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Name: Release notes IDEA StatiCa Concrete 20 - Introduction
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"value": "<p>The new version of IDEA StatiCa is here! It is the biggest implementation of customer feedback and wishes we have had in years. And that means something – IDEA StatiCa is used by over 3500 customers who share more than 4000 unique IDEA StatiCa projects <strong>every month</strong>. Version 20 comes with extending the existing functionality and mainly brings new features that change the approach to design and code-check of partially loaded areas of the concrete structures.</p>\n<p>Highlights of this version are:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Parametric templates of diaphragms</li>\n <li>Partially loaded areas</li>\n <li>UK National annex</li>\n</ul>\n<p>All of this with precise checks of concrete and reinforcement strength, stresses, and strains. Everything that the code requires, with results clearly visualized for a better understanding of the structural behavior.</p>\n<p>How did we get from number 10 to 20? The reason is simpler – align the numbering with year count.</p>\n<p>We hope you will enjoy all our new features and improvements and would love to hear your feedback anytime. </p>\n<p>Calculate yesterday’s estimates!</p>"
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Name: RN 20.0: New licensing system
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"value": "<p>The new online licensing system of IDEA StatiCa was implemented. It is account-based, which means that all you need to start IDEA StatiCa 20 is to insert your username (by default, an email) and password.</p>\n<p>Why?</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Our customers struggled with logistics related to license codes, license files, and dongles.</li>\n <li>IDEA StatiCa license could be fixed without the cooperation of the end-user (reactivation, etc.).</li>\n <li>Our customers had to deploy the network license on their servers.</li>\n <li>Company license could not be easily shared with employees on the road or on home-office</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The new online licensing system of IDEA StatiCa solves all these issues and much more. Everything is provided in a robust and secure IDEA StatiCa cloud for which users need only one thing to access – their username (by default, an email) and password.</p>\n<p>How does the online license work?</p>\n<ul>\n <li>IDEA StatiCa installation regularly checks with IDEA StatiCa license server to update the license and verify product configuration.</li>\n <li>IDEA StatiCa users do not have to be online all the time. The license will work for 72 hours without an internet connection. After that, connecting to the licensing server is necessary.</li>\n <li>Admins, as well as end-users, can view/edit the license via IDEA StatiCa Customer portal, an online backend with their licensing data</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c8f006aa-3cbf-49ef-805e-29bcb6893935\" data-image-id=\"c8f006aa-3cbf-49ef-805e-29bcb6893935\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d8b04196-671e-45f1-9afb-05c2873bc09b/Sign%20in%20box.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"c8f006aa-3cbf-49ef-805e-29bcb6893935\" data-image-id=\"c8f006aa-3cbf-49ef-805e-29bcb6893935\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>How to setup IDEA StatiCa version 20</h4>\n<ul>\n <li>Every customer of IDEA StatiCa has a primary email address in our system (confirmed in a past order)</li>\n <li>With the release of version 20, IDEA StatiCa will send Admin credentials to this email. The license will have entitlements based on purchased products and seats.</li>\n <li>Admins can then add and remove other users in the organization</li>\n <li>Every user in the organization can consume only selected type of IDEA StatiCa products</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"883b3bdf-6d94-49a8-9745-83c822e8a756\" data-image-id=\"883b3bdf-6d94-49a8-9745-83c822e8a756\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9fde4043-99d8-4344-8a4a-da9264ff87c5/License%20manager.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"883b3bdf-6d94-49a8-9745-83c822e8a756\" data-image-id=\"883b3bdf-6d94-49a8-9745-83c822e8a756\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>IDEA StatiCa license manager</em></p>\n<h4>Migration disclaimer</h4>\n<ul>\n <li>IDEA StatiCa 20 has only one way to license and launch – the new online licensing system.</li>\n <li>The old licensing systems (Eleckey, HASP) of versions up to 10.1 remains unchanged and functional. Lifetime entitlements (now called \"Perpetual\") will work indefinitely, but their technical support will be terminated on <strong>30. 6. 2021</strong>. After this date, license resets, reactivations, and other licensing support will not be provided anymore. Kindly make sure that your organization migrates to version 20 as soon as possible.</li>\n</ul>"
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Name: RN 20.0: Parametric diaphragms templates
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Name: Partially loaded areas
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"value": "<h2>Reinforcement in Partially Loaded Area</h2>\n<p>You can design the reinforcement in the partially loaded area in a more effective way since version 20.1. The reinforcing bars are part of the CSFM model, and the bond between concrete and bars is treated as perfect. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3ab51e56-2e14-40b7-9f70-7ee929f7adeb\" data-image-id=\"3ab51e56-2e14-40b7-9f70-7ee929f7adeb\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f589881a-d9fc-4105-a625-e64020697db3/Partially%20loaded%20areas-reinf.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"3ab51e56-2e14-40b7-9f70-7ee929f7adeb\" data-image-id=\"3ab51e56-2e14-40b7-9f70-7ee929f7adeb\" alt=\"partially loaded areas with reinforcement\"></figure>\n<h2>About Partially Loaded Area</h2>\n<p>This feature is suitable mainly for precast and bridge structural engineers who are dealing with significant reactions in the bearings or concentrated prestressed forces from the tendons in the beams. The benefit is hidden beyond non - conservative design, saving material and money.</p>\n<p>We have figured out how to deal with triaxial stress in partially loaded areas. In these areas crushing of concrete is allowed, and the resistance of concrete in compression can be raised due to transverse confinement according to valid standards (Eurocode). The increase of the resistance can be up to 3 times the cylinder strength of concrete.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b72f7533-5eae-4ccc-8386-af616f712ff6\" data-image-id=\"b72f7533-5eae-4ccc-8386-af616f712ff6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/25769cf9-c38a-4738-860c-948de6a17400/Partially%20loaded%20area%201.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"b72f7533-5eae-4ccc-8386-af616f712ff6\" data-image-id=\"b72f7533-5eae-4ccc-8386-af616f712ff6\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The partially loaded area can be found on every structure. Some typical examples are bridge diaphragms with an area above the bearings, areas under the anchor, or concentrated load on the edge of the wall. Partially loaded areas are designed according to the requirements of the Eurocode and simultaneously are restrained by model geometry (openings, thickness, edges, abrupt change of cross-section).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"db666445-daab-4bbd-8f4c-dd0917b61eba\" data-image-id=\"db666445-daab-4bbd-8f4c-dd0917b61eba\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/88696c5a-2fa2-4f08-b3d7-2ae565699c02/Partially%20loaded%20area%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"db666445-daab-4bbd-8f4c-dd0917b61eba\" data-image-id=\"db666445-daab-4bbd-8f4c-dd0917b61eba\" alt=\"Triaxial stress is covered by new feature, which artificially increase the area of the cone and cover this effect.\"></figure>\n<p>The increase of concrete resistance can be considered if the confinement is kept. Due to this condition, reinforcement bars are automatically added to pass the condition regarding confinement and Eurocode provision.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"802e353e-22eb-4418-a1c6-c7c47e4f890c\" data-image-id=\"802e353e-22eb-4418-a1c6-c7c47e4f890c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7fecad0b-e34f-415a-86ce-0b5ddf1b674c/Partially%20loaded%20area%20cone.png\" data-asset-id=\"802e353e-22eb-4418-a1c6-c7c47e4f890c\" data-image-id=\"802e353e-22eb-4418-a1c6-c7c47e4f890c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>This functionality guarantees that models are getting converge and simultaneously comply with design criteria for valid standards (Eurocode). The implemented method is independent of the finite element mesh. <strong>The bearing capacity is increased with</strong> the <strong>changing of the concrete area. The consequence of this state is constant stress along with the height of a cone. </strong>Dispersed fictitious struts affect artificially the stiffness of the cone and correctly redistribute the transverse stress, which appears in this area. The density of each dispersed strut is increased to the direction of the applied load.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"62cc432f-b87c-4de2-b8ca-afd16981510a\" data-image-id=\"62cc432f-b87c-4de2-b8ca-afd16981510a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2a98ab65-1aab-4c54-839b-25a89481479e/Dispersed%20fictitious%20struts.png\" data-asset-id=\"62cc432f-b87c-4de2-b8ca-afd16981510a\" data-image-id=\"62cc432f-b87c-4de2-b8ca-afd16981510a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Known limitations come out from the standards valid in Eurocode.</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Cones cannot coincide</li>\n <li>The area A<sub>c1</sub> and A<sub>c0 </sub>lie on the resultant of the acting force</li>\n</ul>\n<p><br></p>"
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"value": "<h2>Wall</h2>\n<p>The wall is the most general entity that can be defined in your model. There are various cases for which you can use this detail. Now, it's time to explain how. </p>\n<p>First, let's talk about the shape of the element. The wall's shape can be defined as:</p>\n<ul>\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Rectangular</strong> </li>\n </ul>\n</ul>\n<p>Using this option, all you need to do is to set the element's width, height, thickness, and, if necessary, offset in X direction related to the top left and right corner.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b151040d-4d6d-4e20-a297-670e3af4cd71\" data-image-id=\"b151040d-4d6d-4e20-a297-670e3af4cd71\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ac646772-fed5-4840-b262-a991fa509a69/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_rectangular.png\" data-asset-id=\"b151040d-4d6d-4e20-a297-670e3af4cd71\" data-image-id=\"b151040d-4d6d-4e20-a297-670e3af4cd71\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Polygon</strong></li>\n </ul>\n</ul>\n<p>If you need a more complex topology, the Polygon shape is the way. The geometry can be defined by selecting the Edit shape button in the data window, and then in the wizard using coordinates in X and Z directions related to the global coordinate system. You can add new rows, or delete the existing ones using the right-click into the coordinates table.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9a09f87a-31c4-4c32-a44d-2b30d868869d\" data-image-id=\"9a09f87a-31c4-4c32-a44d-2b30d868869d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e0275f69-8357-43ba-9450-059d706dff03/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_polygon.png\" data-asset-id=\"9a09f87a-31c4-4c32-a44d-2b30d868869d\" data-image-id=\"9a09f87a-31c4-4c32-a44d-2b30d868869d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Import DXF</strong> </li>\n </ul>\n</ul>\n<p>In case of having a complex shape of the structure or already finished drawings, you can use the import from the DXF file functionality to have the geometry defined quickly. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d33c995d-190c-43f5-9dfb-589a025b24b7\" data-image-id=\"d33c995d-190c-43f5-9dfb-589a025b24b7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bbd926e9-959c-4818-b415-41974097b044/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_DXF1.png\" data-asset-id=\"d33c995d-190c-43f5-9dfb-589a025b24b7\" data-image-id=\"d33c995d-190c-43f5-9dfb-589a025b24b7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Simply click on the Import DXF button, pick the file from your storage, and start selecting the structure's outline. It can be done by choosing the lines individually in the main graphic window, or just a single line and then clicking the Consecutive button from the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b6fe80b6-3a1d-434b-a35e-4635c8362f1c\" data-image-id=\"b6fe80b6-3a1d-434b-a35e-4635c8362f1c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1b2da944-b95d-4d91-8505-211030166867/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_DXF2.png\" data-asset-id=\"b6fe80b6-3a1d-434b-a35e-4635c8362f1c\" data-image-id=\"b6fe80b6-3a1d-434b-a35e-4635c8362f1c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>In the wizard, you can use the full potential of the functionalities in the top ribbon - it is possible to change the units, distinguish three planes - XY, XZ, and YZ in which the drawing is done, set some tolerance and discretization of curved lines, entities numbers, and add openings directly. On top of that, when you make a mistake, you can undo the steps, and clear the selection.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bc162bb5-9685-4cba-b26b-60417fccf05b\" data-image-id=\"bc162bb5-9685-4cba-b26b-60417fccf05b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7282d9d1-51b6-4bb6-b73c-82c5aef23010/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_DXF3.png\" data-asset-id=\"bc162bb5-9685-4cba-b26b-60417fccf05b\" data-image-id=\"bc162bb5-9685-4cba-b26b-60417fccf05b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Moreover, you can even import the geometry together with the reinforcement!</p>\n<p>Now, let's sum up the most important information you need to know for proper wall element definition.</p>\n<ul>\n <li>All types of <a data-item-id=\"5a121972-f384-4f14-8788-9da298e1aae1\" href=\"\"><strong>supports</strong></a> and <strong>transfer devices</strong> can be used for this geometry type.</li>\n <li>It is not possible to add a <a data-item-id=\"aa1a5fc8-a069-4196-9c2e-cde472068193\" href=\"\"><strong>trimmed end</strong></a> of the wall, the structure must be defined as a whole. </li>\n <li>All types of <strong>openings</strong> can be applied.</li>\n <li>And last but not least, the wall entity must have a constant <strong>thickness</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The whole model can be made up of several separate elements. The software will automatically connect them. The joint between the walls must be free of gaps. Moreover, it is possible to define different thicknesses for each wall element used in the project. See the example in the image below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"025d3df2-ffe0-4c71-9bde-f5837421ae1a\" data-image-id=\"025d3df2-ffe0-4c71-9bde-f5837421ae1a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3ce7dc88-9f5e-4dfe-b64d-11dc718b63d7/RC-D_03_01.png\" data-asset-id=\"025d3df2-ffe0-4c71-9bde-f5837421ae1a\" data-image-id=\"025d3df2-ffe0-4c71-9bde-f5837421ae1a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Beam</h2>\n<p>This element can be used for various types of beams. It is up to you whether you need to model and analyze the whole beam or just want to focus on a specific area - discontinuity region using the trimmed end option.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9bd9525d-f0b9-477c-97b6-b7d1ab6365a3\" data-image-id=\"9bd9525d-f0b9-477c-97b6-b7d1ab6365a3\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/87a7e44f-524e-4533-b313-482d7ac74b91/QRC-D_03%20Beam_whole%20beam.png\" data-asset-id=\"9bd9525d-f0b9-477c-97b6-b7d1ab6365a3\" data-image-id=\"9bd9525d-f0b9-477c-97b6-b7d1ab6365a3\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Example of a whole saddle beam with openings</em></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Let's say you have already designed and checked the reinforcement in the B-regions, and you want to focus on the discontinuity regions of the beam only, so you won't spend additional time modeling the whole beam. No problem! In this case, it is recommended to model the trimmed beam.</p>\n<p>The beam can be trimmed at:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Beginning</strong></li>\n <li><strong>End</strong></li>\n <li>Or <strong>both</strong> the beginning and end at the same time</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"99f9f30d-cc57-4dea-981c-f8d76092acbc\" data-image-id=\"99f9f30d-cc57-4dea-981c-f8d76092acbc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3e601d9e-4dd4-4bfb-aa41-0f8aff99588e/QRC-D_03%20Beam_trimmed%20end.png\" data-asset-id=\"99f9f30d-cc57-4dea-981c-f8d76092acbc\" data-image-id=\"99f9f30d-cc57-4dea-981c-f8d76092acbc\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Example of a beam with the trimmed end</em></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>When modeling a beam, you can select one of the pre-defined <a data-item-id=\"5cff133b-460c-4bf2-94c2-3957a7b88e47\" href=\"\">cross-sections</a> from the library.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"55bb8184-6fc9-4567-81af-fca818c4f5b7\" data-image-id=\"55bb8184-6fc9-4567-81af-fca818c4f5b7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/98d2b093-7fb0-45e5-853e-2acc3873864b/QRC-D_03%20Beam_cross-sections.png\" data-asset-id=\"55bb8184-6fc9-4567-81af-fca818c4f5b7\" data-image-id=\"55bb8184-6fc9-4567-81af-fca818c4f5b7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The beam is defined as a 2D element. The cross-section of the beam is used only to set the proper thicknesses. </p>\n<p>Let's check the summary for beam elements:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>All types of <a data-item-id=\"50ed723b-9b87-4870-a69f-e05b5a8a8150\" href=\"\"><strong>supports</strong></a> and <strong>transfer devices</strong> can be used for this geometry type.</li>\n <li>The beam can be <a data-item-id=\"7e9198c1-d161-5c59-9e9b-aed2c2a00408\" href=\"\"><strong>trimmed</strong></a><strong> </strong>at the beginning, end, or both the beginning and end. </li>\n <li>All types of <strong>openings</strong> can be applied.</li>\n <li>The structure can have <strong>haunches</strong> - just select the checkbox in the data window and set the parameters.</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d721402b-14ac-4807-aef2-f668dd9f3166\" data-image-id=\"d721402b-14ac-4807-aef2-f668dd9f3166\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/04bf59e2-fa45-49eb-b136-7ad3e7c88be3/RC-D_03_02.png\" data-asset-id=\"d721402b-14ac-4807-aef2-f668dd9f3166\" data-image-id=\"d721402b-14ac-4807-aef2-f668dd9f3166\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Knee joint</h2>\n<p>A knee joint is a type of frame joint - basically the most commonly used D-region. Sometimes, they can be underestimated in the design. However, it is important to pay attention to them. And it can be easy when you have a powerful tool such as the IDEA StatiCa Detail application. </p>\n<p>What's important to know?</p>\n<ul>\n <li>As in the beam element case, also the knee joint is defined using a <a data-item-id=\"5cff133b-460c-4bf2-94c2-3957a7b88e47\" href=\"\"><strong>cross-section</strong></a> selected from the library. </li>\n <li>Compared to wall and beam types, you can't set supports. Only the usage of <a data-item-id=\"aa1a5fc8-a069-4196-9c2e-cde472068193\" href=\"\"><strong>trimmed</strong></a> or <strong>free ends</strong> is allowed in this case. Nevertheless, all types of load transferring devices can be applied to the structure.</li>\n <li>All types of <strong>openings</strong> can be applied.</li>\n <li>The structure can have <strong>haunches</strong> - just select the checkbox in the data window and set the parameters. On top of that, the members can be <strong>inclined</strong> by the wanted angle. </li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2f0b6e92-12e9-4d0e-9ca1-694c0b540aae\" data-image-id=\"2f0b6e92-12e9-4d0e-9ca1-694c0b540aae\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/34573afb-190b-430c-b7bb-01d268959bb0/RC-D_03_03.png\" data-asset-id=\"2f0b6e92-12e9-4d0e-9ca1-694c0b540aae\" data-image-id=\"2f0b6e92-12e9-4d0e-9ca1-694c0b540aae\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The geometry of the knee joint may vary. In the Detail app, you can select from three options to define the most suitable one.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c5edd940-03b8-45d5-b727-8c7519191be0\" data-image-id=\"c5edd940-03b8-45d5-b727-8c7519191be0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/74ac2f16-df31-4471-8ef0-3b05a412f654/QRC-D_03%20Knee%20joint_joint%20type.png\" data-asset-id=\"c5edd940-03b8-45d5-b727-8c7519191be0\" data-image-id=\"c5edd940-03b8-45d5-b727-8c7519191be0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>To see it in the action, check the image below. These three structures were created by using the same settings, only with different joint types.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7c4d9fea-76b9-4de6-9399-7946e1351c95\" data-image-id=\"7c4d9fea-76b9-4de6-9399-7946e1351c95\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f261ebd1-7854-4d18-808c-6acfc4334d6b/RC-D_03_04.png\" data-asset-id=\"7c4d9fea-76b9-4de6-9399-7946e1351c95\" data-image-id=\"7c4d9fea-76b9-4de6-9399-7946e1351c95\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Cross joint</h2>\n<p>This option is identical to the knee joint. For the characteristics, see the previous paragraph.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e4670a1e-0b30-4707-b708-7858eb147bae\" data-image-id=\"e4670a1e-0b30-4707-b708-7858eb147bae\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4bb40a71-3067-4cf2-8aa5-71024ddeb7c6/RC-D_03_05.png\" data-asset-id=\"e4670a1e-0b30-4707-b708-7858eb147bae\" data-image-id=\"e4670a1e-0b30-4707-b708-7858eb147bae\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>There are two types of Cross joints - prismatic beam or prismatic column. The difference is shown in the image below. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a10dccd9-755e-4463-ab21-21803ae67e73\" data-image-id=\"a10dccd9-755e-4463-ab21-21803ae67e73\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/87cc88dc-5366-4e2c-b264-8cd1619eaeb0/RC-D_03_06.png\" data-asset-id=\"a10dccd9-755e-4463-ab21-21803ae67e73\" data-image-id=\"a10dccd9-755e-4463-ab21-21803ae67e73\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Diaphragm</h2>\n<p>Diaphragms are exactly the same as walls in terms of the element's definition. For more information, please see the Wall paragraph.</p>\n<p>There are three ways to define the shape:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Two-way bridge </li>\n <li>Highway bridge </li>\n <li>And General - by polyline or imported from the DXF file</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3c3913eb-ffb0-4e02-8ae8-59a315d449a5\" data-image-id=\"3c3913eb-ffb0-4e02-8ae8-59a315d449a5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/87d19f2d-5c10-4531-97a5-0e36f138587b/QRC-D_03%20Diaphragm_types.png\" data-asset-id=\"3c3913eb-ffb0-4e02-8ae8-59a315d449a5\" data-image-id=\"3c3913eb-ffb0-4e02-8ae8-59a315d449a5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>It is important to mention that these details (subregions) can be divided into two groups. The difference between them is in the element's thickness definition:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Walls and Diaphragms - constant thickness </li>\n <li>Beams and Joints - thickness defined by a cross-section</li>\n</ul>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Please be aware that all geometry types mentioned above are in the software considered as 2D elements, thus can transfer only in plane loads, and out of plane forces must be neglected.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n46c56442_ec49_010d_69d5_cea1d05d7dcd\"></object>"
