t_{min}}{d_{M16}} \\right ) \\]</p>\n<p>\\[k_{pl}=\\frac{k_{el}}{1000}\\]</p>\n<p>donde:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>\\(d_b\\) – diámetro del tornillo</li>\n <li>\\(f_{ub}\\) – resistencia última del tornillo</li>\n <li>\\(d_{M16}=16 \\textrm{ mm}\\) – diámetro del tornillo de referencia M16</li>\n <li>\\(f_{up}\\) – resistencia última de la placa conectada</li>\n <li>\\(t_{min}\\) – espesor mínimo de la placa conectada </li>\n</ul>\n<p>El muelle que representa el tornillo a cortante tiene un comportamiento bilineal fuerza-deformación. El inicio de la plastificación se espera en:</p>\n<p>\\[F_{V,el}=0.999 F_{V,Rd}\\]</p>\n<p>La capacidad de deformación se considera como:</p>\n<p>\\[\\delta_{pl}=\\delta_{el}\\]</p>\n<p>donde:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>\\(F_{V,el}\\) – resistencia elástica del tornillo a cortante</li>\n <li>\\(F_{V,Rd}\\) – resistencia del tornillo a cortante</li>\n <li>\\(\\delta_{el}\\) – deformación elástica del tornillo a cortante</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Interacción entre tracción y cortante</h4>\n<p>La interacción de la fuerza axial y la fuerza cortante puede introducirse directamente en el modelo de análisis. La distribución de fuerzas refleja mejor la realidad (véase el diagrama adjunto). Los tornillos con una fuerza de tracción elevada absorben menos fuerza cortante y viceversa.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ee6f8f98-26d7-46f8-9051-4032b2a043c8\" data-image-id=\"ee6f8f98-26d7-46f8-9051-4032b2a043c8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/8137accf-c8f2-4c63-8715-52ef53e2748f/EC-bolt_interaction.png\" data-asset-id=\"ee6f8f98-26d7-46f8-9051-4032b2a043c8\" data-image-id=\"ee6f8f98-26d7-46f8-9051-4032b2a043c8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Ejemplo de interacción de fuerza axial y cortante (EC)</em></p>\n<h3>Tornillos pretensados</h3>\n<p>Los tornillos pretensados se utilizan cuando es necesario minimizar las deformaciones. El modelo de tracción del tornillo es el mismo que para los tornillos estándar. La fuerza cortante no se transmite por aplastamiento, sino por fricción entre las placas apretadas.</p>\n<p>La resistencia de cálculo al deslizamiento de un tornillo pretensado se ve afectada por la fuerza de tracción aplicada.</p>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b0a659df-8f92-4d1f-abb6-2efa02bad946\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Connection</a> verifica el estado límite de deslizamiento previo de los tornillos pretensados. Si se produce un efecto de deslizamiento, los tornillos no satisfacen la verificación. En ese caso, debe comprobarse el estado límite post-deslizamiento como una verificación estándar de aplastamiento de tornillos, en la que los agujeros de los tornillos están cargados a aplastamiento y los tornillos a cortante.</p>\n<p>El usuario puede decidir qué estado límite se verificará: bien la resistencia al deslizamiento principal, bien el estado post-deslizamiento a cortante de los tornillos. Ambas verificaciones sobre un mismo tornillo no se combinan en una única solución. Se supone que el tornillo tiene un comportamiento estándar tras un deslizamiento principal y puede verificarse mediante el procedimiento estándar de aplastamiento.</p>\n<p>La carga de momento de la unión tiene una pequeña influencia sobre la capacidad a cortante. No obstante, la verificación de fricción en cada tornillo se resuelve de forma independiente. Esta verificación está implementada en el componente MEF del tornillo. No existe información de carácter general sobre si la carga de tracción exterior de cada tornillo proviene del momento flector o de la carga de tracción de la unión.