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"value": "<h2>1 New project</h2>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b228b018-7410-488d-a190-39a90b700fca\" data-image-id=\"b228b018-7410-488d-a190-39a90b700fca\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ae7cb3f1-214d-417c-8224-b6d703b9c794/1_1.png\" data-asset-id=\"b228b018-7410-488d-a190-39a90b700fca\" data-image-id=\"b228b018-7410-488d-a190-39a90b700fca\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Start a <a data-item-id=\"9b7994e5-6207-43cf-9f97-a754d0362241\" href=\"\"><strong>New</strong></a> project in <a data-item-id=\"a0e85d28-23e6-4006-94d6-f334c2be9b67\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Detail</a>.</p>\n<p>In the first step, select the desired class and topology, you can then define the design code (choose <strong>EN</strong>) as well as the concrete grade and cover (use concrete<strong> C30/37</strong> and cover <strong>30 mm</strong>). You can change your choice of material (or add another one) later, nevertheless, the design code can be chosen only in this first step of the project.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0b678e22-8ff7-4917-882c-e71da7e23c97\" data-image-id=\"0b678e22-8ff7-4917-882c-e71da7e23c97\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a5663589-fde9-42df-a943-40fbf4014345/1_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"0b678e22-8ff7-4917-882c-e71da7e23c97\" data-image-id=\"0b678e22-8ff7-4917-882c-e71da7e23c97\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>2 Geometry</h2>\n<p>Start the definition of geometry by changing the cross-section of the <strong>Member</strong> <strong>M1</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1c000a6d-7f43-42bc-b164-23c720978712\" data-image-id=\"1c000a6d-7f43-42bc-b164-23c720978712\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bf1fbecd-1f2e-40cf-9b46-28d0595bb46d/2_1.png\" data-asset-id=\"1c000a6d-7f43-42bc-b164-23c720978712\" data-image-id=\"1c000a6d-7f43-42bc-b164-23c720978712\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Define the <strong>I shape with haunched flanges</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c31546e4-0b63-45de-85df-6626a6ddfea4\" data-image-id=\"c31546e4-0b63-45de-85df-6626a6ddfea4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ce99c108-ec5b-430d-800e-5b9edb6f0c27/2_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"c31546e4-0b63-45de-85df-6626a6ddfea4\" data-image-id=\"c31546e4-0b63-45de-85df-6626a6ddfea4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Change the width of the flanges and the height of the beam.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1f596505-cab1-46b0-9633-1c168b12f29b\" data-image-id=\"1f596505-cab1-46b0-9633-1c168b12f29b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9839e7bd-5471-4883-a4c1-e28609fb85d7/2_3.png\" data-asset-id=\"1f596505-cab1-46b0-9633-1c168b12f29b\" data-image-id=\"1f596505-cab1-46b0-9633-1c168b12f29b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The <a data-item-id=\"865804fb-a8ac-42df-9ddd-e05404a48c9d\" href=\"\"><strong>opening</strong></a> is enlarged and shifted to the center of the beam.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0a2d95bf-6ddf-4177-a0c9-d2ee8a68eec4\" data-image-id=\"0a2d95bf-6ddf-4177-a0c9-d2ee8a68eec4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/17810c5a-140d-4372-946e-e540cad41f7d/2_4.png\" data-asset-id=\"0a2d95bf-6ddf-4177-a0c9-d2ee8a68eec4\" data-image-id=\"0a2d95bf-6ddf-4177-a0c9-d2ee8a68eec4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Read more about the geometry definition in <a data-item-id=\"d687ccdc-e898-489c-91cf-c4d935406d36\" href=\"\"><strong>Geometry types in Detail</strong></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>3 Load effects</h2>\n<p>Let us now define the <strong>Load</strong> of the detail. You can see that two load cases were already automatically created. Change the content of the load cases a little bit.</p>\n<p>For <strong>LC1</strong> (permanent load), change the <strong>Internal forces</strong> so that you input the values of shear force and bending moment at the point of the opening. In <strong>Load Impulses</strong>, keep the value of line load to <strong>-10 kN/m</strong> in global Z-.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"58c23394-f525-4def-b435-61566cc335a9\" data-image-id=\"58c23394-f525-4def-b435-61566cc335a9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1773c0ed-07fd-440a-9c65-6f322ad14e20/3_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"58c23394-f525-4def-b435-61566cc335a9\" data-image-id=\"58c23394-f525-4def-b435-61566cc335a9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Similarly, change the values of <strong>Internal forces</strong> for <strong>LC2</strong> (variable load). In <strong>Load impulses</strong>, change the value to <strong>-5 kN/m</strong> in global Z-direction.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1204edbd-1741-4f5a-beea-26a61c2f5722\" data-image-id=\"1204edbd-1741-4f5a-beea-26a61c2f5722\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1ed3197b-d918-489b-8613-8fc59e89e9fd/3_4.png\" data-asset-id=\"1204edbd-1741-4f5a-beea-26a61c2f5722\" data-image-id=\"1204edbd-1741-4f5a-beea-26a61c2f5722\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Three nonlinear combinations were already defined: C1 stands for ULS checks. C2 is a quasi-permanent and C3 a characteristic load combination, both defined for SLS code checks. You can define new combinations if required, there are three types of combinations available for SLS code checks: characteristic, frequent and quasi-permanent. You can select which checks shall be performed for each combination and the partial coefficients for the combination rules can be adjusted as well. In our case we use the predefined combinations.</p>\n<p>The calculations will be performed only for the checked items. Right now we leave all three combinations (C1, C2 and C3) selected.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"05026937-915b-4619-9d3b-df0063ec00b5\" data-image-id=\"05026937-915b-4619-9d3b-df0063ec00b5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e5376849-76d4-498e-953f-fef18b8306dc/3_6.png\" data-asset-id=\"05026937-915b-4619-9d3b-df0063ec00b5\" data-image-id=\"05026937-915b-4619-9d3b-df0063ec00b5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Learn more about internal forces in <a data-item-id=\"38cbe005-0e1e-4d75-ae8a-2ef9dcee4c2b\" href=\"\">General description of Load impulses in Detail application</a></li>\n <li>Learn more about load impulses in <a data-item-id=\"05ba912c-dc0b-4a2f-9763-099001bbb052\" href=\"\">Internal forces and equilibrium in Detail application</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>4 Reinforcement</h2>\n<p>Once the load has been defined, you can proceed to input the <strong>Reinforcement</strong>. You will use the items created by the template.</p>\n<p>You can change the diameter of stirrups and adjust their distances (the first value corresponds to the distance of the first stirrup from the edge, the other stirrups will be distributed in distances given by the second value).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"80475315-55d1-4a6d-962c-fbbf5a47a15b\" data-image-id=\"80475315-55d1-4a6d-962c-fbbf5a47a15b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e73ef6fa-d511-47c2-b10c-c010ded36316/4_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"80475315-55d1-4a6d-962c-fbbf5a47a15b\" data-image-id=\"80475315-55d1-4a6d-962c-fbbf5a47a15b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Reduce the diameter of bars of reinforcement <strong>RO1</strong> around the opening and the number of layers of horizontal/vertical and diagonal bars. Change the distance between horizontal/vertical bars and also adjust the length of the diagonal bars and anchoring of horizontal/vertical bars.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"52fa5a28-71ee-4ee4-80ee-58c09c778f11\" data-image-id=\"52fa5a28-71ee-4ee4-80ee-58c09c778f11\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/327fd926-94d2-48d3-b417-68f8de3030fc/4_3.png\" data-asset-id=\"52fa5a28-71ee-4ee4-80ee-58c09c778f11\" data-image-id=\"52fa5a28-71ee-4ee4-80ee-58c09c778f11\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The operation <strong>GB1</strong> includes a group of bars at the bottom face of the beam. Change the diameter of bars.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"12dc786c-f420-4bbc-afee-83b9c0e742d0\" data-image-id=\"12dc786c-f420-4bbc-afee-83b9c0e742d0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/605263be-1f0b-480f-9810-a9e18e7f6db2/4_4.png\" data-asset-id=\"12dc786c-f420-4bbc-afee-83b9c0e742d0\" data-image-id=\"12dc786c-f420-4bbc-afee-83b9c0e742d0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Master your reinforcing skills by reading <a data-item-id=\"6fa5f6f4-dd62-4a8b-a85b-77dc223d2e05\" href=\"\">Reinforcement definition in the Detail application</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>5 Calculation and Check</h2>\n<p>Proceed to calculate the project. Continue to <strong>Check</strong> Tab and press the <strong>Calculate</strong> button in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9069ec11-c781-4e87-b152-9670ed6cc3f1\" data-image-id=\"9069ec11-c781-4e87-b152-9670ed6cc3f1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5bfb0f66-41ac-4b88-8c00-e7708211994b/5_1.png\" data-asset-id=\"9069ec11-c781-4e87-b152-9670ed6cc3f1\" data-image-id=\"9069ec11-c781-4e87-b152-9670ed6cc3f1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>At the top left of the screen, you can see the overview of all the code checks and the status of the checks (passed/failed).</p>\n<p>In the table on the right, all the detailed results and the amount of permanent and variable load applied can be found. At the moment, the resulting strength check of the concrete in ULS is presented. In the <strong>Results</strong> toolbar, the limit value for the diagram can be changed. Change the value so that only the concrete in compression over <strong>-2 MPa</strong> is marked red.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"399e0a14-3878-4bab-b705-23a7f63ecce8\" data-image-id=\"399e0a14-3878-4bab-b705-23a7f63ecce8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2b213a23-c573-4a41-815a-4e8ba256beac/1.png\" data-asset-id=\"399e0a14-3878-4bab-b705-23a7f63ecce8\" data-image-id=\"399e0a14-3878-4bab-b705-23a7f63ecce8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You can display all the code checks using the buttons in the <strong>Code-check results</strong> toolbar. In the <strong>Summary</strong>, the main results for ULS/SLS are presented. Click for instance on the line in <strong>ULS/Anchorage length</strong> to display the utilization of the bond between concrete and reinforcement (with the most critical spot marked in the figure).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d1582b74-b0b4-4e4e-9c1d-a7d7f0965965\" data-image-id=\"d1582b74-b0b4-4e4e-9c1d-a7d7f0965965\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7ae29cba-2d39-4d59-aa42-d270c02da894/2.png\" data-asset-id=\"d1582b74-b0b4-4e4e-9c1d-a7d7f0965965\" data-image-id=\"d1582b74-b0b4-4e4e-9c1d-a7d7f0965965\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>We open the SLS results by selecting a SLS Combination, e.g. C2 or C3.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a150e9aa-f2fe-4548-bf86-64e0bb5c88e0\" data-image-id=\"a150e9aa-f2fe-4548-bf86-64e0bb5c88e0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/59cbb2a8-dfb3-4f3e-9bd3-e2991a85a5f0/3.png\" data-asset-id=\"a150e9aa-f2fe-4548-bf86-64e0bb5c88e0\" data-image-id=\"a150e9aa-f2fe-4548-bf86-64e0bb5c88e0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>To open the detailed results of ULS, click <strong>Strength</strong> in Code-check results. 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You can select any bar of reinforcement to see its results of analysis and code check.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"fe9f6f00-5d60-49e0-bfc0-74e28d6ceffc\" data-image-id=\"fe9f6f00-5d60-49e0-bfc0-74e28d6ceffc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d3cbd0bc-46fd-4d9c-8776-d71d9eb4bd21/5.png\" data-asset-id=\"fe9f6f00-5d60-49e0-bfc0-74e28d6ceffc\" data-image-id=\"fe9f6f00-5d60-49e0-bfc0-74e28d6ceffc\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>More info about ULS results can be found in <a data-item-id=\"dfd7d908-843b-4d1e-8f66-26343a9bf3ff\" href=\"\">General description of ULS results in Detail application</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>The detailed results of SLS can be found under <strong>Stress limitation, </strong><a data-item-id=\"ea994302-6f97-4068-818f-19f6666fdb27\" href=\"\"><strong>Crack</strong></a><strong> width</strong> and <strong>Deflection</strong>. For the Stress limitation state, the stress in concrete is checked for both C2 and C3 combinations, while the check of reinforcement is applied only for the combination C3.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"657ab157-7e89-4488-aff6-aeb6e402a3ba\" data-image-id=\"657ab157-7e89-4488-aff6-aeb6e402a3ba\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5fe709e5-124b-4c6a-949f-1720f1e7eb80/6.png\" data-asset-id=\"657ab157-7e89-4488-aff6-aeb6e402a3ba\" data-image-id=\"657ab157-7e89-4488-aff6-aeb6e402a3ba\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Calculated <strong>Crack width</strong>s can be displayed by clicking the corresponding icon. The calculated values are compared to the limit value w_{st,lim} which can be edited in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b669b1ec-73dc-413d-8eaf-008ea0e2f387\" data-image-id=\"b669b1ec-73dc-413d-8eaf-008ea0e2f387\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a9405f9f-0e01-4e76-ad1c-ae7df7d478c8/7.png\" data-asset-id=\"b669b1ec-73dc-413d-8eaf-008ea0e2f387\" data-image-id=\"b669b1ec-73dc-413d-8eaf-008ea0e2f387\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>More info about SLS results can be found in <a data-item-id=\"9e7e995c-6e74-422f-af6e-88a8d7fe047f\" href=\"\">General description of SLS results in Detail application</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>6 Report</h2>\n<p>At last, go to the <strong>Report </strong>Tab. IDEA StatiCa offers a fully customizable report to print out or save in an editable format.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"07b2a2d9-31e0-4f6e-ad3c-660419aa72aa\" data-image-id=\"07b2a2d9-31e0-4f6e-ad3c-660419aa72aa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6d0a57ef-98c6-4dd9-8077-b3103cbfd075/8.png\" data-asset-id=\"07b2a2d9-31e0-4f6e-ad3c-660419aa72aa\" data-image-id=\"07b2a2d9-31e0-4f6e-ad3c-660419aa72aa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2e3559ac-8f4b-47ce-ad68-1a79a58db745\" data-image-id=\"2e3559ac-8f4b-47ce-ad68-1a79a58db745\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b5212488-59ca-4a61-a429-b45cecbb29a5/6_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"2e3559ac-8f4b-47ce-ad68-1a79a58db745\" data-image-id=\"2e3559ac-8f4b-47ce-ad68-1a79a58db745\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You have designed, optimized, and code-checked the part of the <a data-item-id=\"77764ea2-7c2a-5b80-820b-8f3db5624600\" href=\"\">beam with an opening</a>.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"beam_with_an_opening_b2933a1\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"campus_cta\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n06189af4_92d9_014b_d1b5_bbc055bf0ffc\"></object>"
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"value": "<h4>Reinforced concrete wall or deep beams full code-check? No problem!</h4>\n<p>The aim of the webinar is to present how to code-check a <strong>general-shape deep beam</strong> in <strong>IDEA StatiCa Detail</strong> in connection with results from the FEA application in minutes. We will show the workflow on an example of a residential concrete building – exporting the geometry, creating the submodel in IDEA StatiCa Detail, applying the <strong>correct loads</strong>, design of the reinforcement, and the final code-check for both <strong>ultimate and serviceability limit</strong> <strong>states</strong>.</p>\n<p>Try it on your own - get the <a data-item-id=\"0c872071-6a3f-4b99-8cd4-66440db9cc0d\" href=\"\">free Trial license</a> and follow the step-by-step tutorial on <a data-item-id=\"1dc3667d-ddd6-5483-8b97-e7b69923fef7\" href=\"\">Concrete wall</a>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2a799851-47a8-48ba-a994-6142976c5204\" data-image-id=\"2a799851-47a8-48ba-a994-6142976c5204\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/177694cc-5c91-42cb-b88c-568f900670fe/Code-check%20of%20walls%20and%20deep%20beams.png\" data-asset-id=\"2a799851-47a8-48ba-a994-6142976c5204\" data-image-id=\"2a799851-47a8-48ba-a994-6142976c5204\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>The ultimate solution for concrete details and structural parts</h4>\n<p>Common 3D FEA software considers the linear behavior of concrete. Design and code-checks of reinforcement are limited, especially for the <strong>serviceability limit state</strong> which may lead to the development of <strong>excessive cracks</strong>. All of that is covered within the <a data-item-id=\"42ce7f6b-6491-4224-a01e-c4c0072ed1cd\" href=\"\">CSFM-based</a> application IDEA StatiCa Detail. Now, all engineers can efficiently design and code-check walls or deep beams of any shape and many more.</p>\n<p>If you want to see more of <strong>IDEA StatiCa Detail </strong>in action, there are two other recorded webinars to watch:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"1300fb1c-8e32-47f3-8b21-0e8e77e1f238\" href=\"\">How to design a prestressed beam with openings easily?</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"73d449cf-610e-5c7c-9e8c-da8093630d24\" href=\"\">Cast in situ wall – Ruzomberok (Slovakia)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Or browse our Support center for <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center-tutorials?product=concrete&label=detail\" title=\"IDEA StatiCa Detail\">tutorials</a> and read the <a data-item-id=\"0000c94c-b603-48c4-8d31-bc56d7c95886\" href=\"\">theoretical background.</a></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<h3>Webinar recording</h3>"
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"value": "<p><br></p>\n<p>The theoretical background is based on COMPATIBLE STRESS FIELD DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE<br>\n(Kaufmann et al., 2020)</p>\n<h1>Structural design of concrete discontinuities in IDEA StatiCa Detail</h1>\n<h2>Introduction to the CSFM method</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#general-introduction\">General introduction for the structural design of concrete details</a><br>\n<a href=\"#main-assumptions-and-limitations\">Main assumptions and limitations</a><br>\n<a href=\"#design-tools-for-reinforcement\">Design tools for reinforcement</a></p>\n<h2>Analysis model of IDEA StatiCa Detail</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#introduction-to-finite-element-implementation\">Introduction to finite element implementation</a><br>\n<a href=\"#supports-and-load-transmitting-components\">Supports and load transmitting components</a><br>\n<a href=\"#load-transfer-at-trimmed-ends-of-beams\">Load transfer at trimmed ends of beams</a><br>\n<a href=\"#geometric-modification-of-cross-sections\">Geometric modification of cross-sections</a><br>\n<a href=\"#finite-element-types\">Finite element types</a><br>\n<a href=\"#meshing\">Meshing</a><br>\n<a href=\"#solution-method-and-load-control-algorithm\">Solution method and load-control algorithm</a><br>\n<a href=\"#presentation-of-results\">Presentation of results</a></p>\n<h2>Model verification</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#limit-states-and-crack-width-calculation\">Limit states, crack width calculation, and Tension stiffening</a></p>\n<h3>Structural verifications according to EUROCODE</h3>\n<p>- <a href=\"#material-models-en\">Material models (EN)</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#safety-factors\">Safety factors</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#ultimate-limit-state-analysis\">Ultimate limit state analysis</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#partially-loaded-areas\">Partially loaded areas (PLA)<br>\n</a>- <a href=\"#serviceability-limit-state-analysis\">Serviceability limit state analysis</a></p>\n<h3>Structural verifications according to ACI 318-19</h3>\n<p>- <a href=\"#material-models-aci\">Material models (ACI)</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#strength-reduction-and-load-factors\">Strength reduction and load factors</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#strength-verifications\">Strength verifications</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#bearing-and-anchorage-zones-partially-loaded-areas\">Bearing and anchorage zones - Partially loaded areas<br>\n</a>- <a href=\"#serviceability-verifications\">Serviceability verifications</a></p>\n<h3>Structural verifications according to AS 3600</h3>\n<p>- <a href=\"#material-models-aus\">Material models (AUS)</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#stress-reduction-and-load-factors\">Stress reduction and load factors</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#strength-and-anchorage-verifications\">Strength and anchorage verifications</a><a href=\"#bearing-and-anchorage-zones-partially-loaded-areas\"><br>\n</a>- <a href=\"#serviceability-checks\">Serviceability checks</a></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><a href=\"#prestressing-in-detail-model-description\">Prestressing in Detail - Model description</a></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<h1>Introduction to the CSFM method</h1>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n8161827f_4fd0_019b_30ec_1aacffee82a8\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___general\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n387365f7_e3d9_01aa_e886_972961a26e65\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___main_assumptions_a\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n0a84f631_ea9b_013c_03cc_539ce65deca6\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___general___reinforc\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>Analysis model of IDEA StatiCa Detail</h1>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n89f4de7a_1d1c_0124_366a_02fface0ceb4\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___general___finite_e\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"e688ad2c_cf9f_01bc_f232_0e8775f4ea76\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___supports_and_load_\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n7c119da7_a9d0_01c7_1ed2_863545949b9d\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___load_transfer_at_t\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n91eb67de_a4e3_0116_4e1d_a5d40a51a9f5\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___geometric_modifica\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n0f9ca641_709c_01f7_e9e9_8bc2ba8a3caa\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___finite_element_typ\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n733ffebb_6b50_0162_851a_23e757287ac5\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___meshing\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n9cb31166_8318_01ab_9863_1f3f0c142b7d\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___solution_method_an\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"dcdd3559_e216_01a8_796d_905a8bf8dfa4\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___presentation_of_re\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>Model verification</h1>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n86f24311_5115_0178_6257_893251992815\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___general___verifica\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>Structural verifications according to Eurocode</h1>\n<p>Assessment of the structure using CSFM is performed by two different analyses: one for serviceability, and one for ultimate limit state load combinations. The serviceability analysis assumes that the ultimate behavior of the element is satisfactory, and the yield conditions of the material will not be reached at serviceability load levels. This approach enables the use of simplified constitutive models (with a linear branch of concrete stress-strain diagram) for serviceability analysis to enhance numerical stability and calculation speed.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n14632137_15ba_01af_c5f2_f8806b7af7d5\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___material_models__e\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n2a996bb1_7427_0141_697a_2f4649d9bbbc\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___safety_factors\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n7d7fbadc_7f26_0159_2acd_a508ea63d72e\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___ultimate_limit_sta\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"ff6e634b_31f7_01aa_ae97_3cc277823534\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___partially_loaded_a\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"d1ef4528_2e76_010d_453d_fb29f1bbf92c\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___serviceability_lim\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>Structural verifications according to ACI 318-19</h1>\n<p>Assessment of the structure using the CSFM is performed by two different analyses: one for serviceability, and one for strength load combinations. The serviceability analysis assumes that the behavior under factored loads is satisfactory, and the yield conditions of the material will not be reached at serviceability load levels. This approach enables the use of simplified constitutive models (with a linear branch of concrete stress-strain diagram) for serviceability analysis to enhance numerical stability and calculation speed.</p>\n<p>CSFM is in accordance with ACI 318-19, chapter 6.8.1.1. In order for the CSFM to meet the requirements from ACI 318-19 Section 6.8.1.2, a lot of verification testing was done at various universities. Individual articles summarizing the results of verification and validation can be found at the following link.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center-verifications?label=detail\">Verifications: Detail 2D</a></li>\n</ul>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n290d9d15_842c_016f_16ed_e82b056aedaa\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___material_models__a\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n8db66791_e455_015f_0225_68cb060469a3\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___factors___aci\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n5518b5db_9a75_0114_3040_d88e8b8b7a97\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___strength_analysis_\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n6f82b2c2_dd71_0110_ff39_352e28b1afb8\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___bearing_and_anchor\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n9a0db098_ea3e_012f_f7c6_b8b8582f3e9a\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___serviceability_ver\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>Structural verifications according to Australian standard AS 3600 (2018)</h1>\n<p>Assessment of the structure using the CSFM is performed by two different analyses: one for serviceability, and one for strength load combinations. The serviceability analysis assumes that the behavior under factored loads is satisfactory, and the yield conditions of the material will not be reached at serviceability load levels. This approach enables the use of simplified constitutive models (with a linear branch of concrete stress-strain diagram) for serviceability analysis to enhance numerical stability and calculation speed.</p>\n<p>The CSFM is a structural analysis method that satisfies the general rules in Chapters 6.1.1 and 6.1.2 and is defined as (f) non-linear stress analysis in Chapter 6.1.3 - further in Chapter 6.6. </p>\n<p>The analysis by CSFM takes into account all relevant non-linear and inelastic effects (except shrinkage) defined in 6.6.3. </p>\n<p>In order to satisfy the requirements in Sections 6.6.4 and 6.6.5 - more can be found in AS3600:2018 Sup 1:2022 Section C6.6 - verification and validations of the method were done at various universities. Individual articles summarizing the results of verification and validation can be found at the following link.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center-verifications?label=detail\">Verifications: Detail 2D</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Since IDEA StatiCa Detail is a practical design program, factored characteristic compressive cylinder strength at 28 days <em>f'</em><em><sub>c</sub></em> is used for calculations, as is described in the next chapter.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n93622323_5a16_0121_3cab_de1e1f0fd677\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___material_models__a_b7035a6\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n126c047e_65e6_0169_94ce_c74e41c5ca7c\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___stress_reduction_a\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"abcd9332_ed6f_0156_c6e9_2b18784bffe3\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___strength_analysis__8bc3bfe\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"ff7c0163_1239_012b_43da_91da8d3dfbcd\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___serviceability_ver_77b5f2c\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>Prestressing - model description</h1>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"c1b068bd_e046_0151_e774_bd083e4cceca\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"prestressing_in_detail___model_description__body_\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"e7385921_c260_01af_098b_dcd12e427a3a\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>References</h1>\n<p>ACI Committee 318. 2019. <em>Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary</em>. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Alvarez, Manuel. 1998. <em>Einfluss des Verbundverhaltens auf das Verformungsvermögen von Stahlbeton</em>. IBK Bericht 236. Basel: Institut für Baustatik und Konstruktion, ETH Zurich, Birkhäuser Verlag.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Beeby, A. W. 1979. “The Prediction of Crack Widths in Hardened Concrete.” <em>The Structural Engineer</em> 57A (1): 9–17.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Broms, Bengt B. 1965. “Crack Width and Crack Spacing In Reinforced Concrete Members.” <em>ACI Journal Proceedings</em> 62 (10): 1237–56. https://doi.org/10.14359/7742.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Burns, C.. 2012. “Serviceability Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Members Based on the Tension Chord Model.” IBK Report Nr. 342, Zurich, Switzerland: ETH Zurich.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Crisfield, M. A. 1997. <em>Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures</em>. Wiley.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2015. <em>1 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings</em>. Brussels: CEN, 2005.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Fernández Ruiz, M., and A. Muttoni. 2007. “On Development of Suitable Stress Fields for Structural Concrete.” <em>ACI Structural Journal</em> 104 (4): 495–502.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Kaufmann, W., J. Mata-Falcón, M. Weber, T. Galkovski, D. Thong Tran, J. Kabelac, M. Konecny, J. Navratil, M. Cihal, and P. Komarkova. 2020. “<em>Compatible Stress Field Design Of Structural Concrete</em>. Berlin, Germany.”AZ Druck und Datentechnik GmbH, ISBN 978-3-906916-95-8.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Kaufmann, W., and P. Marti. 1998. “Structural Concrete: Cracked Membrane Model.” <em>Journal of Structural Engineering</em> 124 (12): 1467–75. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1998)124:12(1467).</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Kaufmann, W.. 1998. “Strength and Deformations of Structural Concrete Subjected to In-Plane Shear and Normal Forces.” Doctoral dissertation, Basel: Institut für Baustatik und Konstruktion, ETH Zürich. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7612-4.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Konečný, M., J. Kabeláč, and J. Navrátil. 2017. <em>Use of Topology Optimization in Concrete Reinforcement Design</em>. 24. Czech Concrete Days (2017). ČBS ČSSI. https://resources.ideastatica.com/Content/06_Detail/Verification/Articles/Topology_optimization_US.pdf.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Marti, P. 1985. “Truss Models in Detailing.” <em>Concrete International</em> 7 (12): 66–73.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Marti, P. 2013. <em>Theory of Structures: Fundamentals, Framed Structures, Plates and Shells</em>. First edition. Berlin, Germany: Wiley Ernst & Sohn.</p>\n<p>http://sfx.ethz.ch/sfx_locater?sid=ALEPH:EBI01&genre=book&isbn=9783433029916.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Marti, P., M.Alvarez, W. Kaufmann, and V. Sigrist. 1998. “Tension Chord Model for Structural Concrete.” <em>Structural Engineering International</em> 8 (4): 287–298.</p>\n<p>https://doi.org/10.2749/101686698780488875.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Mata-Falcón, J. 2015. “Serviceability and Ultimate Behaviour of Dapped-End Beams (In Spanish: Estudio Del Comportamiento En Servicio y Rotura de Los Apoyos a Media Madera).” PhD thesis, Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Meier, H. 1983. “Berücksichtigung Des Wirklichkeitsnahen Werkstoffverhaltens Beim Standsicherheitsnachweis Turmartiger Stahlbetonbauwerke.” Institut für Massivbau, Universität Stuttgart.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Navrátil, J., P. Ševčík, L. Michalčík, P. Foltyn, and J. Kabeláč. 2017. <em>A Solution for Walls and Details of Concrete Structures</em>. 24. Czech Concrete Days.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Schlaich, J., K. Schäfer, and M. Jennewein. 1987a. “Toward a Consistent Design of Structural Concrete.” <em>PCI Journal</em> 32 (3): 74–150.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Standards Australia. 2018. <em>Concrete Structures (AS 3600:2018)</em>. Sydney, NSW: Standards Australia.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Standards Australia. 2022. <em>Concrete Structures – Commentary (Supplement 1 to AS 3600:2018)</em>. Sydney, NSW: Standards Australia.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Vecchio, F.J., and M.P. Collins. 1986. “The Modified Compression Field Theory for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear.” <em>ACI Journal</em> 83 (2): 219–31.</p>"