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2bfd95f4-5286-4ebc-9b3d-8e0fd58a01d4\" data-image-id=\"2bfd95f4-5286-4ebc-9b3d-8e0fd58a01d4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/944820ec-480b-40ff-a171-0a4df2168b13/bolts_bearing.png\" data-asset-id=\"2bfd95f4-5286-4ebc-9b3d-8e0fd58a01d4\" data-image-id=\"2bfd95f4-5286-4ebc-9b3d-8e0fd58a01d4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Distribución de tensiones en una unión de tornillos a cortante estándar</em></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cd47edfc-388b-4726-bf51-d1061e981840\" data-image-id=\"cd47edfc-388b-4726-bf51-d1061e981840\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/ccb7c437-2a67-438e-978c-310f790b5abc/bolts_friction.png\" data-asset-id=\"cd47edfc-388b-4726-bf51-d1061e981840\" data-image-id=\"cd47edfc-388b-4726-bf51-d1061e981840\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Distribución de tensiones en una unión de tornillos a cortante resistente al deslizamiento</em></p>"
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"value": "<h2>1 Nuevo proyecto</h2>\n<p>Inicie <strong>IDEA StatiCa</strong> (<a data-item-id=\"0dff6482-3e17-4ca2-bb66-b4abc6a8dde4\" href=\"\">descargue la versión más reciente</a>) y seleccione la aplicación <strong>Connection</strong>.</p>\n<p>Cree un nuevo proyecto seleccionando la <a data-item-id=\"cc99ba50-ed96-445b-b357-96fbd857ba58\" href=\"\">plantilla inicial del asistente</a> más cercana al diseño deseado. Introduzca el nombre, seleccione el grado de acero <strong>S355</strong>,<strong> </strong>el código de diseño <strong>Eurocode</strong> y haga clic en <strong>Crear proyecto</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7a513728-e51b-4ee1-923d-c68aa9833506\" data-image-id=\"7a513728-e51b-4ee1-923d-c68aa9833506\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/5b756020-9ced-4887-b35d-549ff91964e5/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2001.png\" data-asset-id=\"7a513728-e51b-4ee1-923d-c68aa9833506\" data-image-id=\"7a513728-e51b-4ee1-923d-c68aa9833506\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>2 Geometría</h2>\n<p>Comenzaremos con la definición de la sección transversal personalizada compuesta por tres secciones diferentes.</p>\n<p>Haga clic con el botón derecho sobre el elemento vertical <strong>C</strong> y<strong> </strong>abra el menú contextual con las acciones disponibles. Utilice el botón <strong>Más</strong> para añadir una nueva sección transversal.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2d59f913-fee2-4d22-9f00-1db8c7918c0d\" data-image-id=\"2d59f913-fee2-4d22-9f00-1db8c7918c0d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/e988310f-ebec-4941-bafc-d6d6afdb2a2d/2.png\" data-asset-id=\"2d59f913-fee2-4d22-9f00-1db8c7918c0d\" data-image-id=\"2d59f913-fee2-4d22-9f00-1db8c7918c0d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Vaya a la pestaña <strong>Soldada, Compuesta</strong> y seleccione la <strong>Sección transversal de acero general</strong> para añadir una forma definida por el usuario.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7cd228b4-3a13-432c-a6e7-d534db0c214f\" data-image-id=\"7cd228b4-3a13-432c-a6e7-d534db0c214f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/5fbdd682-7b0a-4982-b905-c1d7975e1d39/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2003.png\" data-asset-id=\"7cd228b4-3a13-432c-a6e7-d534db0c214f\" data-image-id=\"7cd228b4-3a13-432c-a6e7-d534db0c214f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>En el <strong>Editor de sección transversal</strong>, comience añadiendo una nueva <strong>sección en I</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e22e8114-2c49-49fc-aa31-e56ca36df2c1\" data-image-id=\"e22e8114-2c49-49fc-aa31-e56ca36df2c1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/9f5bbdfd-2ca2-4807-8767-7b2f74786ea6/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2004.png\" data-asset-id=\"e22e8114-2c49-49fc-aa31-e56ca36df2c1\" data-image-id=\"e22e8114-2c49-49fc-aa31-e56ca36df2c1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3cb2fd28-42d7-48e7-b0ba-ff80acf8d912\" data-image-id=\"3cb2fd28-42d7-48e7-b0ba-ff80acf8d912\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/bf83c5ed-8463-4a89-a59b-458078273d45/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2005.png\" data-asset-id=\"3cb2fd28-42d7-48e7-b0ba-ff80acf8d912\" data-image-id=\"3cb2fd28-42d7-48e7-b0ba-ff80acf8d912\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Y cambie el perfil preseleccionado a <strong>IPE270</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6afe76f0-84c9-40b4-bc31-bff6e3df3eb5\" data-image-id=\"6afe76f0-84c9-40b4-bc31-bff6e3df3eb5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/e2522baa-d0cc-45f9-a864-9f7c2a67d4f7/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2006.png\" data-asset-id=\"6afe76f0-84c9-40b4-bc31-bff6e3df3eb5\" data-image-id=\"6afe76f0-84c9-40b4-bc31-bff6e3df3eb5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>A continuación, haga clic en <strong>Nuevo</strong> para añadir otra sección y seleccione <strong>Secciones T (corte en I)</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1f3dedda-9175-4e43-a996-f52e842b7e21\" data-image-id=\"1f3dedda-9175-4e43-a996-f52e842b7e21\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/33b62b4d-f758-4619-8b11-9146d2504b67/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2007.png\" data-asset-id=\"1f3dedda-9175-4e43-a996-f52e842b7e21\" data-image-id=\"1f3dedda-9175-4e43-a996-f52e842b7e21\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Para la <strong>Forma</strong>, seleccione <strong>IPE270</strong> de la biblioteca de secciones transversales e introduzca <strong>120 mm</strong> para la <strong>Altura</strong> y confirme con <strong>Aceptar</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2d35a8a1-b28b-4c08-943f-ab62b08a0d97\" data-image-id=\"2d35a8a1-b28b-4c08-943f-ab62b08a0d97\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/de0e86d0-9d8b-4de9-9d7a-341fe8f1fc2e/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2008.png\" data-asset-id=\"2d35a8a1-b28b-4c08-943f-ab62b08a0d97\" data-image-id=\"2d35a8a1-b28b-4c08-943f-ab62b08a0d97\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Ahora posicione la sección T seleccionando el <strong>Componente maestro</strong>, el <strong>Punto maestro</strong> y el <strong>Punto de inserción</strong> adecuados, e introduzca una rotación <strong>Rx1</strong> de <strong>90°</strong> y un desplazamiento en la dirección <strong>z</strong> de <strong>3,3 mm</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2164f68d-a5ab-4ba5-b475-8cf2c5ea9d82\" data-image-id=\"2164f68d-a5ab-4ba5-b475-8cf2c5ea9d82\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/bc89ae89-55ce-4b0a-9137-0fc2f52e4da5/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2009.png\" data-asset-id=\"2164f68d-a5ab-4ba5-b475-8cf2c5ea9d82\" data-image-id=\"2164f68d-a5ab-4ba5-b475-8cf2c5ea9d82\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Realice una <strong>Copia</strong> de esta parte de sección, edite la rotación <strong>Rx1</strong> a <strong>-90°</strong> y cierre el editor con el botón <strong>Aceptar</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b4d61790-7e75-4ca0-99e7-6e77d98f6ffa\" data-image-id=\"b4d61790-7e75-4ca0-99e7-6e77d98f6ffa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/7b1d1b69-f293-4ba5-8240-7cdd3cd7130c/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2010.png\" data-asset-id=\"b4d61790-7e75-4ca0-99e7-6e77d98f6ffa\" data-image-id=\"b4d61790-7e75-4ca0-99e7-6e77d98f6ffa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Más información sobre el editor de sección transversal general en el artículo <a data-item-id=\"a93fbea4-d814-5dcb-aa9e-35315063cb88\" href=\"\">Cómo crear y utilizar una sección transversal personalizada</a>.</p>\n<h2>3 Efectos de carga</h2>\n<p>Ajuste los valores del <strong>efecto de carga LE1</strong> según corresponda.