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"value": "<p>You will find out how to apply boundary conditions in the application IDEA StatiCa Detail which uses the <a data-item-id=\"86ad7678-0f7f-452a-8e0d-376ea5797b27\" href=\"\">CSFM (Compatible stress field method)</a>. There are five types of supports, let's find out what are they for.</p>\n<h2>Supports in IDEA StatiCa Detail</h2>\n<h4>Point Distributed Support</h4>\n<p>The first type of support is <strong>point distributed support</strong> which is defined on the edge or within an area of the model where the reaction is distributed. Due to distribution, the stress is not concentrated at one point but distributed over an area. No abrupt changes of stress occur. This type of support is perfect where rotation is enabled, and the stress distribution is uniform under the support, especially <strong>elastomeric</strong> and <strong>pot bridge bearings</strong>. Check out the functionality of <a data-item-id=\"bc5b5556-856a-4f0d-8f32-c4e2de75e237\" href=\"\">partially loaded areas</a> which is compatible only with point-distributed support.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8b1b6d29-5bae-44ec-992e-cef457d6e920\" data-image-id=\"8b1b6d29-5bae-44ec-992e-cef457d6e920\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/76438042-0256-4eee-b9c3-96cc482f48ad/Point%20distributed%20support%20%28CSFM%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"8b1b6d29-5bae-44ec-992e-cef457d6e920\" data-image-id=\"8b1b6d29-5bae-44ec-992e-cef457d6e920\" alt=\"Point distributed support\"></figure>\n<h4>Bearing Plate Support</h4>\n<p>The second type of support is called <strong>bearing plate support</strong>. A point reaction is transferred to the model via a steel plate where the plate is not checked, and it serves as a reaction transfer device. The steel plate prevents the occurrence of cracks in concrete and deforms. The dimensions of the plate may affect the results significantly. This kind of support is perfect for structures where a real steel plate is, such as <strong>roller bridge bearing</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b685fe3c-ec08-4d5f-b2e1-415a3a23b3c0\" data-image-id=\"b685fe3c-ec08-4d5f-b2e1-415a3a23b3c0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d5dca6f7-506e-49ea-9248-00bd2856aa32/Bearing%20plate%20support%20%28CSFM%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"b685fe3c-ec08-4d5f-b2e1-415a3a23b3c0\" data-image-id=\"b685fe3c-ec08-4d5f-b2e1-415a3a23b3c0\" alt=\"Bearing plate support\"></figure>\n<h4>Line Support</h4>\n<p>The third type of support, which can be considered as universal or more general than these two previous ones, is called <strong>line support</strong>. It acts as a <strong>group of spring supports within a defined length</strong> on the edge or area of the model. Spring stiffness is either default (corresponding to the structure stiffness above the support) or defined by the user. There is a possibility of modeling non-linear support acting in compression only. This kind of support is perfect for any support which does not fit to assumptions of the first two supports (point distributed, bearing plate), especially line supports and spring supports of the piles acting in compression only.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"377ec61e-0181-42d6-b807-8551ef18e856\" data-image-id=\"377ec61e-0181-42d6-b807-8551ef18e856\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/41b6a0e5-80c3-4712-bf5b-3fa1cc373c2c/Line%20support%20%28CSFM%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"377ec61e-0181-42d6-b807-8551ef18e856\" data-image-id=\"377ec61e-0181-42d6-b807-8551ef18e856\" alt=\"Line support\"></figure>\n<h4>Hanging Support</h4>\n<p>The fourth type of support is the <strong>hanging support</strong>. The support applied at the hanging is converted, according to the rotation, to the supports acting in the axes of each hanging branch, applied at the point where the hanging branches enter the concrete. The part of the hanging protruding from the concrete is not checked. The utilization of such support is quite obvious – precast concrete <strong>lifting anchor system</strong>, especially the site operational loop made from reinforcing steel. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"22af22f4-8657-4453-9e4a-866083d1532b\" data-image-id=\"22af22f4-8657-4453-9e4a-866083d1532b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d68c0c7a-0f69-467d-b9bc-52e66cfa8c7c/Hanging%20support%20%28CSFM%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"22af22f4-8657-4453-9e4a-866083d1532b\" data-image-id=\"22af22f4-8657-4453-9e4a-866083d1532b\" alt=\"Hanging support\"></figure>\n<h4>Patch Support</h4>\n<p>The fifth type of support in IDEA StatiCa Detail is <strong>patch support</strong>. It is a point support with a specific area through which the reaction is transferred to the model. The reaction is applied directly to reinforcement, explicitly specified (otherwise, it is applied to a concrete). The utilization of such support is quite obvious – <strong>precast concrete lifting anchor system</strong>, especially steel plate welded to reinforcement, basically all kinds of lifting anchor systems fastened (welded) to reinforcement or supported the anchor against it. Another use of this support is the modeling of the bearing of the ledge beam (indirect support system).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6e2f43a4-8c61-4552-a93e-8d8cb24ccb1e\" data-image-id=\"6e2f43a4-8c61-4552-a93e-8d8cb24ccb1e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f6e72c10-0612-4ceb-b2fb-98d198e75fd1/Patch%20support%20%28CSFM%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"6e2f43a4-8c61-4552-a93e-8d8cb24ccb1e\" data-image-id=\"6e2f43a4-8c61-4552-a93e-8d8cb24ccb1e\" alt=\"Patch support\"></figure>\n<p><strong>For a more demonstrative explanation, check the webinar, where all the types of support are explained one by one:</strong></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"cdd07ef9_c42d_01a5_1459_805b95cfbe50\"></object>\n<h2> Tip for advanced users</h2>\n<p>In the previous article, we covered the basic types of supports applicable in IDEA StatiCa Detail. However, it may happen that for specific structures, these basic types are not sufficient.</p>\n<p>We have prepared an article focusing on specific, more advanced topics relevant to anchors, bridge bearings, etc.: <a data-item-id=\"1d52ff19-b6b3-5290-905a-178825f7cdc1\" href=\"\">Supports in IDEA StatiCa Detail - Advanced Topics</a></p>"
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"value": "<p><strong>Compatible Stress Field Method </strong>(CSFM) is an innovative method implemented in IDEA StatiCa Concrete used for the design of reinforced concrete structures. Let’s take a look behind the scenes of our software and see for yourselves that there is no need to be afraid of using CSFM calculations in your projects. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a7b3dcf1-10ed-4b44-99e3-f59b4bd2a7fe\" data-image-id=\"a7b3dcf1-10ed-4b44-99e3-f59b4bd2a7fe\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7fd8d041-20d1-40a8-9a71-eb9cdce27155/7.png\" data-asset-id=\"a7b3dcf1-10ed-4b44-99e3-f59b4bd2a7fe\" data-image-id=\"a7b3dcf1-10ed-4b44-99e3-f59b4bd2a7fe\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Fig: a) Wall with openings b) Shear wall c) Beam with dapped ends and openings d) Bridge pier e) Bridge diaphragm </em></p>\n<p>See the <strong>introduction video about CSFM and IDEA StatiCa Detail</strong>:</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n9cf4be9e_1a16_013b_08ac_786b868df709\"></object>\n<p>CSFM offers much more than just ULS checks. The advanced state of the method is based on <strong>modified compression field theory</strong>, implementation of <strong>tension stiffening</strong>, and distinguishing between stabilized or non-stabilized cracking; hence we <strong>perform SLS checks</strong> of the concrete member. Thus, we can observe <strong>crack width</strong>, <strong>deformation</strong>, and <strong>stresses</strong> corresponding to SLS combinations.</p>\n<p>Watch the recording of a webinar where the theory behind the CSFM was explained in detail. </p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n4a95bf6f_e0a2_0145_b0f4_e9fe78b96928\"></object>\n<p>If you are interested in the method itself, see some more resources:</p>\n<p><strong>Article summarizing the principles</strong> of the method: <a data-item-id=\"eaab962d-ba44-4ee0-8fa7-45193c9f52b5\" href=\"\">CSFM explained</a></p>\n<p><strong>Extensive theoretical background</strong> where you will find in detail the material methods used, how the model is built and meshed, and how the individual values are calculated: <a data-item-id=\"0000c94c-b603-48c4-8d31-bc56d7c95886\" href=\"\">Theoretical Background</a></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>The method (CSFM) is implemented in <a data-item-id=\"4d79cdf4-c6ee-47e8-b4f2-58f4281194bf\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Detail</a>.</p>\n<p><br></p>"
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"value": "<p>This publication presents the principles and validation of the <strong>Compatible Stress Field Method (CSFM)</strong>. </p>\n<p>This new method can be used for the design and assessment of any concrete structure subjected to in-plane loading and is particularly suited for the dimensioning of “discontinuity regions” such as corbels, deep beams, walls with openings, dapped beam-ends, and frame corners. The CSFM represents a significant step forward for structural engineering practice, as it allows the efficient checking of all design code provisions, including serviceability, load-deformation and deformation capacity aspects even for concrete members with complex geometry. The method is based on Finite Element Analysis and uses only basic material parameters employed in standard structural concrete design. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"428fd7cc-55be-430b-b478-a32e674105be\" data-image-id=\"428fd7cc-55be-430b-b478-a32e674105be\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bb6950c3-dc66-45e5-b3fe-43dfe57f7918/CSFM%20-%20design%20tools.png\" data-asset-id=\"428fd7cc-55be-430b-b478-a32e674105be\" data-image-id=\"428fd7cc-55be-430b-b478-a32e674105be\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The results of the CSFM for a set of verification examples are presented and discussed, during which the influence of the main parameters of the method and its underlying models are also covered. The results are compared to a wide range of analytical solutions, design code provisions and experimental results, and show good agreement with all of them.</p>\n<h4>Listen to the author speaking about the CSFM method</h4>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"untitled_content_item_eb331e6\"></object>\n<h2>Team of authors</h2>\n<p>Prof. Dr. Walter Kaufmann, Dr. Jaime Mata-Falcón, Dr. Marius Weber, Tena Galkovski, Duc Thong Tran, Dr. Jaromir Kabelac, Michael Konecny, Ass. Prof. Dr. Jaroslav Navratil, Michal Cihal, Petra Komarkova</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9b1c8f09-47f6-4693-b6bd-48dbb34c3d20\" data-image-id=\"9b1c8f09-47f6-4693-b6bd-48dbb34c3d20\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5ffb9625-f94e-4eba-a2b6-d721f8399241/ETH%20Zurich%20logo.png\" data-asset-id=\"9b1c8f09-47f6-4693-b6bd-48dbb34c3d20\" data-image-id=\"9b1c8f09-47f6-4693-b6bd-48dbb34c3d20\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>ETH Zurich, Institute of Structural Engineering</em></p>\n<h2>About Prof. Dr. Walter Kaufmann</h2>\n<p>Walter Kaufmann is the Chair of Structural Engineering (Concrete Structures and Bridge Design) at ETH Zurich. He is the Chairman of the Swiss Concrete Code Commission and is a Lead Principal Investigator at the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) in Digital Fabrication. His research focuses on innovative structures, the load-bearing and deformation capacity of concrete structures, the assessment of the structural safety of existing structures, and digital fabrication methods.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"478e3e10-7415-41cb-9eaf-525455c49df7\" data-image-id=\"478e3e10-7415-41cb-9eaf-525455c49df7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f9a70452-c086-43c1-a82b-8b12de808aa8/Kaufmann_Passfoto_small.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"478e3e10-7415-41cb-9eaf-525455c49df7\" data-image-id=\"478e3e10-7415-41cb-9eaf-525455c49df7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>He obtained his degrees from ETH Zurich in 1992 (dipl. Bau-Ing.) and 1998 (Dr. sc. techn.). Prior to joining ETH Zurich in 2014, he was active in the industry for more than 15 years, working mainly in Spain and Switzerland. During this time, he directed numerous structural engineering projects for buildings and bridges, participated successfully in many bridge design competitions, and was involved in a large number of expert appraisals. </p>\n<h2>Citation</h2>\n<p>KAUFMANN, Walter, et al.<br>\n<em>Compatible stress field design of structural concrete</em><br>\nETH Zurich, 2020<br>\nISBN 978-3-906916-95-8 print<br>\n158 pages </p>\n<h2>Buy ebook online</h2>\n<p><a href=\"https://payhip.com/b/DP6N\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Buy the ebook (PDF) version online on Payhip</strong></a><strong>.</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Price: 60 EUR + VAT</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Student: 18 EUR + VAT (</strong><a data-item-id=\"80574849-cb65-4360-a14b-06b69684c0cb\" href=\"\"><strong>contact us</strong></a><strong> for a 70% discount voucher)</strong></p>\n<h2>Content of the book</h2>\n<p>Here you can see the <a data-asset-id=\"1e766820-377b-44bf-9161-1a38f8ebbc10\" href=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4969f485-61b0-48fe-8d7a-3cc76b1fd85d/table%20of%20contents.pdf\">Table of contents</a> demonstrating the range of tested examples. All results show a very close correlation with the compared data. </p>"
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"value": "<h2>Reinforcement in Partially Loaded Area</h2>\n<p>You can design the reinforcement in the partially loaded area in a more effective way since version 20.1. The reinforcing bars are part of the CSFM model, and the bond between concrete and bars is treated as perfect. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3ab51e56-2e14-40b7-9f70-7ee929f7adeb\" data-image-id=\"3ab51e56-2e14-40b7-9f70-7ee929f7adeb\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f589881a-d9fc-4105-a625-e64020697db3/Partially%20loaded%20areas-reinf.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"3ab51e56-2e14-40b7-9f70-7ee929f7adeb\" data-image-id=\"3ab51e56-2e14-40b7-9f70-7ee929f7adeb\" alt=\"partially loaded areas with reinforcement\"></figure>\n<h2>About Partially Loaded Area</h2>\n<p>This feature is suitable mainly for precast and bridge structural engineers who are dealing with significant reactions in the bearings or concentrated prestressed forces from the tendons in the beams. The benefit is hidden beyond non - conservative design, saving material and money.</p>\n<p>We have figured out how to deal with triaxial stress in partially loaded areas. In these areas crushing of concrete is allowed, and the resistance of concrete in compression can be raised due to transverse confinement according to valid standards (Eurocode). The increase of the resistance can be up to 3 times the cylinder strength of concrete.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b72f7533-5eae-4ccc-8386-af616f712ff6\" data-image-id=\"b72f7533-5eae-4ccc-8386-af616f712ff6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/25769cf9-c38a-4738-860c-948de6a17400/Partially%20loaded%20area%201.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"b72f7533-5eae-4ccc-8386-af616f712ff6\" data-image-id=\"b72f7533-5eae-4ccc-8386-af616f712ff6\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The partially loaded area can be found on every structure. Some typical examples are bridge diaphragms with an area above the bearings, areas under the anchor, or concentrated load on the edge of the wall. Partially loaded areas are designed according to the requirements of the Eurocode and simultaneously are restrained by model geometry (openings, thickness, edges, abrupt change of cross-section).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"db666445-daab-4bbd-8f4c-dd0917b61eba\" data-image-id=\"db666445-daab-4bbd-8f4c-dd0917b61eba\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/88696c5a-2fa2-4f08-b3d7-2ae565699c02/Partially%20loaded%20area%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"db666445-daab-4bbd-8f4c-dd0917b61eba\" data-image-id=\"db666445-daab-4bbd-8f4c-dd0917b61eba\" alt=\"Triaxial stress is covered by new feature, which artificially increase the area of the cone and cover this effect.\"></figure>\n<p>The increase of concrete resistance can be considered if the confinement is kept. Due to this condition, reinforcement bars are automatically added to pass the condition regarding confinement and Eurocode provision.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"802e353e-22eb-4418-a1c6-c7c47e4f890c\" data-image-id=\"802e353e-22eb-4418-a1c6-c7c47e4f890c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7fecad0b-e34f-415a-86ce-0b5ddf1b674c/Partially%20loaded%20area%20cone.png\" data-asset-id=\"802e353e-22eb-4418-a1c6-c7c47e4f890c\" data-image-id=\"802e353e-22eb-4418-a1c6-c7c47e4f890c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>This functionality guarantees that models are getting converge and simultaneously comply with design criteria for valid standards (Eurocode). The implemented method is independent of the finite element mesh. <strong>The bearing capacity is increased with</strong> the <strong>changing of the concrete area. The consequence of this state is constant stress along with the height of a cone. </strong>Dispersed fictitious struts affect artificially the stiffness of the cone and correctly redistribute the transverse stress, which appears in this area. The density of each dispersed strut is increased to the direction of the applied load.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"62cc432f-b87c-4de2-b8ca-afd16981510a\" data-image-id=\"62cc432f-b87c-4de2-b8ca-afd16981510a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2a98ab65-1aab-4c54-839b-25a89481479e/Dispersed%20fictitious%20struts.png\" data-asset-id=\"62cc432f-b87c-4de2-b8ca-afd16981510a\" data-image-id=\"62cc432f-b87c-4de2-b8ca-afd16981510a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Known limitations come out from the standards valid in Eurocode.</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Cones cannot coincide</li>\n <li>The area A<sub>c1</sub> and A<sub>c0 </sub>lie on the resultant of the acting force</li>\n</ul>\n<p><br></p>"
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"value": "<h2>Wall</h2>\n<p>The wall is the most general entity that can be defined in your model. There are various cases for which you can use this detail. Now, it's time to explain how. </p>\n<p>First, let's talk about the shape of the element. The wall's shape can be defined as:</p>\n<ul>\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Rectangular</strong> </li>\n </ul>\n</ul>\n<p>Using this option, all you need to do is to set the element's width, height, thickness, and, if necessary, offset in X direction related to the top left and right corner.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b151040d-4d6d-4e20-a297-670e3af4cd71\" data-image-id=\"b151040d-4d6d-4e20-a297-670e3af4cd71\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ac646772-fed5-4840-b262-a991fa509a69/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_rectangular.png\" data-asset-id=\"b151040d-4d6d-4e20-a297-670e3af4cd71\" data-image-id=\"b151040d-4d6d-4e20-a297-670e3af4cd71\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Polygon</strong></li>\n </ul>\n</ul>\n<p>If you need a more complex topology, the Polygon shape is the way. The geometry can be defined by selecting the Edit shape button in the data window, and then in the wizard using coordinates in X and Z directions related to the global coordinate system. You can add new rows, or delete the existing ones using the right-click into the coordinates table.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9a09f87a-31c4-4c32-a44d-2b30d868869d\" data-image-id=\"9a09f87a-31c4-4c32-a44d-2b30d868869d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e0275f69-8357-43ba-9450-059d706dff03/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_polygon.png\" data-asset-id=\"9a09f87a-31c4-4c32-a44d-2b30d868869d\" data-image-id=\"9a09f87a-31c4-4c32-a44d-2b30d868869d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Import DXF</strong> </li>\n </ul>\n</ul>\n<p>In case of having a complex shape of the structure or already finished drawings, you can use the import from the DXF file functionality to have the geometry defined quickly. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d33c995d-190c-43f5-9dfb-589a025b24b7\" data-image-id=\"d33c995d-190c-43f5-9dfb-589a025b24b7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bbd926e9-959c-4818-b415-41974097b044/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_DXF1.png\" data-asset-id=\"d33c995d-190c-43f5-9dfb-589a025b24b7\" data-image-id=\"d33c995d-190c-43f5-9dfb-589a025b24b7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Simply click on the Import DXF button, pick the file from your storage, and start selecting the structure's outline. It can be done by choosing the lines individually in the main graphic window, or just a single line and then clicking the Consecutive button from the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b6fe80b6-3a1d-434b-a35e-4635c8362f1c\" data-image-id=\"b6fe80b6-3a1d-434b-a35e-4635c8362f1c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1b2da944-b95d-4d91-8505-211030166867/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_DXF2.png\" data-asset-id=\"b6fe80b6-3a1d-434b-a35e-4635c8362f1c\" data-image-id=\"b6fe80b6-3a1d-434b-a35e-4635c8362f1c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>In the wizard, you can use the full potential of the functionalities in the top ribbon - it is possible to change the units, distinguish three planes - XY, XZ, and YZ in which the drawing is done, set some tolerance and discretization of curved lines, entities numbers, and add openings directly. On top of that, when you make a mistake, you can undo the steps, and clear the selection.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bc162bb5-9685-4cba-b26b-60417fccf05b\" data-image-id=\"bc162bb5-9685-4cba-b26b-60417fccf05b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7282d9d1-51b6-4bb6-b73c-82c5aef23010/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_DXF3.png\" data-asset-id=\"bc162bb5-9685-4cba-b26b-60417fccf05b\" data-image-id=\"bc162bb5-9685-4cba-b26b-60417fccf05b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Moreover, you can even import the geometry together with the reinforcement!</p>\n<p>Now, let's sum up the most important information you need to know for proper wall element definition.</p>\n<ul>\n <li>All types of <a data-item-id=\"5a121972-f384-4f14-8788-9da298e1aae1\" href=\"\"><strong>supports</strong></a> and <strong>transfer devices</strong> can be used for this geometry type.</li>\n <li>It is not possible to add a <a data-item-id=\"aa1a5fc8-a069-4196-9c2e-cde472068193\" href=\"\"><strong>trimmed end</strong></a> of the wall, the structure must be defined as a whole. </li>\n <li>All types of <strong>openings</strong> can be applied.