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9bd874dd-1d48-46ba-9978-57c2a1766bed\" data-image-id=\"9bd874dd-1d48-46ba-9978-57c2a1766bed\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/3fe24e9d-4800-41f6-995b-9fb2c3e3ed99/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2011.png\" data-asset-id=\"9bd874dd-1d48-46ba-9978-57c2a1766bed\" data-image-id=\"9bd874dd-1d48-46ba-9978-57c2a1766bed\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>4 Diseño</h2>\n<p>Establezca los elementos conectados con un <strong>perfil IPE240</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"75696949-e850-4cfd-901b-8bc26a785941\" data-image-id=\"75696949-e850-4cfd-901b-8bc26a785941\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/52e90116-65b7-44ae-b985-d919a4cf355a/3.png\" data-asset-id=\"75696949-e850-4cfd-901b-8bc26a785941\" data-image-id=\"75696949-e850-4cfd-901b-8bc26a785941\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Ajuste los parámetros de la <strong>Plantilla 1 [P]</strong>, <strong>Descomponga</strong> y desactive los rigidizadores. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b28eca3b-860c-46f7-9d57-9d4fb1a21d8c\" data-image-id=\"b28eca3b-860c-46f7-9d57-9d4fb1a21d8c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/2ecfec6f-08c9-4558-8e6f-1958f6645b27/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2013.png\" data-asset-id=\"b28eca3b-860c-46f7-9d57-9d4fb1a21d8c\" data-image-id=\"b28eca3b-860c-46f7-9d57-9d4fb1a21d8c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2> 5 Cálculo y verificación</h2>\n<p>Seleccione el elemento de proyecto <strong>CON1</strong> y cambie el tipo de análisis a <strong>Análisis de rigidez</strong> (<strong>ST</strong>).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f59058fa-508c-4645-ac18-61e4407836e4\" data-image-id=\"f59058fa-508c-4645-ac18-61e4407836e4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/d68bcaaa-48e3-4377-9b32-219db6c7b7c0/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2014.png\" data-asset-id=\"f59058fa-508c-4645-ac18-61e4407836e4\" data-image-id=\"f59058fa-508c-4645-ac18-61e4407836e4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Compruebe que el elemento <strong>B2</strong> está definido como el <strong>Elemento analizado</strong> (subrayado en la lista de elementos y mostrado en las propiedades del elemento) o configúrelo como elemento analizado mediante el menú contextual. A continuación, ejecute el <strong>Cálculo</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1db5049f-5912-47cf-9723-2d7192d9bd85\" data-image-id=\"1db5049f-5912-47cf-9723-2d7192d9bd85\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/660a4cca-e00b-4bc5-bc1a-116f27d8ac29/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2015.png\" data-asset-id=\"1db5049f-5912-47cf-9723-2d7192d9bd85\" data-image-id=\"1db5049f-5912-47cf-9723-2d7192d9bd85\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Vaya a la pestaña <strong>Verificación</strong> y active la <strong>Deformación plástica</strong>, las <strong>Fuerzas en tornillos</strong>, la <strong>Malla</strong> y la vista <strong>Deformada</strong> para observar el comportamiento de la unión. En la pestaña Rigidez rotacional se puede leer la <strong>clase</strong> como <strong>Semirrígido</strong> y el valor de la rigidez rotacional inicial <strong>Sj,ini</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0fcaf5aa-cfaf-4927-8d35-914a90da4984\" data-image-id=\"0fcaf5aa-cfaf-4927-8d35-914a90da4984\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/4fd7c2aa-443b-42a2-95d9-c0eb60063116/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2016.png\" data-asset-id=\"0fcaf5aa-cfaf-4927-8d35-914a90da4984\" data-image-id=\"0fcaf5aa-cfaf-4927-8d35-914a90da4984\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Nota: Para una mayor comprensión de la \"</em><em><strong>Longitud teórica para My, Mz</strong></em><em>\" y los resultados, consulte el artículo </em><a data-item-id=\"4597d16d-e951-52fc-940a-382698f2fd03\" href=\"\"><em>Análisis de rigidez</em></a><em> y el capítulo </em><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/general-theoretical-background#Stiffness_analysis_and_deformation_capacity_of_steel_joints\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Base teórica</em></a><em> </em><em><strong>Análisis de rigidez y capacidad de deformación de uniones de acero</strong></em><em>.</em></p>\n<h2>6 Optimización de la unión</h2>\n<p>Vuelva a la pestaña <strong>Diseño</strong> para optimizar la unión y lograr una unión rígida.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f3418355-c0bc-4790-ab5e-20da7756eac3\" data-image-id=\"f3418355-c0bc-4790-ab5e-20da7756eac3\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/adc31c0d-4e3b-4b86-b757-155c18003613/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2017.png\" data-asset-id=\"f3418355-c0bc-4790-ab5e-20da7756eac3\" data-image-id=\"f3418355-c0bc-4790-ab5e-20da7756eac3\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Asegúrese de que la <strong>operación de rigidizador</strong> está desactivada y ajuste el espesor, las dimensiones y la posición de los tornillos de la <strong>placa de testa EP1</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"058da95a-e8fc-4e0e-acce-97ca1496341f\" data-image-id=\"058da95a-e8fc-4e0e-acce-97ca1496341f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/a0e2507b-b80d-49b0-9d03-c773280a0764/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2021.png\" data-asset-id=\"058da95a-e8fc-4e0e-acce-97ca1496341f\" data-image-id=\"058da95a-e8fc-4e0e-acce-97ca1496341f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Y añada una nueva operación <strong>Ensanchador</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"23b63768-1d63-4e62-9d20-4c031fb45c5d\" data-image-id=\"23b63768-1d63-4e62-9d20-4c031fb45c5d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/b3128af7-36e0-42a9-88c8-93b4868884e3/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2020.png\" data-asset-id=\"23b63768-1d63-4e62-9d20-4c031fb45c5d\" data-image-id=\"23b63768-1d63-4e62-9d20-4c031fb45c5d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>C</strong>ambie el elemento <strong>Relacionado con</strong> a <strong>Placa </strong>(la placa <strong>EP1a</strong> se selecciona automáticamente)<strong> </strong>e introduzca <strong>150 mm</strong> tanto para el <strong>Ancho</strong> como para la <strong>Profundidad</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"df8c8717-949f-44d6-97c4-ad2c476ca025\" data-image-id=\"df8c8717-949f-44d6-97c4-ad2c476ca025\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/0759af56-cf0c-48aa-8e2b-2f34d571316a/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2021.png\" data-asset-id=\"df8c8717-949f-44d6-97c4-ad2c476ca025\" data-image-id=\"df8c8717-949f-44d6-97c4-ad2c476ca025\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Calcule de nuevo el análisis de rigidez y, en la pestaña <strong>Verificación</strong>, compruebe que la <strong>clase</strong> ha pasado a ser <strong>Rígido</strong> y que el valor de la rigidez rotacional inicial <strong>Sj,ini</strong> es mayor.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"26475752-ec4b-44c7-97b4-d7b455b64fd0\" data-image-id=\"26475752-ec4b-44c7-97b4-d7b455b64fd0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/45eccf56-ade5-4aab-846a-1a8b2d2ba116/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2022.png\" data-asset-id=\"26475752-ec4b-44c7-97b4-d7b455b64fd0\" data-image-id=\"26475752-ec4b-44c7-97b4-d7b455b64fd0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>7 Informe</h2>\n<p>Como último paso, vaya a la pestaña <strong>Informe</strong>. IDEA StatiCa ofrece un informe totalmente personalizable para imprimir o guardar en formato editable.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e5b84b21-2d73-41aa-8456-2f4d5eea89a8\" data-image-id=\"e5b84b21-2d73-41aa-8456-2f4d5eea89a8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/66e7a155-be94-0096-73e6-c55dfc7e5788/c489fb15-782e-40de-bfc3-0ce18c284a83/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2023.png\" data-asset-id=\"e5b84b21-2d73-41aa-8456-2f4d5eea89a8\" data-image-id=\"e5b84b21-2d73-41aa-8456-2f4d5eea89a8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Ha diseñado y realizado la verificación normativa de una unión de acero estructural según el Eurocódigo (EN).</p>\n<h2>8 Vídeos explicativos</h2>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"cf39d355_b95d_017a_85de_a15e191ffba0\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n7d1efc40_3590_01e3_2cb4_d851575e11b6\"></object>\n<p>Para más información, consulte la <a data-item-id=\"d4aa2923-a94a-4c40-8fd8-93608acbf893\" href=\"\">Base teórica</a>.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n11b0c482_83a3_01ea_422f_9f98d882b153\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"campus_cta\"></object>"