</li>\n <li>And last but not least, the wall entity must have a constant <strong>thickness</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The whole model can be made up of several separate elements. The software will automatically connect them. The joint between the walls must be free of gaps. Moreover, it is possible to define different thicknesses for each wall element used in the project. See the example in the image below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"025d3df2-ffe0-4c71-9bde-f5837421ae1a\" data-image-id=\"025d3df2-ffe0-4c71-9bde-f5837421ae1a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3ce7dc88-9f5e-4dfe-b64d-11dc718b63d7/RC-D_03_01.png\" data-asset-id=\"025d3df2-ffe0-4c71-9bde-f5837421ae1a\" data-image-id=\"025d3df2-ffe0-4c71-9bde-f5837421ae1a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Beam</h2>\n<p>This element can be used for various types of beams. It is up to you whether you need to model and analyze the whole beam or just want to focus on a specific area - discontinuity region using the trimmed end option.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9bd9525d-f0b9-477c-97b6-b7d1ab6365a3\" data-image-id=\"9bd9525d-f0b9-477c-97b6-b7d1ab6365a3\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/87a7e44f-524e-4533-b313-482d7ac74b91/QRC-D_03%20Beam_whole%20beam.png\" data-asset-id=\"9bd9525d-f0b9-477c-97b6-b7d1ab6365a3\" data-image-id=\"9bd9525d-f0b9-477c-97b6-b7d1ab6365a3\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Example of a whole saddle beam with openings</em></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Let's say you have already designed and checked the reinforcement in the B-regions, and you want to focus on the discontinuity regions of the beam only, so you won't spend additional time modeling the whole beam. No problem! In this case, it is recommended to model the trimmed beam.</p>\n<p>The beam can be trimmed at:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Beginning</strong></li>\n <li><strong>End</strong></li>\n <li>Or <strong>both</strong> the beginning and end at the same time</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"99f9f30d-cc57-4dea-981c-f8d76092acbc\" data-image-id=\"99f9f30d-cc57-4dea-981c-f8d76092acbc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3e601d9e-4dd4-4bfb-aa41-0f8aff99588e/QRC-D_03%20Beam_trimmed%20end.png\" data-asset-id=\"99f9f30d-cc57-4dea-981c-f8d76092acbc\" data-image-id=\"99f9f30d-cc57-4dea-981c-f8d76092acbc\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Example of a beam with the trimmed end</em></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>When modeling a beam, you can select one of the pre-defined <a data-item-id=\"5cff133b-460c-4bf2-94c2-3957a7b88e47\" href=\"\">cross-sections</a> from the library.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"55bb8184-6fc9-4567-81af-fca818c4f5b7\" data-image-id=\"55bb8184-6fc9-4567-81af-fca818c4f5b7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/98d2b093-7fb0-45e5-853e-2acc3873864b/QRC-D_03%20Beam_cross-sections.png\" data-asset-id=\"55bb8184-6fc9-4567-81af-fca818c4f5b7\" data-image-id=\"55bb8184-6fc9-4567-81af-fca818c4f5b7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The beam is defined as a 2D element. The cross-section of the beam is used only to set the proper thicknesses. </p>\n<p>Let's check the summary for beam elements:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>All types of <a data-item-id=\"50ed723b-9b87-4870-a69f-e05b5a8a8150\" href=\"\"><strong>supports</strong></a> and <strong>transfer devices</strong> can be used for this geometry type.</li>\n <li>The beam can be <a data-item-id=\"7e9198c1-d161-5c59-9e9b-aed2c2a00408\" href=\"\"><strong>trimmed</strong></a><strong> </strong>at the beginning, end, or both the beginning and end. </li>\n <li>All types of <strong>openings</strong> can be applied.</li>\n <li>The structure can have <strong>haunches</strong> - just select the checkbox in the data window and set the parameters.</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d721402b-14ac-4807-aef2-f668dd9f3166\" data-image-id=\"d721402b-14ac-4807-aef2-f668dd9f3166\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/04bf59e2-fa45-49eb-b136-7ad3e7c88be3/RC-D_03_02.png\" data-asset-id=\"d721402b-14ac-4807-aef2-f668dd9f3166\" data-image-id=\"d721402b-14ac-4807-aef2-f668dd9f3166\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Knee joint</h2>\n<p>A knee joint is a type of frame joint - basically the most commonly used D-region. Sometimes, they can be underestimated in the design. However, it is important to pay attention to them. And it can be easy when you have a powerful tool such as the IDEA StatiCa Detail application. </p>\n<p>What's important to know?</p>\n<ul>\n <li>As in the beam element case, also the knee joint is defined using a <a data-item-id=\"5cff133b-460c-4bf2-94c2-3957a7b88e47\" href=\"\"><strong>cross-section</strong></a> selected from the library. </li>\n <li>Compared to wall and beam types, you can't set supports. Only the usage of <a data-item-id=\"aa1a5fc8-a069-4196-9c2e-cde472068193\" href=\"\"><strong>trimmed</strong></a> or <strong>free ends</strong> is allowed in this case. Nevertheless, all types of load transferring devices can be applied to the structure.</li>\n <li>All types of <strong>openings</strong> can be applied.</li>\n <li>The structure can have <strong>haunches</strong> - just select the checkbox in the data window and set the parameters. On top of that, the members can be <strong>inclined</strong> by the wanted angle. </li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2f0b6e92-12e9-4d0e-9ca1-694c0b540aae\" data-image-id=\"2f0b6e92-12e9-4d0e-9ca1-694c0b540aae\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/34573afb-190b-430c-b7bb-01d268959bb0/RC-D_03_03.png\" data-asset-id=\"2f0b6e92-12e9-4d0e-9ca1-694c0b540aae\" data-image-id=\"2f0b6e92-12e9-4d0e-9ca1-694c0b540aae\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The geometry of the knee joint may vary. In the Detail app, you can select from three options to define the most suitable one.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c5edd940-03b8-45d5-b727-8c7519191be0\" data-image-id=\"c5edd940-03b8-45d5-b727-8c7519191be0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/74ac2f16-df31-4471-8ef0-3b05a412f654/QRC-D_03%20Knee%20joint_joint%20type.png\" data-asset-id=\"c5edd940-03b8-45d5-b727-8c7519191be0\" data-image-id=\"c5edd940-03b8-45d5-b727-8c7519191be0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>To see it in the action, check the image below. These three structures were created by using the same settings, only with different joint types.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7c4d9fea-76b9-4de6-9399-7946e1351c95\" data-image-id=\"7c4d9fea-76b9-4de6-9399-7946e1351c95\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f261ebd1-7854-4d18-808c-6acfc4334d6b/RC-D_03_04.png\" data-asset-id=\"7c4d9fea-76b9-4de6-9399-7946e1351c95\" data-image-id=\"7c4d9fea-76b9-4de6-9399-7946e1351c95\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Cross joint</h2>\n<p>This option is identical to the knee joint. For the characteristics, see the previous paragraph.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e4670a1e-0b30-4707-b708-7858eb147bae\" data-image-id=\"e4670a1e-0b30-4707-b708-7858eb147bae\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4bb40a71-3067-4cf2-8aa5-71024ddeb7c6/RC-D_03_05.png\" data-asset-id=\"e4670a1e-0b30-4707-b708-7858eb147bae\" data-image-id=\"e4670a1e-0b30-4707-b708-7858eb147bae\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>There are two types of Cross joints - prismatic beam or prismatic column. The difference is shown in the image below. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a10dccd9-755e-4463-ab21-21803ae67e73\" data-image-id=\"a10dccd9-755e-4463-ab21-21803ae67e73\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/87cc88dc-5366-4e2c-b264-8cd1619eaeb0/RC-D_03_06.png\" data-asset-id=\"a10dccd9-755e-4463-ab21-21803ae67e73\" data-image-id=\"a10dccd9-755e-4463-ab21-21803ae67e73\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Diaphragm</h2>\n<p>Diaphragms are exactly the same as walls in terms of the element's definition. For more information, please see the Wall paragraph.</p>\n<p>There are three ways to define the shape:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Two-way bridge </li>\n <li>Highway bridge </li>\n <li>And General - by polyline or imported from the DXF file</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3c3913eb-ffb0-4e02-8ae8-59a315d449a5\" data-image-id=\"3c3913eb-ffb0-4e02-8ae8-59a315d449a5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/87d19f2d-5c10-4531-97a5-0e36f138587b/QRC-D_03%20Diaphragm_types.png\" data-asset-id=\"3c3913eb-ffb0-4e02-8ae8-59a315d449a5\" data-image-id=\"3c3913eb-ffb0-4e02-8ae8-59a315d449a5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>It is important to mention that these details (subregions) can be divided into two groups. 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"value": "<h2>1 New project</h2>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b228b018-7410-488d-a190-39a90b700fca\" data-image-id=\"b228b018-7410-488d-a190-39a90b700fca\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ae7cb3f1-214d-417c-8224-b6d703b9c794/1_1.png\" data-asset-id=\"b228b018-7410-488d-a190-39a90b700fca\" data-image-id=\"b228b018-7410-488d-a190-39a90b700fca\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Start a <a data-item-id=\"9b7994e5-6207-43cf-9f97-a754d0362241\" href=\"\"><strong>New</strong></a> project in <a data-item-id=\"a0e85d28-23e6-4006-94d6-f334c2be9b67\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Detail</a>.</p>\n<p>In the first step, select the desired class and topology, you can then define the design code (choose <strong>EN</strong>) as well as the concrete grade and cover (use concrete<strong> C30/37</strong> and cover <strong>30 mm</strong>). You can change your choice of material (or add another one) later, nevertheless, the design code can be chosen only in this first step of the project.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0b678e22-8ff7-4917-882c-e71da7e23c97\" data-image-id=\"0b678e22-8ff7-4917-882c-e71da7e23c97\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a5663589-fde9-42df-a943-40fbf4014345/1_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"0b678e22-8ff7-4917-882c-e71da7e23c97\" data-image-id=\"0b678e22-8ff7-4917-882c-e71da7e23c97\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>2 Geometry</h2>\n<p>Start the definition of geometry by changing the cross-section of the <strong>Member</strong> <strong>M1</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1c000a6d-7f43-42bc-b164-23c720978712\" data-image-id=\"1c000a6d-7f43-42bc-b164-23c720978712\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bf1fbecd-1f2e-40cf-9b46-28d0595bb46d/2_1.png\" data-asset-id=\"1c000a6d-7f43-42bc-b164-23c720978712\" data-image-id=\"1c000a6d-7f43-42bc-b164-23c720978712\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Define the <strong>I shape with haunched flanges</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c31546e4-0b63-45de-85df-6626a6ddfea4\" data-image-id=\"c31546e4-0b63-45de-85df-6626a6ddfea4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ce99c108-ec5b-430d-800e-5b9edb6f0c27/2_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"c31546e4-0b63-45de-85df-6626a6ddfea4\" data-image-id=\"c31546e4-0b63-45de-85df-6626a6ddfea4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Change the width of the flanges and the height of the beam.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1f596505-cab1-46b0-9633-1c168b12f29b\" data-image-id=\"1f596505-cab1-46b0-9633-1c168b12f29b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9839e7bd-5471-4883-a4c1-e28609fb85d7/2_3.png\" data-asset-id=\"1f596505-cab1-46b0-9633-1c168b12f29b\" data-image-id=\"1f596505-cab1-46b0-9633-1c168b12f29b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The <a data-item-id=\"865804fb-a8ac-42df-9ddd-e05404a48c9d\" href=\"\"><strong>opening</strong></a> is enlarged and shifted to the center of the beam.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0a2d95bf-6ddf-4177-a0c9-d2ee8a68eec4\" data-image-id=\"0a2d95bf-6ddf-4177-a0c9-d2ee8a68eec4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/17810c5a-140d-4372-946e-e540cad41f7d/2_4.png\" data-asset-id=\"0a2d95bf-6ddf-4177-a0c9-d2ee8a68eec4\" data-image-id=\"0a2d95bf-6ddf-4177-a0c9-d2ee8a68eec4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Read more about the geometry definition in <a data-item-id=\"d687ccdc-e898-489c-91cf-c4d935406d36\" href=\"\"><strong>Geometry types in Detail</strong></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>3 Load effects</h2>\n<p>Let us now define the <strong>Load</strong> of the detail. You can see that two load cases were already automatically created. Change the content of the load cases a little bit.</p>\n<p>For <strong>LC1</strong> (permanent load), change the <strong>Internal forces</strong> so that you input the values of shear force and bending moment at the point of the opening. In <strong>Load Impulses</strong>, keep the value of line load to <strong>-10 kN/m</strong> in global Z-.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"58c23394-f525-4def-b435-61566cc335a9\" data-image-id=\"58c23394-f525-4def-b435-61566cc335a9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1773c0ed-07fd-440a-9c65-6f322ad14e20/3_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"58c23394-f525-4def-b435-61566cc335a9\" data-image-id=\"58c23394-f525-4def-b435-61566cc335a9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Similarly, change the values of <strong>Internal forces</strong> for <strong>LC2</strong> (variable load). In <strong>Load impulses</strong>, change the value to <strong>-5 kN/m</strong> in global Z-direction.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1204edbd-1741-4f5a-beea-26a61c2f5722\" data-image-id=\"1204edbd-1741-4f5a-beea-26a61c2f5722\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1ed3197b-d918-489b-8613-8fc59e89e9fd/3_4.png\" data-asset-id=\"1204edbd-1741-4f5a-beea-26a61c2f5722\" data-image-id=\"1204edbd-1741-4f5a-beea-26a61c2f5722\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Three nonlinear combinations were already defined: C1 stands for ULS checks. C2 is a quasi-permanent and C3 a characteristic load combination, both defined for SLS code checks. You can define new combinations if required, there are three types of combinations available for SLS code checks: characteristic, frequent and quasi-permanent. You can select which checks shall be performed for each combination and the partial coefficients for the combination rules can be adjusted as well. In our case we use the predefined combinations.</p>\n<p>The calculations will be performed only for the checked items. Right now we leave all three combinations (C1, C2 and C3) selected.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"05026937-915b-4619-9d3b-df0063ec00b5\" data-image-id=\"05026937-915b-4619-9d3b-df0063ec00b5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e5376849-76d4-498e-953f-fef18b8306dc/3_6.png\" data-asset-id=\"05026937-915b-4619-9d3b-df0063ec00b5\" data-image-id=\"05026937-915b-4619-9d3b-df0063ec00b5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Learn more about internal forces in <a data-item-id=\"38cbe005-0e1e-4d75-ae8a-2ef9dcee4c2b\" href=\"\">General description of Load impulses in Detail application</a></li>\n <li>Learn more about load impulses in <a data-item-id=\"05ba912c-dc0b-4a2f-9763-099001bbb052\" href=\"\">Internal forces and equilibrium in Detail application</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>4 Reinforcement</h2>\n<p>Once the load has been defined, you can proceed to input the <strong>Reinforcement</strong>. You will use the items created by the template.</p>\n<p>You can change the diameter of stirrups and adjust their distances (the first value corresponds to the distance of the first stirrup from the edge, the other stirrups will be distributed in distances given by the second value).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"80475315-55d1-4a6d-962c-fbbf5a47a15b\" data-image-id=\"80475315-55d1-4a6d-962c-fbbf5a47a15b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e73ef6fa-d511-47c2-b10c-c010ded36316/4_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"80475315-55d1-4a6d-962c-fbbf5a47a15b\" data-image-id=\"80475315-55d1-4a6d-962c-fbbf5a47a15b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Reduce the diameter of bars of reinforcement <strong>RO1</strong> around the opening and the number of layers of horizontal/vertical and diagonal bars. Change the distance between horizontal/vertical bars and also adjust the length of the diagonal bars and anchoring of horizontal/vertical bars.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"52fa5a28-71ee-4ee4-80ee-58c09c778f11\" data-image-id=\"52fa5a28-71ee-4ee4-80ee-58c09c778f11\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/327fd926-94d2-48d3-b417-68f8de3030fc/4_3.png\" data-asset-id=\"52fa5a28-71ee-4ee4-80ee-58c09c778f11\" data-image-id=\"52fa5a28-71ee-4ee4-80ee-58c09c778f11\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The operation <strong>GB1</strong> includes a group of bars at the bottom face of the beam. Change the diameter of bars.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"12dc786c-f420-4bbc-afee-83b9c0e742d0\" data-image-id=\"12dc786c-f420-4bbc-afee-83b9c0e742d0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/605263be-1f0b-480f-9810-a9e18e7f6db2/4_4.png\" data-asset-id=\"12dc786c-f420-4bbc-afee-83b9c0e742d0\" data-image-id=\"12dc786c-f420-4bbc-afee-83b9c0e742d0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Master your reinforcing skills by reading <a data-item-id=\"6fa5f6f4-dd62-4a8b-a85b-77dc223d2e05\" href=\"\">Reinforcement definition in the Detail application</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>5 Calculation and Check</h2>\n<p>Proceed to calculate the project. Continue to <strong>Check</strong> Tab and press the <strong>Calculate</strong> button in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9069ec11-c781-4e87-b152-9670ed6cc3f1\" data-image-id=\"9069ec11-c781-4e87-b152-9670ed6cc3f1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5bfb0f66-41ac-4b88-8c00-e7708211994b/5_1.png\" data-asset-id=\"9069ec11-c781-4e87-b152-9670ed6cc3f1\" data-image-id=\"9069ec11-c781-4e87-b152-9670ed6cc3f1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>At the top left of the screen, you can see the overview of all the code checks and the status of the checks (passed/failed).</p>\n<p>In the table on the right, all the detailed results and the amount of permanent and variable load applied can be found. At the moment, the resulting strength check of the concrete in ULS is presented. In the <strong>Results</strong> toolbar, the limit value for the diagram can be changed. Change the value so that only the concrete in compression over <strong>-2 MPa</strong> is marked red.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"399e0a14-3878-4bab-b705-23a7f63ecce8\" data-image-id=\"399e0a14-3878-4bab-b705-23a7f63ecce8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2b213a23-c573-4a41-815a-4e8ba256beac/1.png\" data-asset-id=\"399e0a14-3878-4bab-b705-23a7f63ecce8\" data-image-id=\"399e0a14-3878-4bab-b705-23a7f63ecce8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You can display all the code checks using the buttons in the <strong>Code-check results</strong> toolbar. In the <strong>Summary</strong>, the main results for ULS/SLS are presented. Click for instance on the line in <strong>ULS/Anchorage length</strong> to display the utilization of the bond between concrete and reinforcement (with the most critical spot marked in the figure).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d1582b74-b0b4-4e4e-9c1d-a7d7f0965965\" data-image-id=\"d1582b74-b0b4-4e4e-9c1d-a7d7f0965965\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7ae29cba-2d39-4d59-aa42-d270c02da894/2.png\" data-asset-id=\"d1582b74-b0b4-4e4e-9c1d-a7d7f0965965\" data-image-id=\"d1582b74-b0b4-4e4e-9c1d-a7d7f0965965\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>We open the SLS results by selecting a SLS Combination, e.g. C2 or C3.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a150e9aa-f2fe-4548-bf86-64e0bb5c88e0\" data-image-id=\"a150e9aa-f2fe-4548-bf86-64e0bb5c88e0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/59cbb2a8-dfb3-4f3e-9bd3-e2991a85a5f0/3.png\" data-asset-id=\"a150e9aa-f2fe-4548-bf86-64e0bb5c88e0\" data-image-id=\"a150e9aa-f2fe-4548-bf86-64e0bb5c88e0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>To open the detailed results of ULS, click <strong>Strength</strong> in Code-check results. As noted above the table, C1 combination was used to check ULS.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d717738e-3f23-4f4e-99e8-0e6f86b8563c\" data-image-id=\"d717738e-3f23-4f4e-99e8-0e6f86b8563c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/aba8fc13-3fbe-47a8-a281-fe12c1d9f11b/4.png\" data-asset-id=\"d717738e-3f23-4f4e-99e8-0e6f86b8563c\" data-image-id=\"d717738e-3f23-4f4e-99e8-0e6f86b8563c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Again, you can display the results for <strong>Concrete</strong> and also for <strong>Reinforcement</strong> by selecting the corresponding tab above the table. You can select any bar of reinforcement to see its results of analysis and code check.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"fe9f6f00-5d60-49e0-bfc0-74e28d6ceffc\" data-image-id=\"fe9f6f00-5d60-49e0-bfc0-74e28d6ceffc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d3cbd0bc-46fd-4d9c-8776-d71d9eb4bd21/5.png\" data-asset-id=\"fe9f6f00-5d60-49e0-bfc0-74e28d6ceffc\" data-image-id=\"fe9f6f00-5d60-49e0-bfc0-74e28d6ceffc\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>More info about ULS results can be found in <a data-item-id=\"dfd7d908-843b-4d1e-8f66-26343a9bf3ff\" href=\"\">General description of ULS results in Detail application</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>The detailed results of SLS can be found under <strong>Stress limitation, </strong><a data-item-id=\"ea994302-6f97-4068-818f-19f6666fdb27\" href=\"\"><strong>Crack</strong></a><strong> width</strong> and <strong>Deflection</strong>. For the Stress limitation state, the stress in concrete is checked for both C2 and C3 combinations, while the check of reinforcement is applied only for the combination C3.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"657ab157-7e89-4488-aff6-aeb6e402a3ba\" data-image-id=\"657ab157-7e89-4488-aff6-aeb6e402a3ba\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5fe709e5-124b-4c6a-949f-1720f1e7eb80/6.png\" data-asset-id=\"657ab157-7e89-4488-aff6-aeb6e402a3ba\" data-image-id=\"657ab157-7e89-4488-aff6-aeb6e402a3ba\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Calculated <strong>Crack width</strong>s can be displayed by clicking the corresponding icon. The calculated values are compared to the limit value w_{st,lim} which can be edited in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b669b1ec-73dc-413d-8eaf-008ea0e2f387\" data-image-id=\"b669b1ec-73dc-413d-8eaf-008ea0e2f387\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a9405f9f-0e01-4e76-ad1c-ae7df7d478c8/7.png\" data-asset-id=\"b669b1ec-73dc-413d-8eaf-008ea0e2f387\" data-image-id=\"b669b1ec-73dc-413d-8eaf-008ea0e2f387\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>More info about SLS results can be found in <a data-item-id=\"9e7e995c-6e74-422f-af6e-88a8d7fe047f\" href=\"\">General description of SLS results in Detail application</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>6 Report</h2>\n<p>At last, go to the <strong>Report </strong>Tab. IDEA StatiCa offers a fully customizable report to print out or save in an editable format.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"07b2a2d9-31e0-4f6e-ad3c-660419aa72aa\" data-image-id=\"07b2a2d9-31e0-4f6e-ad3c-660419aa72aa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6d0a57ef-98c6-4dd9-8077-b3103cbfd075/8.png\" data-asset-id=\"07b2a2d9-31e0-4f6e-ad3c-660419aa72aa\" data-image-id=\"07b2a2d9-31e0-4f6e-ad3c-660419aa72aa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2e3559ac-8f4b-47ce-ad68-1a79a58db745\" data-image-id=\"2e3559ac-8f4b-47ce-ad68-1a79a58db745\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b5212488-59ca-4a61-a429-b45cecbb29a5/6_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"2e3559ac-8f4b-47ce-ad68-1a79a58db745\" data-image-id=\"2e3559ac-8f4b-47ce-ad68-1a79a58db745\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You have designed, optimized, and code-checked the part of the <a data-item-id=\"77764ea2-7c2a-5b80-820b-8f3db5624600\" href=\"\">beam with an opening</a>.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"beam_with_an_opening_b2933a1\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"campus_cta\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n06189af4_92d9_014b_d1b5_bbc055bf0ffc\"></object>"
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"value": "<h4>Reinforced concrete wall or deep beams full code-check? No problem!</h4>\n<p>The aim of the webinar is to present how to code-check a <strong>general-shape deep beam</strong> in <strong>IDEA StatiCa Detail</strong> in connection with results from the FEA application in minutes. We will show the workflow on an example of a residential concrete building – exporting the geometry, creating the submodel in IDEA StatiCa Detail, applying the <strong>correct loads</strong>, design of the reinforcement, and the final code-check for both <strong>ultimate and serviceability limit</strong> <strong>states</strong>.</p>\n<p>Try it on your own - get the <a data-item-id=\"0c872071-6a3f-4b99-8cd4-66440db9cc0d\" href=\"\">free Trial license</a> and follow the step-by-step tutorial on <a data-item-id=\"1dc3667d-ddd6-5483-8b97-e7b69923fef7\" href=\"\">Concrete wall</a>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2a799851-47a8-48ba-a994-6142976c5204\" data-image-id=\"2a799851-47a8-48ba-a994-6142976c5204\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/177694cc-5c91-42cb-b88c-568f900670fe/Code-check%20of%20walls%20and%20deep%20beams.png\" data-asset-id=\"2a799851-47a8-48ba-a994-6142976c5204\" data-image-id=\"2a799851-47a8-48ba-a994-6142976c5204\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>The ultimate solution for concrete details and structural parts</h4>\n<p>Common 3D FEA software considers the linear behavior of concrete. Design and code-checks of reinforcement are limited, especially for the <strong>serviceability limit state</strong> which may lead to the development of <strong>excessive cracks</strong>. All of that is covered within the <a data-item-id=\"42ce7f6b-6491-4224-a01e-c4c0072ed1cd\" href=\"\">CSFM-based</a> application IDEA StatiCa Detail. Now, all engineers can efficiently design and code-check walls or deep beams of any shape and many more.</p>\n<p>If you want to see more of <strong>IDEA StatiCa Detail </strong>in action, there are two other recorded webinars to watch:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"1300fb1c-8e32-47f3-8b21-0e8e77e1f238\" href=\"\">How to design a prestressed beam with openings easily?</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"73d449cf-610e-5c7c-9e8c-da8093630d24\" href=\"\">Cast in situ wall – Ruzomberok (Slovakia)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Or browse our Support center for <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center-tutorials?product=concrete&label=detail\" title=\"IDEA StatiCa Detail\">tutorials</a> and read the <a data-item-id=\"0000c94c-b603-48c4-8d31-bc56d7c95886\" href=\"\">theoretical background.</a></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<h3>Webinar recording</h3>"
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"value": "<p><br></p>\n<p>The theoretical background is based on COMPATIBLE STRESS FIELD DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE<br>\n(Kaufmann et al., 2020)</p>\n<h1>Structural design of concrete discontinuities in IDEA StatiCa Detail</h1>\n<h2>Introduction to the CSFM method</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#general-introduction\">General introduction for the structural design of concrete details</a><br>\n<a href=\"#main-assumptions-and-limitations\">Main assumptions and limitations</a><br>\n<a href=\"#design-tools-for-reinforcement\">Design tools for reinforcement</a></p>\n<h2>Analysis model of IDEA StatiCa Detail</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#introduction-to-finite-element-implementation\">Introduction to finite element implementation</a><br>\n<a href=\"#supports-and-load-transmitting-components\">Supports and load transmitting components</a><br>\n<a href=\"#load-transfer-at-trimmed-ends-of-beams\">Load transfer at trimmed ends of beams</a><br>\n<a href=\"#geometric-modification-of-cross-sections\">Geometric modification of cross-sections</a><br>\n<a href=\"#finite-element-types\">Finite element types</a><br>\n<a href=\"#meshing\">Meshing</a><br>\n<a href=\"#solution-method-and-load-control-algorithm\">Solution method and load-control algorithm</a><br>\n<a href=\"#presentation-of-results\">Presentation of results</a></p>\n<h2>Model verification</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#limit-states-and-crack-width-calculation\">Limit states, crack width calculation, and Tension stiffening</a></p>\n<h3>Structural verifications according to EUROCODE</h3>\n<p>- <a href=\"#material-models-en\">Material models (EN)</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#safety-factors\">Safety factors</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#ultimate-limit-state-analysis\">Ultimate limit state analysis</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#partially-loaded-areas\">Partially loaded areas (PLA)<br>\n</a>- <a href=\"#serviceability-limit-state-analysis\">Serviceability limit state analysis</a></p>\n<h3>Structural verifications according to ACI 318-19</h3>\n<p>- <a href=\"#material-models-aci\">Material models (ACI)</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#strength-reduction-and-load-factors\">Strength reduction and load factors</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#strength-verifications\">Strength verifications</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#bearing-and-anchorage-zones-partially-loaded-areas\">Bearing and anchorage zones - 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The serviceability analysis assumes that the behavior under factored loads is satisfactory, and the yield conditions of the material will not be reached at serviceability load levels. This approach enables the use of simplified constitutive models (with a linear branch of concrete stress-strain diagram) for serviceability analysis to enhance numerical stability and calculation speed.</p>\n<p>CSFM is in accordance with ACI 318-19, chapter 6.8.1.1. In order for the CSFM to meet the requirements from ACI 318-19 Section 6.8.1.2, a lot of verification testing was done at various universities. Individual articles summarizing the results of verification and validation can be found at the following link.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center-verifications?label=detail\">Verifications: Detail 2D</a></li>\n</ul>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n290d9d15_842c_016f_16ed_e82b056aedaa\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___material_models__a\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n8db66791_e455_015f_0225_68cb060469a3\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___factors___aci\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n5518b5db_9a75_0114_3040_d88e8b8b7a97\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___strength_analysis_\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n6f82b2c2_dd71_0110_ff39_352e28b1afb8\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___bearing_and_anchor\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n9a0db098_ea3e_012f_f7c6_b8b8582f3e9a\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___serviceability_ver\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>Structural verifications according to Australian standard AS 3600 (2018)</h1>\n<p>Assessment of the structure using the CSFM is performed by two different analyses: one for serviceability, and one for strength load combinations. The serviceability analysis assumes that the behavior under factored loads is satisfactory, and the yield conditions of the material will not be reached at serviceability load levels. This approach enables the use of simplified constitutive models (with a linear branch of concrete stress-strain diagram) for serviceability analysis to enhance numerical stability and calculation speed.</p>\n<p>The CSFM is a structural analysis method that satisfies the general rules in Chapters 6.1.1 and 6.1.2 and is defined as (f) non-linear stress analysis in Chapter 6.1.3 - further in Chapter 6.6. </p>\n<p>The analysis by CSFM takes into account all relevant non-linear and inelastic effects (except shrinkage) defined in 6.6.3. </p>\n<p>In order to satisfy the requirements in Sections 6.6.4 and 6.6.5 - more can be found in AS3600:2018 Sup 1:2022 Section C6.6 - verification and validations of the method were done at various universities. Individual articles summarizing the results of verification and validation can be found at the following link.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center-verifications?label=detail\">Verifications: Detail 2D</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Since IDEA StatiCa Detail is a practical design program, factored characteristic compressive cylinder strength at 28 days <em>f'</em><em><sub>c</sub></em> is used for calculations, as is described in the next chapter.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n93622323_5a16_0121_3cab_de1e1f0fd677\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___material_models__a_b7035a6\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n126c047e_65e6_0169_94ce_c74e41c5ca7c\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___stress_reduction_a\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"abcd9332_ed6f_0156_c6e9_2b18784bffe3\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___strength_analysis__8bc3bfe\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"ff7c0163_1239_012b_43da_91da8d3dfbcd\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___serviceability_ver_77b5f2c\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>Prestressing - model description</h1>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"c1b068bd_e046_0151_e774_bd083e4cceca\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"prestressing_in_detail___model_description__body_\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"e7385921_c260_01af_098b_dcd12e427a3a\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>References</h1>\n<p>ACI Committee 318. 2019. <em>Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary</em>. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Alvarez, Manuel. 1998. <em>Einfluss des Verbundverhaltens auf das Verformungsvermögen von Stahlbeton</em>. IBK Bericht 236. Basel: Institut für Baustatik und Konstruktion, ETH Zurich, Birkhäuser Verlag.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Beeby, A. W. 1979. “The Prediction of Crack Widths in Hardened Concrete.” <em>The Structural Engineer</em> 57A (1): 9–17.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Broms, Bengt B. 1965. “Crack Width and Crack Spacing In Reinforced Concrete Members.” <em>ACI Journal Proceedings</em> 62 (10): 1237–56. https://doi.org/10.14359/7742.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Burns, C.. 2012. “Serviceability Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Members Based on the Tension Chord Model.” IBK Report Nr. 342, Zurich, Switzerland: ETH Zurich.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Crisfield, M. A. 1997. <em>Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures</em>. Wiley.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2015. <em>1 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings</em>. Brussels: CEN, 2005.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Fernández Ruiz, M., and A. Muttoni. 2007. “On Development of Suitable Stress Fields for Structural Concrete.” <em>ACI Structural Journal</em> 104 (4): 495–502.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Kaufmann, W., J. Mata-Falcón, M. Weber, T. Galkovski, D. Thong Tran, J. Kabelac, M. Konecny, J. Navratil, M. Cihal, and P. Komarkova. 2020. “<em>Compatible Stress Field Design Of Structural Concrete</em>. Berlin, Germany.”AZ Druck und Datentechnik GmbH, ISBN 978-3-906916-95-8.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Kaufmann, W., and P. Marti. 1998. “Structural Concrete: Cracked Membrane Model.” <em>Journal of Structural Engineering</em> 124 (12): 1467–75. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1998)124:12(1467).</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Kaufmann, W.. 1998. “Strength and Deformations of Structural Concrete Subjected to In-Plane Shear and Normal Forces.” Doctoral dissertation, Basel: Institut für Baustatik und Konstruktion, ETH Zürich. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7612-4.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Konečný, M., J. Kabeláč, and J. Navrátil. 2017. <em>Use of Topology Optimization in Concrete Reinforcement Design</em>. 24. Czech Concrete Days (2017). ČBS ČSSI. https://resources.ideastatica.com/Content/06_Detail/Verification/Articles/Topology_optimization_US.pdf.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Marti, P. 1985. “Truss Models in Detailing.” <em>Concrete International</em> 7 (12): 66–73.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Marti, P. 2013. <em>Theory of Structures: Fundamentals, Framed Structures, Plates and Shells</em>. First edition. Berlin, Germany: Wiley Ernst & Sohn.</p>\n<p>http://sfx.ethz.ch/sfx_locater?sid=ALEPH:EBI01&genre=book&isbn=9783433029916.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Marti, P., M.Alvarez, W. Kaufmann, and V. Sigrist. 1998. “Tension Chord Model for Structural Concrete.” <em>Structural Engineering International</em> 8 (4): 287–298.</p>\n<p>https://doi.org/10.2749/101686698780488875.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Mata-Falcón, J. 2015. “Serviceability and Ultimate Behaviour of Dapped-End Beams (In Spanish: Estudio Del Comportamiento En Servicio y Rotura de Los Apoyos a Media Madera).” PhD thesis, Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Meier, H. 1983. “Berücksichtigung Des Wirklichkeitsnahen Werkstoffverhaltens Beim Standsicherheitsnachweis Turmartiger Stahlbetonbauwerke.” Institut für Massivbau, Universität Stuttgart.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Navrátil, J., P. Ševčík, L. Michalčík, P. Foltyn, and J. Kabeláč. 2017. <em>A Solution for Walls and Details of Concrete Structures</em>. 24. Czech Concrete Days.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Schlaich, J., K. Schäfer, and M. Jennewein. 1987a. “Toward a Consistent Design of Structural Concrete.” <em>PCI Journal</em> 32 (3): 74–150.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Standards Australia. 2018. <em>Concrete Structures (AS 3600:2018)</em>. Sydney, NSW: Standards Australia.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Standards Australia. 2022. <em>Concrete Structures – Commentary (Supplement 1 to AS 3600:2018)</em>. Sydney, NSW: Standards Australia.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Vecchio, F.J., and M.P. Collins. 1986. “The Modified Compression Field Theory for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear.” <em>ACI Journal</em> 83 (2): 219–31.</p>"
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"value": "<p>You will find out how to apply boundary conditions in the application IDEA StatiCa Detail which uses the <a data-item-id=\"86ad7678-0f7f-452a-8e0d-376ea5797b27\" href=\"\">CSFM (Compatible stress field method)</a>. There are five types of supports, let's find out what are they for.</p>\n<h2>Supports in IDEA StatiCa Detail</h2>\n<h4>Point Distributed Support</h4>\n<p>The first type of support is <strong>point distributed support</strong> which is defined on the edge or within an area of the model where the reaction is distributed. Due to distribution, the stress is not concentrated at one point but distributed over an area. No abrupt changes of stress occur. This type of support is perfect where rotation is enabled, and the stress distribution is uniform under the support, especially <strong>elastomeric</strong> and <strong>pot bridge bearings</strong>. Check out the functionality of <a data-item-id=\"bc5b5556-856a-4f0d-8f32-c4e2de75e237\" href=\"\">partially loaded areas</a> which is compatible only with point-distributed support.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8b1b6d29-5bae-44ec-992e-cef457d6e920\" data-image-id=\"8b1b6d29-5bae-44ec-992e-cef457d6e920\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/76438042-0256-4eee-b9c3-96cc482f48ad/Point%20distributed%20support%20%28CSFM%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"8b1b6d29-5bae-44ec-992e-cef457d6e920\" data-image-id=\"8b1b6d29-5bae-44ec-992e-cef457d6e920\" alt=\"Point distributed support\"></figure>\n<h4>Bearing Plate Support</h4>\n<p>The second type of support is called <strong>bearing plate support</strong>. A point reaction is transferred to the model via a steel plate where the plate is not checked, and it serves as a reaction transfer device. The steel plate prevents the occurrence of cracks in concrete and deforms. The dimensions of the plate may affect the results significantly. This kind of support is perfect for structures where a real steel plate is, such as <strong>roller bridge bearing</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b685fe3c-ec08-4d5f-b2e1-415a3a23b3c0\" data-image-id=\"b685fe3c-ec08-4d5f-b2e1-415a3a23b3c0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d5dca6f7-506e-49ea-9248-00bd2856aa32/Bearing%20plate%20support%20%28CSFM%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"b685fe3c-ec08-4d5f-b2e1-415a3a23b3c0\" data-image-id=\"b685fe3c-ec08-4d5f-b2e1-415a3a23b3c0\" alt=\"Bearing plate support\"></figure>\n<h4>Line Support</h4>\n<p>The third type of support, which can be considered as universal or more general than these two previous ones, is called <strong>line support</strong>. It acts as a <strong>group of spring supports within a defined length</strong> on the edge or area of the model. Spring stiffness is either default (corresponding to the structure stiffness above the support) or defined by the user. There is a possibility of modeling non-linear support acting in compression only. This kind of support is perfect for any support which does not fit to assumptions of the first two supports (point distributed, bearing plate), especially line supports and spring supports of the piles acting in compression only.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"377ec61e-0181-42d6-b807-8551ef18e856\" data-image-id=\"377ec61e-0181-42d6-b807-8551ef18e856\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/41b6a0e5-80c3-4712-bf5b-3fa1cc373c2c/Line%20support%20%28CSFM%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"377ec61e-0181-42d6-b807-8551ef18e856\" data-image-id=\"377ec61e-0181-42d6-b807-8551ef18e856\" alt=\"Line support\"></figure>\n<h4>Hanging Support</h4>\n<p>The fourth type of support is the <strong>hanging support</strong>. The support applied at the hanging is converted, according to the rotation, to the supports acting in the axes of each hanging branch, applied at the point where the hanging branches enter the concrete. The part of the hanging protruding from the concrete is not checked. The utilization of such support is quite obvious – precast concrete <strong>lifting anchor system</strong>, especially the site operational loop made from reinforcing steel. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"22af22f4-8657-4453-9e4a-866083d1532b\" data-image-id=\"22af22f4-8657-4453-9e4a-866083d1532b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d68c0c7a-0f69-467d-b9bc-52e66cfa8c7c/Hanging%20support%20%28CSFM%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"22af22f4-8657-4453-9e4a-866083d1532b\" data-image-id=\"22af22f4-8657-4453-9e4a-866083d1532b\" alt=\"Hanging support\"></figure>\n<h4>Patch Support</h4>\n<p>The fifth type of support in IDEA StatiCa Detail is <strong>patch support</strong>. It is a point support with a specific area through which the reaction is transferred to the model. The reaction is applied directly to reinforcement, explicitly specified (otherwise, it is applied to a concrete). The utilization of such support is quite obvious – <strong>precast concrete lifting anchor system</strong>, especially steel plate welded to reinforcement, basically all kinds of lifting anchor systems fastened (welded) to reinforcement or supported the anchor against it. Another use of this support is the modeling of the bearing of the ledge beam (indirect support system).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6e2f43a4-8c61-4552-a93e-8d8cb24ccb1e\" data-image-id=\"6e2f43a4-8c61-4552-a93e-8d8cb24ccb1e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f6e72c10-0612-4ceb-b2fb-98d198e75fd1/Patch%20support%20%28CSFM%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"6e2f43a4-8c61-4552-a93e-8d8cb24ccb1e\" data-image-id=\"6e2f43a4-8c61-4552-a93e-8d8cb24ccb1e\" alt=\"Patch support\"></figure>\n<p><strong>For a more demonstrative explanation, check the webinar, where all the types of support are explained one by one:</strong></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"cdd07ef9_c42d_01a5_1459_805b95cfbe50\"></object>\n<h2> Tip for advanced users</h2>\n<p>In the previous article, we covered the basic types of supports applicable in IDEA StatiCa Detail. However, it may happen that for specific structures, these basic types are not sufficient.</p>\n<p>We have prepared an article focusing on specific, more advanced topics relevant to anchors, bridge bearings, etc.: <a data-item-id=\"1d52ff19-b6b3-5290-905a-178825f7cdc1\" href=\"\">Supports in IDEA StatiCa Detail - Advanced Topics</a></p>"
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"value": "<p><strong>Compatible Stress Field Method </strong>(CSFM) is an innovative method implemented in IDEA StatiCa Concrete used for the design of reinforced concrete structures. Let’s take a look behind the scenes of our software and see for yourselves that there is no need to be afraid of using CSFM calculations in your projects. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a7b3dcf1-10ed-4b44-99e3-f59b4bd2a7fe\" data-image-id=\"a7b3dcf1-10ed-4b44-99e3-f59b4bd2a7fe\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7fd8d041-20d1-40a8-9a71-eb9cdce27155/7.png\" data-asset-id=\"a7b3dcf1-10ed-4b44-99e3-f59b4bd2a7fe\" data-image-id=\"a7b3dcf1-10ed-4b44-99e3-f59b4bd2a7fe\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Fig: a) Wall with openings b) Shear wall c) Beam with dapped ends and openings d) Bridge pier e) Bridge diaphragm </em></p>\n<p>See the <strong>introduction video about CSFM and IDEA StatiCa Detail</strong>:</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n9cf4be9e_1a16_013b_08ac_786b868df709\"></object>\n<p>CSFM offers much more than just ULS checks. The advanced state of the method is based on <strong>modified compression field theory</strong>, implementation of <strong>tension stiffening</strong>, and distinguishing between stabilized or non-stabilized cracking; hence we <strong>perform SLS checks</strong> of the concrete member. Thus, we can observe <strong>crack width</strong>, <strong>deformation</strong>, and <strong>stresses</strong> corresponding to SLS combinations.</p>\n<p>Watch the recording of a webinar where the theory behind the CSFM was explained in detail. </p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n4a95bf6f_e0a2_0145_b0f4_e9fe78b96928\"></object>\n<p>If you are interested in the method itself, see some more resources:</p>\n<p><strong>Article summarizing the principles</strong> of the method: <a data-item-id=\"eaab962d-ba44-4ee0-8fa7-45193c9f52b5\" href=\"\">CSFM explained</a></p>\n<p><strong>Extensive theoretical background</strong> where you will find in detail the material methods used, how the model is built and meshed, and how the individual values are calculated: <a data-item-id=\"0000c94c-b603-48c4-8d31-bc56d7c95886\" href=\"\">Theoretical Background</a></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>The method (CSFM) is implemented in <a data-item-id=\"4d79cdf4-c6ee-47e8-b4f2-58f4281194bf\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Detail</a>.</p>\n<p><br></p>"
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"value": "<p>This publication presents the principles and validation of the <strong>Compatible Stress Field Method (CSFM)</strong>. </p>\n<p>This new method can be used for the design and assessment of any concrete structure subjected to in-plane loading and is particularly suited for the dimensioning of “discontinuity regions” such as corbels, deep beams, walls with openings, dapped beam-ends, and frame corners. The CSFM represents a significant step forward for structural engineering practice, as it allows the efficient checking of all design code provisions, including serviceability, load-deformation and deformation capacity aspects even for concrete members with complex geometry. The method is based on Finite Element Analysis and uses only basic material parameters employed in standard structural concrete design. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"428fd7cc-55be-430b-b478-a32e674105be\" data-image-id=\"428fd7cc-55be-430b-b478-a32e674105be\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bb6950c3-dc66-45e5-b3fe-43dfe57f7918/CSFM%20-%20design%20tools.png\" data-asset-id=\"428fd7cc-55be-430b-b478-a32e674105be\" data-image-id=\"428fd7cc-55be-430b-b478-a32e674105be\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The results of the CSFM for a set of verification examples are presented and discussed, during which the influence of the main parameters of the method and its underlying models are also covered. The results are compared to a wide range of analytical solutions, design code provisions and experimental results, and show good agreement with all of them.</p>\n<h4>Listen to the author speaking about the CSFM method</h4>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"untitled_content_item_eb331e6\"></object>\n<h2>Team of authors</h2>\n<p>Prof. Dr. Walter Kaufmann, Dr. Jaime Mata-Falcón, Dr. Marius Weber, Tena Galkovski, Duc Thong Tran, Dr. Jaromir Kabelac, Michael Konecny, Ass. Prof. Dr. Jaroslav Navratil, Michal Cihal, Petra Komarkova</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9b1c8f09-47f6-4693-b6bd-48dbb34c3d20\" data-image-id=\"9b1c8f09-47f6-4693-b6bd-48dbb34c3d20\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5ffb9625-f94e-4eba-a2b6-d721f8399241/ETH%20Zurich%20logo.png\" data-asset-id=\"9b1c8f09-47f6-4693-b6bd-48dbb34c3d20\" data-image-id=\"9b1c8f09-47f6-4693-b6bd-48dbb34c3d20\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>ETH Zurich, Institute of Structural Engineering</em></p>\n<h2>About Prof. Dr. Walter Kaufmann</h2>\n<p>Walter Kaufmann is the Chair of Structural Engineering (Concrete Structures and Bridge Design) at ETH Zurich. He is the Chairman of the Swiss Concrete Code Commission and is a Lead Principal Investigator at the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) in Digital Fabrication. His research focuses on innovative structures, the load-bearing and deformation capacity of concrete structures, the assessment of the structural safety of existing structures, and digital fabrication methods.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"478e3e10-7415-41cb-9eaf-525455c49df7\" data-image-id=\"478e3e10-7415-41cb-9eaf-525455c49df7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f9a70452-c086-43c1-a82b-8b12de808aa8/Kaufmann_Passfoto_small.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"478e3e10-7415-41cb-9eaf-525455c49df7\" data-image-id=\"478e3e10-7415-41cb-9eaf-525455c49df7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>He obtained his degrees from ETH Zurich in 1992 (dipl. Bau-Ing.) and 1998 (Dr. sc. techn.). Prior to joining ETH Zurich in 2014, he was active in the industry for more than 15 years, working mainly in Spain and Switzerland. During this time, he directed numerous structural engineering projects for buildings and bridges, participated successfully in many bridge design competitions, and was involved in a large number of expert appraisals. </p>\n<h2>Citation</h2>\n<p>KAUFMANN, Walter, et al.<br>\n<em>Compatible stress field design of structural concrete</em><br>\nETH Zurich, 2020<br>\nISBN 978-3-906916-95-8 print<br>\n158 pages </p>\n<h2>Buy ebook online</h2>\n<p><a href=\"https://payhip.com/b/DP6N\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Buy the ebook (PDF) version online on Payhip</strong></a><strong>.</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Price: 60 EUR + VAT</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Student: 18 EUR + VAT (</strong><a data-item-id=\"80574849-cb65-4360-a14b-06b69684c0cb\" href=\"\"><strong>contact us</strong></a><strong> for a 70% discount voucher)</strong></p>\n<h2>Content of the book</h2>\n<p>Here you can see the <a data-asset-id=\"1e766820-377b-44bf-9161-1a38f8ebbc10\" href=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4969f485-61b0-48fe-8d7a-3cc76b1fd85d/table%20of%20contents.pdf\">Table of contents</a> demonstrating the range of tested examples. All results show a very close correlation with the compared data. </p>"