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"value": "<h2>Introducción al método CBFEM</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#general-introduction\">Introducción general al diseño estructural de uniones de acero</a><br><a href=\"#Steel-connection-material-model\">Modelo de material de la unión de acero</a><br><a href=\"#Plate-model-and-mesh-convergence\">Modelo de placa y convergencia de malla</a><br><a href=\"#Contacts-between-steel-connection-plates\">Contactos entre placas de uniones de acero</a><br><a href=\"#Welded connections analysis\">Análisis de uniones soldadas</a><br><a href=\"#Bolts and preloaded bolts connections\">Uniones con tornillos y tornillos pretensados</a><br><a href=\"#Anchor_bolts\">Pernos de anclaje</a><br><a href=\"#Structural model of a concrete block\">Modelo estructural de un bloque de hormigón</a></p>\n<h2>Modelo de análisis de IDEA StatiCa</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#Steel joint analysis model\">Modelo de análisis de junta de acero</a><br><a href=\"#Node equilibrium in the 3D FEM model\">Equilibrio en el nodo en el modelo MEF 3D</a><a href=\"#Equilibrium_in_node\"><br></a><a href=\"#Internal forces in the steel connections\">Fuerzas internas en las uniones de acero</a><br><a href=\"#Strength analysis of steel joints\">Análisis de resistencia de juntas de acero</a><br><a href=\"#Stiffness analysis and deformation capacity of steel joints\">Análisis de rigidez y capacidad de deformación de juntas de acero</a><br><a href=\"#Steel connection capacity design\">Diseño por capacidad de la unión de acero</a><br><a href=\"#Steel connection design resistance\">Resistencia de cálculo de la unión de acero</a><br><a href=\"#Steel joint buckling analysis\">Análisis de pandeo de junta de acero</a><br><a href=\"#Analysis convergence of complex steel connection models\">Convergencia del análisis de modelos complejos de uniones de acero</a><br><a href=\"#Steel-to-timber connections\">Uniones acero-madera</a><br><a href=\"#Thin-walled steel members\">Elementos de acero de pared delgada</a><br><a href=\"#Lateral-torsional restraint in structural design\">Restricción lateral torsional en el diseño estructural</a><br><a href=\"#Steel joints of hollow section cross-section members\">Juntas de acero de elementos de sección hueca</a><br><a href=\"#Fatigue_analysis_type_in_structural_design\">Tipo de análisis de fatiga en el diseño estructural</a><br><a href=\"#Fire-design\">Diseño frente a incendio</a><br><a href=\"#Weld-sizing\">Dimensionamiento de soldaduras</a></p>\n<h2>Especificaciones para normativas nacionales</h2>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"13cc5bee-7ec7-422b-8dbe-8a57ef0073a9\" href=\"\">Verificación de componentes según EN (Eurocódigo)</a><br><a data-item-id=\"39660a09-9d6b-596f-acab-dbef59ebd019\" href=\"\">Verificación de componentes según AISC (normativa americana)</a><br><a data-item-id=\"ccb0dd69-3047-537c-9214-82c29d42a56a\" href=\"\">Verificación de componentes según CISC (normativa canadiense)</a><br><a data-item-id=\"93b8c5be-e359-5cf8-a004-7b0ebf0553e7\" href=\"\">Verificación de componentes 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}Longitud de la soldadura
Si necesita conocer la longitud exacta de una soldadura, vaya a la pestaña Verificación una vez realizado el cálculo. La longitud de la soldadura está relacionada con la línea central del tubo.
También puede encontrar todos los tamaños y longitudes de las soldaduras en el Informe, en el apartado Lista de materiales (BOM).