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Every group of longitudinal reinforcement, as well as stirrups, can be easily edited in the Property window. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"efb2f9f7-ed60-4132-b0f6-3ae453d5f6eb\" data-image-id=\"efb2f9f7-ed60-4132-b0f6-3ae453d5f6eb\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/050aeadb-b26a-493f-b420-d4e379e08a4c/Reinforcement%20editor.png\" data-asset-id=\"efb2f9f7-ed60-4132-b0f6-3ae453d5f6eb\" data-image-id=\"efb2f9f7-ed60-4132-b0f6-3ae453d5f6eb\" alt=\"Reinforcement editor in concrete member\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>You can define several reinforcement zones along the length of the member and create a complicated reinforcement layout including <strong>various spacing of the stirrups</strong> and <strong>longitudinal reinforcing bars lengths</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5f1641eb-3368-44c5-8c6b-d169a502e69a\" data-image-id=\"5f1641eb-3368-44c5-8c6b-d169a502e69a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/da0294c2-e1c9-49f1-93cb-efc1c6a249af/reinforcement.png\" data-asset-id=\"5f1641eb-3368-44c5-8c6b-d169a502e69a\" data-image-id=\"5f1641eb-3368-44c5-8c6b-d169a502e69a\" alt=\"reinforcement layout\"></figure>\n<h2>Analysis </h2>\n<p>Several different analysis types will be available for one structural model. Currently, only <strong>Linear analysis</strong> can be performed, but other types of analysis will be implemented in the following releases. </p>\n<p>Four types of analyses will be available to analyze concrete members. Now, a <strong>linear analysis</strong> can be run in Concrete Member Beta, the other three types of analyses are in development or in the stage of their final tunning. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ef02ea2f-eb2c-407c-8792-3389c290973a\" data-image-id=\"ef02ea2f-eb2c-407c-8792-3389c290973a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/8d0fb810-fec0-4e46-bcdf-d1717695093c/analysis.png\" data-asset-id=\"ef02ea2f-eb2c-407c-8792-3389c290973a\" data-image-id=\"ef02ea2f-eb2c-407c-8792-3389c290973a\" alt=\"four analysis in IDEA StatiCA: linear analysis, GMNA, CSFM 2D, CSFM 3D\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<ul>\n <li>Linear analysis (LA): implemented in Concrete Member Beta</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b4dcc2b5-67ee-4eea-af28-d6ae214ff1c7\" data-image-id=\"b4dcc2b5-67ee-4eea-af28-d6ae214ff1c7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d312cd32-5d17-47c9-8ca2-9a7ace46a38b/linear%20analysis.png\" data-asset-id=\"b4dcc2b5-67ee-4eea-af28-d6ae214ff1c7\" data-image-id=\"b4dcc2b5-67ee-4eea-af28-d6ae214ff1c7\" alt=\"linear analysis in concrete member\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<ul>\n <li>Geometrically and materially non-linear analysis, including thermal analysis (GMNA): in development</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1df6bc15-e233-4ff9-8381-65342c2eb4c6\" data-image-id=\"1df6bc15-e233-4ff9-8381-65342c2eb4c6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/69989318-5ed5-4f91-9ce5-a535f0e94857/GMNA.png\" data-asset-id=\"1df6bc15-e233-4ff9-8381-65342c2eb4c6\" data-image-id=\"1df6bc15-e233-4ff9-8381-65342c2eb4c6\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<ul>\n <li>Compatible stress field method 2D (CSFM 2D): developed/improving (CSFM is available in IDEA StatiCa Detail)</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bce6d4bc-f477-4a5c-a494-9a11b23430aa\" data-image-id=\"bce6d4bc-f477-4a5c-a494-9a11b23430aa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/fafdfe0b-ef04-4243-9ee9-b0fba3f4f4a5/CSFM2D.png\" data-asset-id=\"bce6d4bc-f477-4a5c-a494-9a11b23430aa\" data-image-id=\"bce6d4bc-f477-4a5c-a494-9a11b23430aa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<ul>\n <li>Compatible stress field method 3D (CSFM 3D): in development</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"719adb70-3ab9-4e1d-9943-af558f4cf2e4\" data-image-id=\"719adb70-3ab9-4e1d-9943-af558f4cf2e4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/fb1739f5-67b0-44d8-ad91-35bb500dc05e/CSFM3D.png\" data-asset-id=\"719adb70-3ab9-4e1d-9943-af558f4cf2e4\" data-image-id=\"719adb70-3ab9-4e1d-9943-af558f4cf2e4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<h2>Section check </h2>\n<p>After linear analysis, the user can run a detailed section check using the application RCS, which automatically chooses the most utilized sections on analyzed members and assess them.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2bebe845-288a-45c4-ae7d-3cdd7938f72a\" data-image-id=\"2bebe845-288a-45c4-ae7d-3cdd7938f72a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/dbb35596-824d-42bc-9b77-7dcd0e4af5bf/section%20check.png\" data-asset-id=\"2bebe845-288a-45c4-ae7d-3cdd7938f72a\" data-image-id=\"2bebe845-288a-45c4-ae7d-3cdd7938f72a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Available in <strong>Expert </strong>and <strong>Enhanced </strong>edition.</p>"
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"value": "<p>In previous releases when assessing concrete for fatigue, the stress in the concrete was calculated based on the parabolic-rectangular stress-strain diagram. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d84b3c7a-6423-4a75-b2c9-2e4d379fe8e0\" data-image-id=\"d84b3c7a-6423-4a75-b2c9-2e4d379fe8e0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a4f1cd63-d2be-475c-89c7-25c28ec4c038/Fatigue%2020.0.png\" data-asset-id=\"d84b3c7a-6423-4a75-b2c9-2e4d379fe8e0\" data-image-id=\"d84b3c7a-6423-4a75-b2c9-2e4d379fe8e0\" alt=\"Stress-strain diagram - fatigue check (older versions)\"></figure>\n<p>According to Eurocode the tensile strength of concrete shall be ignored and a linear stress-strain relationship for concrete under compression shall be used. Now for fatigue verification, we use the same stress-strain diagrams as in SLS checks, i.e., an unlimited linear stress-strain diagram.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"32217524-e130-4912-b4f2-9e8e51c78d27\" data-image-id=\"32217524-e130-4912-b4f2-9e8e51c78d27\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/047ec2bb-9b80-4621-bab2-da7a74488205/Fatigue%2020.1%20Beta.png\" data-asset-id=\"32217524-e130-4912-b4f2-9e8e51c78d27\" data-image-id=\"32217524-e130-4912-b4f2-9e8e51c78d27\" alt=\"Stress-strain diagram - fatigue check \"></figure>\n<p>For the concrete in compression, the mean value of Young's modulus of elasticity E<sub>cm </sub>is used.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0db3da6a-989b-4f6a-9b42-989b439d2b85\" data-image-id=\"0db3da6a-989b-4f6a-9b42-989b439d2b85\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/930ecc31-acf6-4caf-8e2d-d740f674b99b/Modulus%20of%20elasticity%20-%20fatigue%20check%20IDEA%20StatiCa.png\" data-asset-id=\"0db3da6a-989b-4f6a-9b42-989b439d2b85\" data-image-id=\"0db3da6a-989b-4f6a-9b42-989b439d2b85\" alt=\"\"></figure>"
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"value": "<p>Nonlinear creep calculation is turned on by ticking the \"Calculation of non-linear creep\" checkbox in Settings of <strong>Construction stages</strong> menu.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"34a3efb7-b048-4153-8ca9-6e97c2dd9200\" data-image-id=\"34a3efb7-b048-4153-8ca9-6e97c2dd9200\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/107ebf47-5293-4d55-b8e8-5ced28980afd/11_EN.png\" data-asset-id=\"34a3efb7-b048-4153-8ca9-6e97c2dd9200\" data-image-id=\"34a3efb7-b048-4153-8ca9-6e97c2dd9200\" alt=\"How to turn on the calculation of non-linear creep\"></figure>\n<p>The checks when non-linear creep is considered does not require the limit of 45 % of characteristic compressive strength (<em>f</em><sub>ck</sub>) for quasi-permanent combination and allow us to make an economic design. See EN 1992-1-1 art. 7.2 (3).</p>\n<p>The nonlinear creep is calculated according to the EN 1992-1-1 art. 3.1.4 (4).</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"take_idea_statica_24_0_for_a_test_drive_today\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>SLS checks in IDEA StatiCa automatically take into account the influence of the r<sub>inf</sub> and r<sub>sup</sub> coefficients defined in EN 1992-1-1; 5.10.9 (1) for prestressing effects. Therefore, it is not necessary to consider these effects in combination factors in the Beam application or in 3rd party software used for import.</p>\n<p>In the following figure, you can see the results in the RCS application where the supremum and infimum effects are marked.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b91d541b-f653-4e87-af5d-77164eb6543f\" data-image-id=\"b91d541b-f653-4e87-af5d-77164eb6543f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/eb0c3702-c267-4588-ab38-09b070afeb35/Rinf%20Rsup_03.png\" data-asset-id=\"b91d541b-f653-4e87-af5d-77164eb6543f\" data-image-id=\"b91d541b-f653-4e87-af5d-77164eb6543f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>So what will happen if we use the coefficients in combinations? Let's have a look at it.</p>\n<h2>Beam</h2>\n<p>The combination factor defined by the user for prestressing load case in the Beam application is considered just for presented diagrams of internal forces. The coefficient will not influence the stress in the tendons and the internal forces which go to the code-check (as shown above).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"067ee6e8-0449-47dc-8103-73a3ea27caa4\" data-image-id=\"067ee6e8-0449-47dc-8103-73a3ea27caa4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3a6de7a3-e9b2-4a32-b68c-a55d1dd8b0f5/Rinf%20Rsup_04.png\" data-asset-id=\"067ee6e8-0449-47dc-8103-73a3ea27caa4\" data-image-id=\"067ee6e8-0449-47dc-8103-73a3ea27caa4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>In other words, for code-check purposes, the effects of prestressing are defined by the area of the tendon and its initial stress. The combination factor for code checks is always equal to one.</p>\n<h2>BIM - import</h2>\n<p>In combinations of the global model, the coefficients of load cases containing prestress should be equal to 1.0. The coefficients <em>r</em><em><sub>sup</sub></em> and <em>r</em><em><sub>inf</sub></em> will be applied as described above.</p>\n<h2>How to influence the value of the coefficients?</h2>\n<p>The coefficients are defined by the code. You can influence the value by changing the national annexe or altering the value in Code and calculation settings in the RCS application. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9364513f-c31d-4cf0-be3a-46e635cb3faa\" data-image-id=\"9364513f-c31d-4cf0-be3a-46e635cb3faa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/cd6ac36b-e78e-4ecc-943e-33119ccbbb07/rsup%20rinf%20code.png\" data-asset-id=\"9364513f-c31d-4cf0-be3a-46e635cb3faa\" data-image-id=\"9364513f-c31d-4cf0-be3a-46e635cb3faa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Read more about code settings in <a data-item-id=\"4c296380-45bb-40ec-ac2f-2ce0a0d47c84\" href=\"\"><strong>Code and calculation settings in RCS</strong></a></li>\n</ul>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"take_idea_statica_24_0_for_a_test_drive_today\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>There are four tabs focused on SLS results in the application.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Overall results</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Stress Limitation</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Crack Width</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Detailing</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p>In the first tab, you can find a brief overview of the Overall results. You will see only the results of the analysis you selected using calculation control. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8b8a40c7-ad5e-4088-aa38-1615c9559c1c\" data-image-id=\"8b8a40c7-ad5e-4088-aa38-1615c9559c1c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/da6079fd-4c24-428a-b8df-b9d8331fb0f0/rcb_05_03_01.png\" data-asset-id=\"8b8a40c7-ad5e-4088-aa38-1615c9559c1c\" data-image-id=\"8b8a40c7-ad5e-4088-aa38-1615c9559c1c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The rest of the tabs are dedicated to individual checks. But before looking at them, we need to understand the assumptions of the calculation. Therefore please go through the article: <a data-item-id=\"6fcefe69-5439-4ac1-af76-f388fab9b968\" href=\"\">Calculation Assumptions for SLS</a>. With this knowledge, we can then continue and go through the individual results step by step.</p>\n<h2>Stress Limitation</h2>\n<p>First, there is Stress Limitation Check. This calculation provides a comparison of the calculated stress with limit values according to Eurocode. How specific values are obtained and what basic cases (in terms of stress limit) we solve, you can find in the article: <a data-item-id=\"27c146c7-45d0-47d3-b354-a8e4059db365\" href=\"\">Stress Limitation Check</a>. </p>\n<p>We'll explore how to work with the results and how to eventually influence them as soon as we've got some idea of the layout and display options. </p>\n<h4>Layout</h4>\n<p>Check to Top Ribbon, the part Setting is dedicated to Code and Project Data. It is the same for all the steps of the workflow. </p>\n<p>The following parts are already different. Notice the figure below, there are marked options for adjusting the graphical presentation of the result:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a0ff777a-fec0-4165-8f83-d3f70869cb80\" data-image-id=\"a0ff777a-fec0-4165-8f83-d3f70869cb80\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1f542c41-10ca-4661-b12e-b3f6b8ebebf6/rcb_050302.png\" data-asset-id=\"a0ff777a-fec0-4165-8f83-d3f70869cb80\" data-image-id=\"a0ff777a-fec0-4165-8f83-d3f70869cb80\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Options Description:</p>\n<ol>\n <li>Option to switch between 2D and 3D view. For the 2D view, we can decide if we want to see a rotated cross-section or the result inside/outside of the cross-section. </li>\n <li>The tab is used to switch off/on the strain diagram for the concrete and reinforcement section and its size adjustments.</li>\n <li>The tab is used to switch off/on the stress diagram for the concrete and reinforcement section and its size adjustments.</li>\n <li>The option to display extreme values of the diagrams, all or none.</li>\n <li>As next, we can modify the filling of the diagram.</li>\n <li>The following two buttons allow us to switch on/off dimension lines.</li>\n <li>The last part is dedicated to the cross-section. We have the option to display bar and fibres numbers and modify their position. We can also display Extreme bar and fibre.</li>\n</ol>\n<h4>Calculation</h4>\n<p>The rest buttons from the top ribbon are related to the calculation itself.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"33728ffb-b234-4560-aac0-b5b4a475e8d2\" data-image-id=\"33728ffb-b234-4560-aac0-b5b4a475e8d2\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/77d90fc7-bc8e-4bec-a13d-2683df29426f/rcb_050303.png\" data-asset-id=\"33728ffb-b234-4560-aac0-b5b4a475e8d2\" data-image-id=\"33728ffb-b234-4560-aac0-b5b4a475e8d2\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>For the stress limitation, we have 4 code checks, as mentioned at the beginning of the chapter. The first two checks, according to 7.2 (2) and 7.2 (3), are done for both cases: With or without the influence of the long-term effects (rheology of concrete). </p>\n<p>For the short-term effects, the modulus of elasticity <em>E</em><em><sub>cm</sub></em> is used. </p>\n<p>For the long-term effects, the effective modulus of elasticity <em>E</em><em><sub>c,eff</sub></em><em> = E</em><em><sub>cm</sub></em><em>/(1+φ)</em> is used. Where <em>φ</em> is the creep factor.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f6d89cc7-2655-4481-9694-2e4c14171cde\" data-image-id=\"f6d89cc7-2655-4481-9694-2e4c14171cde\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d32e0630-8ffc-4e4f-b9d9-7546acb55672/rcb_050304.png\" data-asset-id=\"f6d89cc7-2655-4481-9694-2e4c14171cde\" data-image-id=\"f6d89cc7-2655-4481-9694-2e4c14171cde\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The long-term effects are thus included in the creep.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"64772e5a-aac8-421b-ba6c-f7a363681409\" data-image-id=\"64772e5a-aac8-421b-ba6c-f7a363681409\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d3e1e0eb-519c-443d-a338-bd52bd9fbd82/rcb_050305.png\" data-asset-id=\"64772e5a-aac8-421b-ba6c-f7a363681409\" data-image-id=\"64772e5a-aac8-421b-ba6c-f7a363681409\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The creep factor can be Calculated by the software (default option) or can be set manually in <a data-item-id=\"953a0c24-4990-44c2-8f09-492e6a115342\" href=\"\">Design Member</a>. Please be aware that in the RCS, the linear calculation is used for the creep factor.</p>\n<p>The code-check is provided by a comparison of the calculated stress in the concrete and in reinforcement with limit values according to EN 1992-1-1 7.2. </p>\n<h4>Tip for advanced users</h4>\n<p>There is an option how to influence the results when the limit is exceeded for 7.2 (3). It is allowed to consider a higher value of the k<sub>2</sub> factor when the nonlinear calculation of the creep factor is considered. </p>\n<p>You can change the value of k<sub>2</sub> in the Code setting:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8d4b3031-c81b-49b6-8d6d-2c4b219daef5\" data-image-id=\"8d4b3031-c81b-49b6-8d6d-2c4b219daef5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/db9228cf-066d-4924-91bc-15a984a177d5/rcb_050307.png\" data-asset-id=\"8d4b3031-c81b-49b6-8d6d-2c4b219daef5\" data-image-id=\"8d4b3031-c81b-49b6-8d6d-2c4b219daef5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>But remember that it is necessary to determine the creep factor more precisely.</p>\n<p>Let's summarize the options we have:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>The creep coefficient is Calculated by software using linear calculation. Then factor k<sub>2</sub> = 0.45 (set by default) has to be used. </li>\n <li>The creep coefficient is set as User input. When considering the nonlinear creep, we can increase the factor to k<sub>2</sub> = 0.6.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Crack Width</h2>\n<p>If the concrete stress is higher than the concrete tensile strength, the section is considered as a cracked one. And the next code check from the SLS check is the crack width.</p>\n<p>See the <a data-item-id=\"5b51a310-2eed-4d41-aea8-3b1a41713f43\" href=\"\">Theoretical background - Cracks</a> for the theory, assumptions, and how the crack width calculation is implemented in RCS. </p>\n<p>For complete understanding, it is also recommended to read the following article: <a data-item-id=\"754996ca-bca4-4953-aac7-de7b6aa4598a\" href=\"\">Crack width check of cross-sections with a large concrete cover</a>.</p>\n<p>The code-check of the crack width is provided by comparing the calculated width w<sub>k</sub> with the width w<sub>lim</sub> according to 7.3.1 (5). </p>\n<p>Implemented limits can be found in the Code setting. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d5020bf7-1c0f-4299-875e-f39c3aa7666f\" data-image-id=\"d5020bf7-1c0f-4299-875e-f39c3aa7666f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a67cf91d-0968-43b2-b875-dd2aa3360b37/rcb_050308.png\" data-asset-id=\"d5020bf7-1c0f-4299-875e-f39c3aa7666f\" data-image-id=\"d5020bf7-1c0f-4299-875e-f39c3aa7666f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Detailing</h2>\n<p>Detailing is the last code-check from the SLS checks.</p>\n<p>The internal forces for which the check is made are listed at the beginning of the table.</p>\n<p>The following are the conditions of the check. All are taken from the Eurocode. The reference to the specific article is always given next to the title.</p>\n<p>This is followed by information on the values used in the calculation based on the input data.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a301b9df-d0db-44fa-b268-a014b56863a0\" data-image-id=\"a301b9df-d0db-44fa-b268-a014b56863a0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bdcb5153-0845-4965-a975-0cb9233994d5/rcb_050309.png\" data-asset-id=\"a301b9df-d0db-44fa-b268-a014b56863a0\" data-image-id=\"a301b9df-d0db-44fa-b268-a014b56863a0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>Tip for advanced users</h4>\n<p>It may happen that in order to speed up the design, we enter into RCS the simplified scheme of the reinforcement. In this case, we recommend switching Detailing off in Calculation Control and checking it manually according to more detailed drawings.</p>"
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"value": "<p>There are five tabs for ULS results in the application.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Capacity N-M-M</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Shear</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Torsion</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Interaction</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Response N-M-M</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Before we go through them let's look at the Overall result where you can find all selected results (by using calculation control) with corresponding internal forces.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"82776974-6cef-4d9f-be99-eff926a2db1a\" data-image-id=\"82776974-6cef-4d9f-be99-eff926a2db1a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f76b5dbd-bb24-49d3-bb63-5048434a9fdd/RC-B_06_13.png\" data-asset-id=\"82776974-6cef-4d9f-be99-eff926a2db1a\" data-image-id=\"82776974-6cef-4d9f-be99-eff926a2db1a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Capacity N-M-M</h2>\n<p>The first tab is the Capacity N-M-M check. This type of calculation provides a check of the interaction between normal force and bending moments. If you want to know the theory behind it, read this article: <a data-item-id=\"fa1ccbb4-2aaf-4470-872c-01deea75f006\" href=\"\"><strong>Bending</strong></a>.</p>\n<p>As was written in the introduction. The article is focused on practical usage. So let's have a look at ways how to display this type of result. Listed below are three display settings that can be combined with each other.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Diagram type</strong>\n <ul>\n <li>Interaction sections </li>\n <li>ULS eccentricity</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n <li><strong>Type of results</strong>\n <ul>\n <li>for Extreme</li>\n <li>for Section</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n <li><strong>Evaluation of interaction diagram</strong>\n <ul>\n <li>NuMuMu</li>\n <li>NuMM</li>\n <li>NMuMu</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8d74aef7-49c2-48aa-8541-ee7b7edf4b47\" data-image-id=\"8d74aef7-49c2-48aa-8541-ee7b7edf4b47\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f71d514f-396b-4f7d-945e-e169d695f8de/RC-B_06_14.png\" data-asset-id=\"8d74aef7-49c2-48aa-8541-ee7b7edf4b47\" data-image-id=\"8d74aef7-49c2-48aa-8541-ee7b7edf4b47\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Let's go over the options for combinations of display settings.</p>\n<h3>Interaction sections + Extreme</h3>\n<p>At first, we start with the <strong>Interaction sections</strong> displayed for the <strong>current extreme</strong>. In the toolbar Interaction surface section, you can display four sections of an interaction surface. </p>\n<ul>\n <li>My - Mz -> horizontal surface</li>\n <li>N - M resultant -> according to the current ratio between My and Mz</li>\n <li>N - My -> vertical surface on y-axis</li>\n <li>N - Mz -> vertical surface on z-axis</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"585e7199-f633-484b-848b-240ad3fc5b82\" data-image-id=\"585e7199-f633-484b-848b-240ad3fc5b82\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3b125f5b-ecf1-4694-a464-fd1fbc5efac8/RC-B_06_15.png\" data-asset-id=\"585e7199-f633-484b-848b-240ad3fc5b82\" data-image-id=\"585e7199-f633-484b-848b-240ad3fc5b82\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ab27f060-081b-4cf3-8303-26d57322e1ec\" data-image-id=\"ab27f060-081b-4cf3-8303-26d57322e1ec\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/645ea1b5-5d5a-4f25-8854-9a354d50549e/RC-B_06_16.png\" data-asset-id=\"ab27f060-081b-4cf3-8303-26d57322e1ec\" data-image-id=\"ab27f060-081b-4cf3-8303-26d57322e1ec\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You can also decide if you want to see loads or the ultimate point in the diagram. It can be changed in the top ribbon in the Draw points toolbar.</p>\n<p>In the Grid of interaction surface sections toolbar, you can adjust the grid of the interaction diagrams.</p>\n<p>And the interaction diagrams can be also exported to the text file or to the spreadsheet. To do it use tools in the Interaction diagram export toolbar.</p>\n<h4>Evaluation of interaction diagram</h4>\n<p>There are three methods to evaluate interaction diagram. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"03bac79f-b627-4add-83e4-1f9f3e215d1f\" data-image-id=\"03bac79f-b627-4add-83e4-1f9f3e215d1f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/00b9e293-5541-4648-a2fb-eea67c94a21c/RC-B_06_17.png\" data-asset-id=\"03bac79f-b627-4add-83e4-1f9f3e215d1f\" data-image-id=\"03bac79f-b627-4add-83e4-1f9f3e215d1f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>NuMuMu</strong> - cross-sectional resistance is determined assuming a proportional change of all components of acting internal forces.</p>\n<p><strong>NuMM</strong> -<strong> </strong>cross-sectional resistance is determined assuming constant bending moments.</p>\n<p><strong>NMuMu</strong> - cross-sectional resistance is determined assuming constant normal force.</p>\n<h3>Interaction sections + Section</h3>\n<p>Secondly, we can display Interaction sections for more extremes. To do it simply change the Type of results in the top ribbon. You will then see all the extremes drawn to one (or more) interaction section. If the interaction sections differ for individual extremes, you can get the program to display them with different colours. It can be done in the top ribbon in the Colour settings toolbar. You can also limit the number of displayed diagrams in the Drawing settings toolbar.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f205a0b0-e1c9-48f4-b6dc-43c284d1660c\" data-image-id=\"f205a0b0-e1c9-48f4-b6dc-43c284d1660c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/72f58eef-689f-4538-88a7-2d6d67cdb827/RC-B_06_18.png\" data-asset-id=\"f205a0b0-e1c9-48f4-b6dc-43c284d1660c\" data-image-id=\"f205a0b0-e1c9-48f4-b6dc-43c284d1660c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h3>ULS eccentricity</h3>\n<p>Finally, you can display the diagram of an eccentricity of normal force depending on normal forces. It can be again displayed for Extreme or for Section. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"303a896d-a3e8-460f-af0b-f97a3c0f20e9\" data-image-id=\"303a896d-a3e8-460f-af0b-f97a3c0f20e9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7e1b15ea-8e42-4245-853f-89af44ef9752/RC-B_06_19.png\" data-asset-id=\"303a896d-a3e8-460f-af0b-f97a3c0f20e9\" data-image-id=\"303a896d-a3e8-460f-af0b-f97a3c0f20e9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Shear</h2>\n<p>The second tab for ULS checks is the Shear. All of the calculations are done according to EN 1992-1-1 article 6.2. You can control the theta angle at the top ribbon. This angle governs the inclination between concrete struts and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear force. Or you can use the Strut optimization function, which can find the most effective angle automatically. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3a0f2815-204e-4763-9aa7-1e96dd08b6f7\" data-image-id=\"3a0f2815-204e-4763-9aa7-1e96dd08b6f7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e385fbfc-4c5d-45ec-a5b2-d1db90b2652e/RC-B_06_20.png\" data-asset-id=\"3a0f2815-204e-4763-9aa7-1e96dd08b6f7\" data-image-id=\"3a0f2815-204e-4763-9aa7-1e96dd08b6f7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You can of course calculate the Shear capacity for both directions, but you have to be aware of the angle between the in-plane gradient of the strain plane and the resultant shear forces. The program can automatically calculate the effective depth of the cross-section <em>d</em>, inner lever arm <em>z</em>, and the effective width <em>b</em><em><sub>w</sub></em>, but if the angle exceeds 20 degrees, the values of effective depth and lever arm and consequently strength in shear could be affected. So it is recommended to set these values manually in the Reinforcement editor -> User settings -> Cross-section.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"92f75867-bd21-402b-accf-37ad06c8ec53\" data-image-id=\"92f75867-bd21-402b-accf-37ad06c8ec53\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2f641c22-813c-4c3a-ba44-3e6c9c5859cd/RC-B_06_21.png\" data-asset-id=\"92f75867-bd21-402b-accf-37ad06c8ec53\" data-image-id=\"92f75867-bd21-402b-accf-37ad06c8ec53\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Read the following article to know - <a data-item-id=\"20140238-707b-59c0-86f2-a824eaf6787a\" href=\"\"><strong>How to set the lever arm properly</strong></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>If you want to know what is behind read the following article: <a data-item-id=\"a42a6426-b702-4eba-b703-d55b11365bad\" href=\"\"><strong>Shear</strong></a>. In the <strong>Lever arm of internal forces</strong> chapter, you can find an explanation of why to set manually the values of effective depth and lever arm.</p>\n<p>Another important topic is the evaluation of the shear in circular sections. Read the following article to learn how IDEA StatiCa RCS can solve such an issue - <a data-item-id=\"6f90f137-b429-4f05-8c59-2f834c651a95\" href=\"\"><strong>Shear in RCS - circular cross-sections</strong></a></p>\n<h2>Torsion</h2>\n<p>The next tab for ULS checks is the Torsion. All of the calculations are done according to EN 1992-1-1 article 6.3. The theta angle is of course shared with the shear check and can be defined in the top ribbon as well as in the shear check. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"eff167ad-ad28-4bd1-b3b6-d83c43efc83f\" data-image-id=\"eff167ad-ad28-4bd1-b3b6-d83c43efc83f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e1e8b01d-c1cd-4cfc-bed1-f7170844acc9/RC-B_06_22.png\" data-asset-id=\"eff167ad-ad28-4bd1-b3b6-d83c43efc83f\" data-image-id=\"eff167ad-ad28-4bd1-b3b6-d83c43efc83f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The equivalent thin-walled section can be created automatically based on the selected stirrup. If the situation is simple as in the following figure, there is no problem.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"23e28d0b-1d85-4dba-b922-0d73373a0469\" data-image-id=\"23e28d0b-1d85-4dba-b922-0d73373a0469\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d209c3e4-6257-44c7-b948-a99c4be4ad43/RC-B_06_23.png\" data-asset-id=\"23e28d0b-1d85-4dba-b922-0d73373a0469\" data-image-id=\"23e28d0b-1d85-4dba-b922-0d73373a0469\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>But in the case of complicated cross-sections like box girder bridges or general shapes, where multiple stirrups are usually defined for torsion, the automatic creation of the equivalent thin-walled section is not enough. In that case, go to Reinforcement editor -> User settings -> Torsion and do the manual input.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f2e5585a-4978-4ec9-9761-1528048bebf2\" data-image-id=\"f2e5585a-4978-4ec9-9761-1528048bebf2\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1ef86159-2d5b-4d31-888c-2d1ba36aee30/RC-B_06_24.png\" data-asset-id=\"f2e5585a-4978-4ec9-9761-1528048bebf2\" data-image-id=\"f2e5585a-4978-4ec9-9761-1528048bebf2\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Again the theory behind the torsion calculation is described in the following article: <a data-item-id=\"0f49a9be-8632-4dc8-ad0d-c692a14ab752\" href=\"\"><strong>Torsion</strong></a>.</p>\n<h2>Interaction</h2>\n<p>The interaction between shear force and torsion can be calculated as well as the interaction between shear torsion and bending. You can check concrete, shear reinforcement and longitudinal reinforcement. All theory about interaction is described in the following article: <a data-item-id=\"1dd237d8-efd5-4460-9bb9-b72a65dbef5d\" href=\"\"><strong>Interaction</strong></a></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c0ab7116-0afc-419f-a2db-36b56104b85b\" data-image-id=\"c0ab7116-0afc-419f-a2db-36b56104b85b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b08ea329-0fbb-4e64-ae4a-f5f6e63ce810/RC-B_06_25.png\" data-asset-id=\"c0ab7116-0afc-419f-a2db-36b56104b85b\" data-image-id=\"c0ab7116-0afc-419f-a2db-36b56104b85b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>But the question is: Is it necessary to always check the interaction between all of the forces (V+T+M)? If not, where should I check what?</p>\n<p>You have to check N-M-M capacity everywhere of course. But what about shear? Follow article 6.2.3 (5) from EN 1992-1-1 where you can read that you don't have to always use the full value of the shear force to check the shear reinforcement.</p>\n<p>For longitudinal reinforcement above support, the entire interaction is not always necessary as well. To learn more read article 6.2.3 (7) from EN 1992-1-1. To exclude the additional tensile force in the longitudinal reinforcement due to shear go to Navigator -> Design member and turn on Limited interaction check.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"28f9456c-35b7-4a6b-b0e3-50c359134105\" data-image-id=\"28f9456c-35b7-4a6b-b0e3-50c359134105\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1027c071-381e-42db-b817-dc98e7a61394/RC-B_06_26.png\" data-asset-id=\"28f9456c-35b7-4a6b-b0e3-50c359134105\" data-image-id=\"28f9456c-35b7-4a6b-b0e3-50c359134105\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>After that, you still have to choose the combination for the limited interaction check. It can be done in Navigator -> Internal forces.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a94ae749-3f49-4ec6-9cc7-86bf7293afc0\" data-image-id=\"a94ae749-3f49-4ec6-9cc7-86bf7293afc0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/68271571-4736-44cf-a975-0dd0667c75b4/RC-B_06_27.png\" data-asset-id=\"a94ae749-3f49-4ec6-9cc7-86bf7293afc0\" data-image-id=\"a94ae749-3f49-4ec6-9cc7-86bf7293afc0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Read the following article where you can find how <strong>the longitudinal force caused by shear and torsion is applied to the cross-section</strong>.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"808008d4-d25a-403f-a4cd-ed61e1c71203\" href=\"\"><strong>Interaction code-check improvements </strong></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Response N-M-M</h2>\n<p>This type of calculation can find the response of the cross-section when the load is applied. The results (stress and strain) are then compared with the limits determined by the ultimate limit strain method.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f28107d1-1db9-4d8b-bcff-a7264b14f7ca\" data-image-id=\"f28107d1-1db9-4d8b-bcff-a7264b14f7ca\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/78d7ee2e-4f85-4e97-9a7f-bc8474c6dc07/RC-B_06_30.png\" data-asset-id=\"f28107d1-1db9-4d8b-bcff-a7264b14f7ca\" data-image-id=\"f28107d1-1db9-4d8b-bcff-a7264b14f7ca\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>There are four different options for displaying results. Note that they are the same for Interaction.</p>\n<ul>\n <li>2D</li>\n <li>3D</li>\n <li>3D forces</li>\n <li>Diagram</li>\n</ul>\n<p>You can switch between them on the top ribbon. In the previous figure, the 2D displaying option was shown. If the option is selected, you can display a rotated cross-section or rotated results. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c90ca42a-794d-46e4-b3c5-c48f99130824\" data-image-id=\"c90ca42a-794d-46e4-b3c5-c48f99130824\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/cda2413a-36ac-4e5a-846a-0ad673e0fa6f/RC-B_06_31.png\" data-asset-id=\"c90ca42a-794d-46e4-b3c5-c48f99130824\" data-image-id=\"c90ca42a-794d-46e4-b3c5-c48f99130824\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>In the figure, the results were outside of the cross-section. If you need, the results can be also shown inside the section.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d4f9f758-aa7d-44ac-a59a-06d159d657d1\" data-image-id=\"d4f9f758-aa7d-44ac-a59a-06d159d657d1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/edadacea-aa94-4c88-9043-7a7550e781dc/RC-B_06_32.png\" data-asset-id=\"d4f9f758-aa7d-44ac-a59a-06d159d657d1\" data-image-id=\"d4f9f758-aa7d-44ac-a59a-06d159d657d1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>For the 2D view, you can turn off / on strain and stress in concrete and reinforcement, adjust the labels, modify the results graph, add dimension lines, and bar numbers, and display extreme fibre or extreme bar. All of these view settings are available in the top ribbon in the different toolbars.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7072c791-55a4-481c-a885-b3af83e623e4\" data-image-id=\"7072c791-55a4-481c-a885-b3af83e623e4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c743d7b7-7ff7-4495-8e0e-6da2391cc06b/RC-B_06_33.png\" data-asset-id=\"7072c791-55a4-481c-a885-b3af83e623e4\" data-image-id=\"7072c791-55a4-481c-a885-b3af83e623e4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The 3D view is shown below. It can help you to understand the results of the cross-section affected by both bending moments <em>M</em><em><sub>y</sub></em> and <em>M</em><em><sub>z</sub></em>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6de19521-3ac8-4311-8d24-2d8fee7c1ee3\" data-image-id=\"6de19521-3ac8-4311-8d24-2d8fee7c1ee3\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/54c0b813-e8de-4163-9107-bc14609a9d9f/RC-B_06_34.png\" data-asset-id=\"6de19521-3ac8-4311-8d24-2d8fee7c1ee3\" data-image-id=\"6de19521-3ac8-4311-8d24-2d8fee7c1ee3\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>In 3D forces view, you can display the resultant forces for concrete in compression and reinforcement under the tension as well as under the compression. The normal force on eccentricity is also shown.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2245bebb-6e76-4ef2-9d60-8b0eae001a33\" data-image-id=\"2245bebb-6e76-4ef2-9d60-8b0eae001a33\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ba9eb04f-df21-45ba-ad5c-bcafeb46e5ca/RC-B_06_35.png\" data-asset-id=\"2245bebb-6e76-4ef2-9d60-8b0eae001a33\" data-image-id=\"2245bebb-6e76-4ef2-9d60-8b0eae001a33\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The last type of view is the Diagram. Here you can display the stress-strain diagram for each reinforcement bar and for each fibre in concrete.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8ef5bfcf-e8a5-4b8d-b1c7-19fa98a641a4\" data-image-id=\"8ef5bfcf-e8a5-4b8d-b1c7-19fa98a641a4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/803f3516-d85b-4c1e-836e-ad258c0d8bed/RC-B_06_36.png\" data-asset-id=\"8ef5bfcf-e8a5-4b8d-b1c7-19fa98a641a4\" data-image-id=\"8ef5bfcf-e8a5-4b8d-b1c7-19fa98a641a4\" alt=\"\"></figure>"
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"value": "<p>The new IDEA StatiCa version 21.0 aspires to further streamline the engineering design process. We have improved the analytical model for more accurate results. We are speeding up designs by adjusting the position of members relative to each other. Engineers can now slash the time of defining simple and moderate connections because IDEA StatiCa will propose them automatically – a new design proposal feature. Release notes 21 also describe major AISC update with explanations and tips. </p>\n<p>The new 21.0 version of IDEA StatiCa brings another batch of enhancements in Concrete to the engineering community as well. Starting with IDEA StatiCa Member application to be thoroughly verified and taken from BETA, accompanied by a set of improvements to the RCS application, such as fire resistance, or the Detail application, where the main attention has been paid to the CSFM solver. This all helps our application to provide faster calculations while improving stability and reliability.</p>\n<p>Calculate yesterday’s estimates!</p>\n<h2>News for Steel</h2>\n<h3>Updated CBFEM solver</h3>\n<ul>\n <li>30 % faster calculation times</li>\n <li>More accurate modeling of hollow sections connection </li>\n <li>A new set of verifications and guidelines to interpret results between versions</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"521c376f-96f7-4217-b0ee-29cc1d404d34\" href=\"\">Find out more</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Connection design improvements</h3>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"ee6229e8-74a9-4d81-8885-1cff547e4ead\" href=\"\">Top of steel modeling options; the relative position of members</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"b520bdb9-5eed-4c7c-8a85-c55747fe7d62\" href=\"\">Fatigue analysis: nominal stress</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"78b4dbf9-2460-4648-91a2-a44c54525c78\" href=\"\">AISC code-compliance update, new seismic connection templates</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"3ae00502-96d0-4d71-9d9e-89026f33e885\" href=\"\">Automated selection of connection design templates</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"b1458c26-712b-4e35-a825-43f7991e6308\" href=\"\">Rotational capacity limited by bolt and weld failure</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"70ea715a-9e1e-4832-b615-777d72cb930f\" href=\"\">Traffic-light results for forces in bolts</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"10388a66-2e50-4cf3-86bf-8fd0ddab836f\" href=\"\">Extended anchorage formulas; specifics for Russian standard</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"6ba36654-fe5a-4422-bd7a-0d62abcf2833\" href=\"\">Anchorage formulas, tooltips</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Bulk selection with Viewer</h3>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"4b50449e-978d-49d2-9340-066edf43e30e\" href=\"\">The Viewer can now export multiple connections</a> from CAD/BIM applications in one go</li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Steel member design without limits </h3>\n<ul>\n <li>New application IDEA StatiCa Member is going LIVE: It designs general steel members including connections (the application Connection is embedded in it)</li>\n <li>Structural engineer no longer has to estimate the effects of the boundary conditions and can analyze and check members of any topology and loading </li>\n <li>Ability to analyze imperfections, large deformations (2nd order), non-linearities, torsion and warping</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"6ae5ab82-3d6c-4c6c-a812-7f8f1ec7dc2d\" href=\"\">Find out more</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>News for Concrete and Prestressing</h2>\n<h3>Design enhancements in RCS and Detail</h3>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"c9d4974e-2ae8-4f70-abc6-5f110e74c716\" href=\"\">Fire resistance of slender columns</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"43496020-132d-4159-b31c-d1cd14198e4f\" href=\"\">Extension of stiffness calculation</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"a460f91a-cd3b-420d-9369-6e4833befd6c\" href=\"\">Improvement of interaction check</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"dc5cf57d-5669-49fb-bcd9-e83e32e2e425\" href=\"\">Updated crack width check</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"e891a412-d4f5-4473-8e9c-bded813ee5e3\" href=\"\">CSFM analysis speed improvements</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>New concrete workflows with IDEA StatiCa Member</h3>\n<ul>\n <li>The new application IDEA StatiCa Member is going LIVE: It designs concrete members with complex cross-sections and has the application RCS embedded in it</li>\n <li>All ULS and SLS checks for critical beams and frames of varying topologies, including capacity, shear, torsion, interaction, stress limitation, and crack width</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"879fe0ab-6957-40c6-934a-11dcc189ac84\" href=\"\">Find out more</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>BIM links</h2>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"a2d8bf12-cff7-45ae-92c4-b1e7e75c95a2\" href=\"\">Update of the supported version of 3<sup>rd</sup> party software</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>User portal and Licensing </h2>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"46cf750d-6c89-41af-bf0c-b32d12c6e186\" href=\"\">New portal to manage licenses and submit support cases</a></li>\n</ul>"
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"value": "<p><em>Note: Connection Browser was renamed to </em><em><strong>Connection Library</strong></em><em> with version 23.0 (April, 2023).</em></p>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa 21.1 is the second release of the year and brings more features than the spring one. What did we try to achieve with this version? We are pushing our BIM workflows to the next level, allowing engineers to design more in reinforced and prestressed concrete, and implement plenty of features for connection design we were asked to from around the world by you - our customers.</p>\n<p>Enjoy and Calculate yesterday's estimates!</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"d5d9c268_4f7b_01a7_be7e_4f1e14c6eb48\"></object>\n<h2>News for BIM</h2>\n<p>Reliable BIM workflows are key for effective project work. That is why we have invested in the massive upgrade of the \"Code-Check Manager\" application. We also gave it a better name: the <a data-item-id=\"4074acd5-0f5f-40f9-aa70-ac1ff373919d\" href=\"\">Checkbot</a>. 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IDEA StatiCa Member, equipped with a new GMNIA solver in version 21.1, provides a reliable tool for engineers who need to deliver clear and comprehensive design reports of slender columns. <a data-item-id=\"87b9d2ac-7457-4179-b8ef-32ff8ec8f822\" href=\"\">Read more about slender column design.</a></p>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa Detail has proven to be a unique structural design tool for critical members and details in reinforced concrete structures. Version 21.1 expands IDEA StatiCa Detail to pre-stressed concrete as well. Engineers can now understand, design and code-check discontinuities in pre-cast members and details. This dramatically decreases the time needed to design pre-stressed beams, diaphragms, etc. <a data-item-id=\"0da35ada-445f-4099-85e6-95621c010fea\" href=\"\">Read more about designing prestressed discontinuity regions.</a></p>\n<p>Other improvements in concrete and pre-stressing include:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"35d89861-cb2d-4650-8b12-d26a4d5e3603\" href=\"\">Speeding up the solver of IDEA StatiCa for the design of concrete discontinuities by up to 30 %</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"754996ca-bca4-4953-aac7-de7b6aa4598a\" href=\"\">Enhanced crack width check of cross-sections with a large concrete cover</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"11428b88-a3f6-4b73-8e0e-3080894c3633\" href=\"\">Bulk import from DXF drawing</a> to Detail (in patch 21.1.1 and onwards)</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"73df02c3-5ea5-460a-b0e2-0738bca2595f\" href=\"\">Ordering of load cases in Detail</a> (in patch 21.1.1 and onwards)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>News for Steel</h2>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa Connection is quickly becoming the standard choice for <a data-item-id=\"b0a659df-8f92-4d1f-abb6-2efa02bad946\" href=\"\">connection design</a> worldwide. Version 21.1 brings various code-check and modeling improvements as well as a new approach to handle repetitive connection designs.</p>\n<p>Connection Browser is here! This unique tool will help you find a suitable design solution from a library of predefined designs and apply them right away. The Connection Browser will work with three databases of steel connections. The first is the set defined by IDEA StatiCa in every installation. The second is the set of connection designs created and saved by each user. The third will be a company set of connections each of our customers can create and maintain (this will be released in one of the patches of version 21.1. coming out in a couple of weeks). <a data-item-id=\"5e9b20d3-786d-429b-97aa-f2e8ada196b4\" href=\"\">Read more about the Connection Browser</a>.</p>\n<h3>Connection design and analysis improvements:</h3>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"940e97db-790e-439d-95b7-c99b79c53c43\" href=\"\">Custom number of buckling modes</a> – you can now set up to 30 buckling modes</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"5d9eadfb-a1b8-4e37-ad1f-d17a3287fcea\" href=\"\">European steels according to product sheets</a> – specifically for the UK market</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"174db5ba-2d90-4846-b707-8c98bb6e6050\" href=\"\">3D visualization of deformations</a> of steel members</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"287c55f9-dc18-4fff-a491-71a1641679f6\" href=\"\">Use global/local coordinates in supports settings</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"6a1966e1-7905-4ced-a002-c8f568072d4c\" href=\"\">Improved code-check of welds</a> – as per Eurocode and Indian standard</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"c3e0558d-c799-44e3-8961-57cdbc9434d9\" href=\"\">Bearing type options for bolts</a> now fully replaced</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"1ecd38ea-c2c8-4753-9b2b-c6288be8d2b3\" href=\"\">Right-click mouse button design proposal</a> (in patch 21.1.2 and onwards)</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"97f7c92f-a7e8-45a5-978b-3187a9925415\" href=\"\">Surface - all around new cutting method</a> (in patch 21.1.2 and onwards)</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"f89307a5-4bac-4632-bb5f-1a2586f199a3\" href=\"\">Through bolts for hollow sections warning</a> (in patch 21.1.2 and onwards)</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"7510a749-ad18-4a34-bacf-44b7b9647bde\" href=\"\">Slip resistance check update according to SP16</a> (in patch 21.1.4 and onwards)</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"0f256907-a887-4488-93c1-a30f11220a33\" href=\"\">Baseplate connection without anchors</a> (in patch 21.1.4 and onwards)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Licensing</h2>\n<p>Some outdated applications will be removed from the 21.1 install file. 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"value": "<p><em>Note: Connection Browser was renamed to </em><em><strong>Connection Library</strong></em><em> with version 23.0 (April, 2023).</em></p>\n<p>The first is the set defined by IDEA StatiCa in every installation. The second is the set of connection designs created and saved by each user. The third will be a company set of connections each of our customers can create and maintain (this will be released in one of the patches of version 21.1. coming out in a couple of weeks).</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n60f675bc_99fa_0187_d4aa_82a151e24d77\"></object>\n<p>The Connection Browser allows you to find a suitable design solution from a library of predefined designs and directly apply it to your members. Connection Browser is going to replace the old Template manager in the future. Nevertheless, for the time being, you can find both in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"87d857ef-f86a-4c63-8bd6-da233dc6eb90\" data-image-id=\"87d857ef-f86a-4c63-8bd6-da233dc6eb90\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a49514a3-67eb-4c41-89e3-8eda2d857581/Browser%201.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"87d857ef-f86a-4c63-8bd6-da233dc6eb90\" data-image-id=\"87d857ef-f86a-4c63-8bd6-da233dc6eb90\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection Browser\"></figure>\n<p>There are three new buttons dedicated to the <a data-item-id=\"b0a659df-8f92-4d1f-abb6-2efa02bad946\" href=\"\">Connection</a> Browser. The <strong>Propose</strong> button opens the Connection design browser, a general library of saved designs. 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The proposer will filter the topologies based on your selection.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a306ad16-681b-40b0-83ae-3d4a81a0c2b6\" data-image-id=\"a306ad16-681b-40b0-83ae-3d4a81a0c2b6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3533489c-b6de-4b9d-87f9-a5906eeb4d9e/Browser%203.png\" data-asset-id=\"a306ad16-681b-40b0-83ae-3d4a81a0c2b6\" data-image-id=\"a306ad16-681b-40b0-83ae-3d4a81a0c2b6\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection Browser\"></figure>\n<p>Once you find a suitable design, it is directly applied to the selected part of the joint.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6c8aee83-dfe4-4a27-917f-4e71ed7e03a7\" data-image-id=\"6c8aee83-dfe4-4a27-917f-4e71ed7e03a7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4234fc71-8282-4681-b6c6-078965a5aa91/Browser%204.jfif\" data-asset-id=\"6c8aee83-dfe4-4a27-917f-4e71ed7e03a7\" data-image-id=\"6c8aee83-dfe4-4a27-917f-4e71ed7e03a7\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection Browser\"></figure>\n<p>To display the full content of the library, switch the Topology to None. You can also filter the designs based on different criteria: Designs including bolts or welds or switch on/off the IDEA StatiCa default library of designs or your private (User-made) design set.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1969d115-1025-4d87-baed-16880bc37327\" data-image-id=\"1969d115-1025-4d87-baed-16880bc37327\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a63a5c77-a58c-45e8-b648-8541919d9d46/Browser%209.png\" data-asset-id=\"1969d115-1025-4d87-baed-16880bc37327\" data-image-id=\"1969d115-1025-4d87-baed-16880bc37327\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection Browser\"></figure>\n<p>You can now add any created custom design into the library by selecting the <strong>Publish</strong> command from the ribbon. In the following dialogue, you can specify the Connection Design Set (CDS) where the design will be saved. At the moment, the design will be included into the user's private library – User Data Set. More will come in future versions of IDEA StatiCa (the possibility to share the designs, etc.).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4ae473fe-6f4d-474d-8bb7-e331ab02c6e8\" data-image-id=\"4ae473fe-6f4d-474d-8bb7-e331ab02c6e8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f4fc622a-ad46-4e8e-80d6-b29f93574dbc/Browser%208.png\" data-asset-id=\"4ae473fe-6f4d-474d-8bb7-e331ab02c6e8\" data-image-id=\"4ae473fe-6f4d-474d-8bb7-e331ab02c6e8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The newly added custom design will be available in the Connection Browser (under the Propose dialogue) for further use in the design workflow.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ba19d19f-ba3c-4c28-a8fa-d73a2e93f458\" data-image-id=\"ba19d19f-ba3c-4c28-a8fa-d73a2e93f458\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/55933201-5d49-4ab0-858e-6aa16c67de07/Browser%206.png\" data-asset-id=\"ba19d19f-ba3c-4c28-a8fa-d73a2e93f458\" data-image-id=\"ba19d19f-ba3c-4c28-a8fa-d73a2e93f458\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection Browser\"></figure>\n<p>All the user connection design items can be managed by the <strong>Manage</strong> command in the ribbon: you can easily delete and edit the designs (in the current version, only the name and version can be modified, more will come soon).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4d1808dd-3d61-476e-a13e-eed21e14e0bc\" data-image-id=\"4d1808dd-3d61-476e-a13e-eed21e14e0bc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e2049a0a-9392-45d4-9a7a-30a23f5e4f97/Browser%207.png\" data-asset-id=\"4d1808dd-3d61-476e-a13e-eed21e14e0bc\" data-image-id=\"4d1808dd-3d61-476e-a13e-eed21e14e0bc\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection Browser\"></figure>\n<p>Migration of current templates – the current feature for templates in IDEA StatiCa Connection will gradually be replaced by the Connection Browser. 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"value": "<p><em>Note: Connection Browser was renamed to </em><em><strong>Connection Library</strong></em><em> with version 23.0 (April, 2023).</em></p>\n<p>Check all the features in IDEA StatiCa 22.0 and compare them with the <a data-item-id=\"5e9b20d3-786d-429b-97aa-f2e8ada196b4\" href=\"\">Connection Browser (v21.1)</a> introduced in the previous version.</p>\n<h3>Company set of your designs</h3>\n<p>A company connection design set is a set of saved designs (templates) created by you or your colleagues from the same company. The set is accessible for all users from the company (based on the company license group), while users from different companies cannot see, use or access these design items.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"75a5a3d4-37a4-4876-9061-ec722939656f\" data-image-id=\"75a5a3d4-37a4-4876-9061-ec722939656f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/8a9d738f-6bf6-4dbc-b8f3-470a3b98db1d/ConBr-CompanySet_3.png\" data-asset-id=\"75a5a3d4-37a4-4876-9061-ec722939656f\" data-image-id=\"75a5a3d4-37a4-4876-9061-ec722939656f\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Company set of connection designs\"></figure>\n<p>Every user from a company can search and apply the saved company designs as well as add a new design to the company set. After creating your custom connection, press the <strong>Publish</strong> button in the top ribbon, specify the description and select the Connection Design Set (CDS) to save your connection as a new template. The Private items will be available only for you, while the Company is shared with your colleagues. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b80af4a3-e6f9-42c9-a073-215666a8ef0f\" data-image-id=\"b80af4a3-e6f9-42c9-a073-215666a8ef0f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9abcdffa-9fe8-43fa-9ead-1054ba3521a5/ConBr-CompanySet_4.png\" data-asset-id=\"b80af4a3-e6f9-42c9-a073-215666a8ef0f\" data-image-id=\"b80af4a3-e6f9-42c9-a073-215666a8ef0f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>To view and manage your Private and Company design sets, use the <strong>Manage </strong>button in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a0bd986a-7116-441e-9b2d-153488cbe1f0\" data-image-id=\"a0bd986a-7116-441e-9b2d-153488cbe1f0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c0d488e1-c823-48a0-bf0e-7aaa1f8d894a/ConBr-CompanySet_5.png\" data-asset-id=\"a0bd986a-7116-441e-9b2d-153488cbe1f0\" data-image-id=\"a0bd986a-7116-441e-9b2d-153488cbe1f0\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Company set of connection designs\"></figure>\n<h3>Introduction video of the Company sets in the new Connection Browser:</h3>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n16144ee1_3986_010f_8bf5_cde4c65ee011\"></object>\n<h3>Improved filters to manage designs</h3>\n<p>In the Connection Browser (opened by the <strong>Propose </strong>button from the top ribbon), you can find a gallery of all saved designs proposed for a given geometry (see <a data-item-id=\"5e9b20d3-786d-429b-97aa-f2e8ada196b4\" href=\"\">the article from Release notes 21.1</a> to get familiar with the interface and find out how to work with the geometry). To easily find the desired design, you can switch on and off items based on the used connectors (anchors, bolts, weld, cleats) by the filter on left.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"546341a7-951b-4741-b920-7aed19a43a8a\" data-image-id=\"546341a7-951b-4741-b920-7aed19a43a8a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3052695a-20fd-4c26-a49c-ad78ec1ce2e7/ConBr-Connectors_1.png\" data-asset-id=\"546341a7-951b-4741-b920-7aed19a43a8a\" data-image-id=\"546341a7-951b-4741-b920-7aed19a43a8a\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Company set of connection designs\"></figure>\n<p>Above the gallery preview of the designs, you can turn on and off the three different sets of designs:</p>\n<p><em><strong>IDEA StatiCa connection design set</strong></em><em> is a set of design items (templates) created for you by IDEA StatiCa team and accessible for all users without limitation.</em></p>\n<p><em><strong>Private connection design set</strong></em><em> is a set of design items (templates) created by a user and accessible only by the user (based on user account). No other users can see, use or access these design items.</em></p>\n<p><em><strong>Company connection design set</strong></em><em> is a set of design items (templates) created by users from a company and accessible by users from a company (based on company account license group). Users from different companies cannot see, use or access these design items.</em></p>\n<h3>The right-mouse button opens the Connection Browser</h3>\n<p>This feature is another step of the Connection Browser integration into IDEA StatiCa Connection interface and replaces the similar old-style feature under the right-mouse button. Shortcut for those of you who like to be super fast - the right-click on a member in the 3D scene automatically proposes designs that fit from your library.</p>\n<p>The UI of the right mouse button features <strong>Connect to</strong>,<strong> Anchor</strong>, and<strong> Modify</strong> remains the same. Instead of a solid set of general templates, the Connection Browser proposes designs that fit the number of selected members, their geometry, and cross-sections.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a299ab8d-bff8-4914-8f6d-618dfbd368e0\" data-image-id=\"a299ab8d-bff8-4914-8f6d-618dfbd368e0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b4bdf242-d59f-4266-a7b9-f7ddeba7513e/Right-click%20mouse%20button%20design%20proposal.png\" data-asset-id=\"a299ab8d-bff8-4914-8f6d-618dfbd368e0\" data-image-id=\"a299ab8d-bff8-4914-8f6d-618dfbd368e0\" alt=\"Developer mode\"></figure>\n<p>The right-click selection workflow with integrated Connection Browser:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Click the right mouse button at a member</li>\n <li>Click on <strong>Connect to</strong> (or Anchor or Modify)</li>\n <li>You can select one or multiple members to connect to. Multiple members can be selected either by holding CTRL or SHIFT key or by dragging the mouse in the scene</li>\n <li>Press Spacebar to confirm the selection</li>\n <li>Choose one of the proposed designs in the Connection Browser</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The right-mouse button feature has been available since the 21.1.1 patch.</p>\n<h3>Selection functionality</h3>\n<p>As mentioned above, you can use the selection of multiple members by holding the CTRL or SHIFT key and selecting them in the scene. Confirm the selection by the spacebar key or Enter key or by another right-mouse click.</p>\n<p>Alternatively, you can select multiple members by clicking and dragging the selection window. In this case, no confirmation is needed.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"42bdbba1-3713-4a35-8e7f-98d2fc2426a1\" data-image-id=\"42bdbba1-3713-4a35-8e7f-98d2fc2426a1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/998ca24d-c0fc-4cf4-9a3b-ffbf005583a6/ConBr-select_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"42bdbba1-3713-4a35-8e7f-98d2fc2426a1\" data-image-id=\"42bdbba1-3713-4a35-8e7f-98d2fc2426a1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b6177cb5-b4e4-46eb-b29d-0bc9936cbd98\" data-image-id=\"b6177cb5-b4e4-46eb-b29d-0bc9936cbd98\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/656f9fe6-ac1b-40d0-9bec-db4389d8cfd9/ConBr-select_3.png\" data-asset-id=\"b6177cb5-b4e4-46eb-b29d-0bc9936cbd98\" data-image-id=\"b6177cb5-b4e4-46eb-b29d-0bc9936cbd98\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h3>Termination of old Template Manager</h3>\n<p>As you might have noticed, the old-fashioned and outdated Template Manager has been made obsolete in version 22.0. If you need to transfer your custom designs into the new Connection Browser, use the 21.1 version of IDEA StatiCa where both functions are implemented next to each other. </p>\n<p>Create the design you want to transfer by loading it from the Template Manager in 21.1 and Publish it to Connection Browser to your Private or Company set of designs.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6ea5765c-29c8-48e9-b536-069b1c96fdaa\" data-image-id=\"6ea5765c-29c8-48e9-b536-069b1c96fdaa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/190dd315-b3f6-4cbd-9223-34db31a83569/ConBr-TemplateManager_1.png\" data-asset-id=\"6ea5765c-29c8-48e9-b536-069b1c96fdaa\" data-image-id=\"6ea5765c-29c8-48e9-b536-069b1c96fdaa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Available in both <strong>Expert</strong> and <strong>Enhanced</strong> editions of <a data-item-id=\"f6acf868-1f2d-48e6-8ccb-711f6883d5f7\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Steel</a>.</p>"
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"value": "<p>The scope of this webinar, the pinned anchoring of the main timber frame, was designed back in 2014. The code-check according to Eurocode was performed using the self-made MS Excel spreadsheets and simple paper calculations. With the new feature in IDEA StatiCa 20.0, the design and code-check of timber connections is much easier and provides its native fast optimization capacity.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0a19e10a-b1cf-4d29-a919-d505ebcc29f1\" data-image-id=\"0a19e10a-b1cf-4d29-a919-d505ebcc29f1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/8a027282-afdb-4c2f-af02-404483e6f197/2020-09-09%20Connection%20Wednesdays%20-%20Optimization%20of%20timber%20column%20anchoring5.png\" data-asset-id=\"0a19e10a-b1cf-4d29-a919-d505ebcc29f1\" data-image-id=\"0a19e10a-b1cf-4d29-a919-d505ebcc29f1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The anchoring detail was now remodeled and optimized in IDEA StatiCa Connection resulting in material savings of about 2,000 EUR just for this particular structural detail within the whole project. Do you wonder, how this could be accomplished? Join the Connection Wednesdays webinar and meet the future approach to the design of connections in timber constructions happening today.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3e78ff11-a113-477b-a2d6-f3fd6eecad07\" data-image-id=\"3e78ff11-a113-477b-a2d6-f3fd6eecad07\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/8f7f5d78-2b1b-424d-83a8-08b2e88d535f/2020-09-09%20Connection%20Wednesdays%20-%20Optimization%20of%20timber%20column%20anchoring%20%282%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"3e78ff11-a113-477b-a2d6-f3fd6eecad07\" data-image-id=\"3e78ff11-a113-477b-a2d6-f3fd6eecad07\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>TAROS NOVA a.s. is one of the most creative construction firms with is own design office in the Czech Republic. With the headquarters located in Rožnov pod Radhoštěm under the Beskydy mountains, their engineers focus on timber structures, always keeping in mind the motto „LIFE IS TOO SHORT TO DO WORK THAT IS BORING OR THAT BRINGS NO JOY.“ The specialization of the company is the design and construction of timber, steel, and combined structures, mainly atypical non-conventional challenging buildings and expert consultancy services in timber and structural systems.</p>\n<p>Learn more at <a href=\"http://www.taros-nova.cz/\">http://www.taros-nova.cz/</a></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4b7e78da-0f91-4bfc-a56a-66e8b6f33139\" data-image-id=\"4b7e78da-0f91-4bfc-a56a-66e8b6f33139\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2d906f27-3869-482f-8a5f-d67af4bdd21b/2020-09-09%20Connection%20Wednesdays%20-%20Optimization%20of%20timber%20column%20anchoring%20%282%29.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"4b7e78da-0f91-4bfc-a56a-66e8b6f33139\" data-image-id=\"4b7e78da-0f91-4bfc-a56a-66e8b6f33139\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The Aquarena Elements was designed as a part of the luxury X-BIONIC® resort in Samorin, Slovakia. The whole complex is composed of attractive timber constructions. The swimming pool hall spans over approx. 55 x 37 m with a height of 11 m. The wooden structure consists of twelve main pinned frames of arched shape with a distance of 5 m. Each frame consists of two struts and one rung, which are connected by a semi-rigid joint. Wooden struts are inserted between the frames, which together with the steel rods ensure spatial rigidity.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"dcb4653a-9251-458b-bbfe-c541ddea9ecd\" data-image-id=\"dcb4653a-9251-458b-bbfe-c541ddea9ecd\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4833e0f7-3f9e-4100-bfae-17c0f534959b/2020-09-09%20Connection%20Wednesdays%20-%20Optimization%20of%20timber%20column%20anchoring%20%281%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"dcb4653a-9251-458b-bbfe-c541ddea9ecd\" data-image-id=\"dcb4653a-9251-458b-bbfe-c541ddea9ecd\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Webinar recording</h2>"
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"value": "<p>Steel-to-timber joints are there at the moment only for the check of steel plates and determination of force vectors in fasteners. Gusset plates can be applied as either enclosed or inserted.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"77d5d63a-f694-4fc4-a04d-56cba71990ac\" data-image-id=\"77d5d63a-f694-4fc4-a04d-56cba71990ac\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/66d851b6-b2cf-4c6d-88fb-f31a39793bd7/steel-to-timber.png\" data-asset-id=\"77d5d63a-f694-4fc4-a04d-56cba71990ac\" data-image-id=\"77d5d63a-f694-4fc4-a04d-56cba71990ac\" alt=\"Steel-to-timber joints\"></figure>\n<p>The material properties of timber are not specified. The checks of fasteners and the timber should be performed manually or in another software according to appropriate design rules. Therefore, stiffness analysis is not available. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e784745b-8e33-461b-b15b-dad47606d614\" data-image-id=\"e784745b-8e33-461b-b15b-dad47606d614\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/843342b7-3dce-40ad-8626-fea6ec896f60/steel-to-timber%20code-check.png\" data-asset-id=\"e784745b-8e33-461b-b15b-dad47606d614\" data-image-id=\"e784745b-8e33-461b-b15b-dad47606d614\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The check of any other components of steel connections are code checked as usual.</p>\n<p>Read more about how to work with steel-to-timber joints in the <a data-item-id=\"7e1fa301-759e-4141-933e-ec6eaff7c918\" href=\"\">Knowledge base article</a>. </p>"
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"value": "<p><strong>Steel-to-timber connection </strong>design is another step of enabling users to design and code-check various types of connections and members from multiple materials.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"adafd49a-b073-4d37-827c-2550757e2c6c\" data-image-id=\"adafd49a-b073-4d37-827c-2550757e2c6c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/83b44b4b-4e4c-4f03-896c-e25d2de684d2/Timber2.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"adafd49a-b073-4d37-827c-2550757e2c6c\" data-image-id=\"adafd49a-b073-4d37-827c-2550757e2c6c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Example of steel-to-timber connections</em></p>\n<p>Results on the <strong>connecting steel plates</strong> can be obtained. Code checks for the steel plates are available according to the chosen code. Code checks of timber members, bolts, and dowels are not delivered and must be performed by a third-party application. On the other hand, IDEA StatiCa Connection application delivers acting shear and tension forces on each bolt or dowel for the precise manual code-check.</p>\n<p>See also the <a data-item-id=\"c16f8cbb-a469-4c46-ac70-2090e054fcf1\" href=\"\">Theoretical Background article about Steel-to-timber joints</a>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e784745b-8e33-461b-b15b-dad47606d614\" data-image-id=\"e784745b-8e33-461b-b15b-dad47606d614\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/843342b7-3dce-40ad-8626-fea6ec896f60/steel-to-timber%20code-check.png\" data-asset-id=\"e784745b-8e33-461b-b15b-dad47606d614\" data-image-id=\"e784745b-8e33-461b-b15b-dad47606d614\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h3>Templates and manufacturing operations</h3>\n<p>Two new manufacturing operations were implemented for timber members – Gusset plate and Connecting plate. Users can make the selection in the Manufacturing operations menu.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cf705dff-df2c-4766-90a1-d6f330fe493a\" data-image-id=\"cf705dff-df2c-4766-90a1-d6f330fe493a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5f495321-54ef-48b6-9e81-a2dcce7139b6/TimberManufacturingOperations.png\" data-asset-id=\"cf705dff-df2c-4766-90a1-d6f330fe493a\" data-image-id=\"cf705dff-df2c-4766-90a1-d6f330fe493a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Gusset plate and Connecting plate for timber members manufacturing operations</em></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>To help you with designing of steel-to-timber connections, new templates were added to the application wizard.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"397dd720-98b3-479a-abe2-537b55c884e6\" data-image-id=\"397dd720-98b3-479a-abe2-537b55c884e6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/dc200967-1222-4d39-a79e-0471b11b62a0/Timber_wizard.png\" data-asset-id=\"397dd720-98b3-479a-abe2-537b55c884e6\" data-image-id=\"397dd720-98b3-479a-abe2-537b55c884e6\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Steel-to-timber connection templates</em></p>\n<h3>Updates of the feature</h3>\n<p>Timber connections check was implemented in IDEA StatiCa version 20.0.</p>\n<p>Since 22.0.1 patch, it has been possible to see the resultant grain angle for the bolt check. See the dedicated <a data-item-id=\"eed5a14c-0581-42b1-8a67-7181fb8d4fdf\" href=\"\">Release Notes 22.1 article</a>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1639c709-2c90-40ae-9dc9-099c244779aa\" data-image-id=\"1639c709-2c90-40ae-9dc9-099c244779aa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bcb389d3-f3bc-44ad-a7b5-da46852c5f0a/TimberAngles.png\" data-asset-id=\"1639c709-2c90-40ae-9dc9-099c244779aa\" data-image-id=\"1639c709-2c90-40ae-9dc9-099c244779aa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Since 23.0.1 patch, the warning has been displayed to emphasize that the bolts going through the timber member are not checked (in the 3D scene and in Report).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"944f89ff-6de2-4ddd-a880-e000e29c0474\" data-image-id=\"944f89ff-6de2-4ddd-a880-e000e29c0474\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/0774a5ce-0efc-491c-9bd6-b5e8d0e2a229/Timber%20warning%2023-0.png\" data-asset-id=\"944f89ff-6de2-4ddd-a880-e000e29c0474\" data-image-id=\"944f89ff-6de2-4ddd-a880-e000e29c0474\" alt=\"Timber warning in 23.0.1\"></figure>\n<p>This feature is available for the <strong>Enhanced</strong> version of IDEA StatiCa Steel.</p>\n<h3>Webinars and other resources</h3>\n<p>Check out the possibilities of the timber connections check in practice in the recording of the <a data-item-id=\"b57ff28d-bfd1-40a5-bd3a-081042f90081\" href=\"\">Connection Wednesdays - Optimization of timber column anchoring</a> webinar.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"02008f76-2a47-4cbc-9d36-4b452d9939f5\" data-image-id=\"02008f76-2a47-4cbc-9d36-4b452d9939f5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bc92f8a6-c95d-4d5b-945a-4cad2c7f07c7/2020-09-09%20Connection%20Wednesdays%20-%20Optimization%20of%20timber%20column%20anchoring.png\" data-asset-id=\"02008f76-2a47-4cbc-9d36-4b452d9939f5\" data-image-id=\"02008f76-2a47-4cbc-9d36-4b452d9939f5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>In our blog, you can read an article about <a data-item-id=\"d8e3456b-1ac7-4a63-9eed-1a60eea8542e\" href=\"\">Designing steel-to-timber connections</a> from July 2020.</p>\n<p>Take a look at the case study of a <a data-item-id=\"b016f9ce-4868-4abd-be3e-8c94465267d0\" href=\"\">Family home in Massachusetts</a> done by our customer - the CRAFT Engineers.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"65e75ec6-9518-4a30-bd03-0085c18b0f0f\" data-image-id=\"65e75ec6-9518-4a30-bd03-0085c18b0f0f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d77dda04-b786-40ad-8696-3b7b35eca684/Steel%20to%20timber%20connection.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"65e75ec6-9518-4a30-bd03-0085c18b0f0f\" data-image-id=\"65e75ec6-9518-4a30-bd03-0085c18b0f0f\" alt=\"Family home in Massachusetts\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d8a5ec60-001c-4cc5-85a4-a7a17f3fb457\" data-image-id=\"d8a5ec60-001c-4cc5-85a4-a7a17f3fb457\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e5e277b9-b347-4bbd-9c3c-04ae623d796f/Family%20Home%20in%20Massachusetts%204.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"d8a5ec60-001c-4cc5-85a4-a7a17f3fb457\" data-image-id=\"d8a5ec60-001c-4cc5-85a4-a7a17f3fb457\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"eef2a0e0_b878_01b2_1668_5489fe50626f\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>Type of connection: Double angle cleat connection</p>\n<p>Unit system: Metric</p>\n<p>Designed acc. to: AS 4100</p>\n<p>Investigated: Bolts, base metal</p>\n<p>Plate material: Grade 300</p>\n<p>Bolts: M20 Grade 8.8</p>\n<p>Example taken from: B. Kirke, I.H. Al-Jamel. <em>Steel Structures: Design Manual To AS 4100</em>, 2004 – Chapter 9.4.1.1</p>\n<h2>Geometry</h2>\n<p>Beam UB 406×178×60 is connected to column UC 254×254×89 by two angles L100×6.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"739b038b-e001-46d2-9b14-34dd30946a33\" data-image-id=\"739b038b-e001-46d2-9b14-34dd30946a33\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2ac390b5-7d26-47e0-bc8f-d452cd8bbd6e/DACC1.png\" data-asset-id=\"739b038b-e001-46d2-9b14-34dd30946a33\" data-image-id=\"739b038b-e001-46d2-9b14-34dd30946a33\" alt=\"Double angle cleat connection\"></figure>\n<p>M20 bolts grade 8.8 are selected with the pitch of 70 mm.</p>\n<h2>Applied load</h2>\n<p>The beam is loaded by shear force 190 kN. To be conservative, for the design of bolts at the beam web, the shear force should be at the position of the column face so that the group of bolts is loaded also by bending moment – select forces in position 130 mm. For the design of angles and the group of bolts at the column face, the shear force should be applied at the position of centre of gravity of the bolts at the beam web – select forces in bolts.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"31f3214d-74de-4ce4-b6a7-8d3e9d58213d\" data-image-id=\"31f3214d-74de-4ce4-b6a7-8d3e9d58213d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/479452e0-16b2-42b4-8ef9-911f209cdbb8/DACC3.png\" data-asset-id=\"31f3214d-74de-4ce4-b6a7-8d3e9d58213d\" data-image-id=\"31f3214d-74de-4ce4-b6a7-8d3e9d58213d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Comparison between manual calculation and IDEA StatiCa</h2>\n<p>The results of B. Kirke, I.H. Al-Jamel. <em>Steel Structures: Design Manual To AS 4100</em>, 2004 – Chapter 9.4.1.1 are used as manual calculation.</p>\n<h3>Connection of web of beam</h3>\n<p>The group of bolts are loaded by the shear force 190 kN and bending moment resulting from the distance between the applied load at the face of the column and the centre of gravity of the bolt group at the beam web, 190 kN × 65 mm = 12.35 kNm. The maximum force in bolt was calculated as 71.1 kN. Results of IDEA is in the figure below. The arrows show the reaction of the plate on the bolt force.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5796395a-b10a-4631-ad87-60784bd99f1b\" data-image-id=\"5796395a-b10a-4631-ad87-60784bd99f1b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2f711c7b-28a5-45eb-b89d-742b6fa1e604/DACC5.png\" data-asset-id=\"5796395a-b10a-4631-ad87-60784bd99f1b\" data-image-id=\"5796395a-b10a-4631-ad87-60784bd99f1b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The maximum force is in the bolt B4, each shear plane transfers 36.3 kN, i.e. the whole bolt transfers 2 × 36.3 = 72.6 kN, which closely coincides with the manual calculation.</p>\n<p>The bolt resistances use formulas from AS 4100 so that they coincide perfectly, e.g. the bolt shear resistance check (each shear plane is checked separately):</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e91ee787-9d17-4842-91b7-2cc0c7bbf33d\" data-image-id=\"e91ee787-9d17-4842-91b7-2cc0c7bbf33d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/39290085-2dcc-4244-8fa7-533b3e4293fe/DACC7.png\" data-asset-id=\"e91ee787-9d17-4842-91b7-2cc0c7bbf33d\" data-image-id=\"e91ee787-9d17-4842-91b7-2cc0c7bbf33d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The tearing resistances in manual calculation divides the shear force into components in directions directly towards the ply edge. On the other hand, IDEA StatiCa uses the direction of the vector in the formula. Only the most decisive check is shown for each bolt.</p>\n<p>Bolts in IDEA StatiCa are loaded also by small tensile forces due to the deformation of plates. These forces are neglected in manual calculation.</p>\n<h3>Connection to column flange</h3>\n<p>For the check of bolts at the column flange, the force is applied at the centre of gravity of bolts at the beam web. The bolts are loaded by significant tensile force and this is also decisive for the deformation of the angles. Plastic strain is shown in the figure below. The limit plastic strain is 5 % according to European code EN 1993-1-5.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8120f38d-3107-48a6-b6cb-158c1ff4c4e3\" data-image-id=\"8120f38d-3107-48a6-b6cb-158c1ff4c4e3\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/298b02d5-4d23-4a92-bf61-e03b40b1db8a/DACC8.png\" data-asset-id=\"8120f38d-3107-48a6-b6cb-158c1ff4c4e3\" data-image-id=\"8120f38d-3107-48a6-b6cb-158c1ff4c4e3\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The maximal tensile force is in the upper row of bolts, B8 and B12. Notice the decrease in shear forces of bolts B1–B4 which are loaded only by the shear force and no bending moment. The shear forces in bolts B5–B12 are higher than according to manual calculation: <em>V</em><sub>f</sub>* = 190 / 8 = 23.75 kN. This difference is caused by significant deformation of the angles, which also causes the inclination of shear forces.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f943f443-7d52-4ed4-81e2-54d5c6671181\" data-image-id=\"f943f443-7d52-4ed4-81e2-54d5c6671181\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/49ee0daf-3881-4e1c-aa2f-bee9e373409b/DACC9.png\" data-asset-id=\"f943f443-7d52-4ed4-81e2-54d5c6671181\" data-image-id=\"f943f443-7d52-4ed4-81e2-54d5c6671181\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Joint design resistance</h2>\n<p>The reserve in the load resistance can be seen by the joint design resistance type of analysis. Due to the yielding of angles, the reserve is low. The joint would fail at load factor 103.4 %, i.e. shear force <em>V</em><sub>f</sub>* = 196.5 kN.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0aa1084b-f2ec-4809-a459-5874cb588350\" data-image-id=\"0aa1084b-f2ec-4809-a459-5874cb588350\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d6652ef2-b631-4e70-a6e7-7e93ceeb87d3/DACC11.png\" data-asset-id=\"0aa1084b-f2ec-4809-a459-5874cb588350\" data-image-id=\"0aa1084b-f2ec-4809-a459-5874cb588350\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Stiffness</h2>\n<p>The stiffness of the connection can be determined by setting the type of analysis to \"Stiffness\", setting the beam as the analyzed member, and setting the correct \"Theoretical length\" of analyzed member (usually the beam span, centre to centre of columns). The software calculates the secant stiffness at the set load and the initial stiffness at 2/3 <em>M</em><sub>j,Rd</sub>, up to which the moment–rotation diagram is assumed linear. 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"value": "<h2>Cleat manufacturing operation improvements </h2>\n<p>Cleat connections are popular among designers and engineers for their versatility. There are basically two main improvements in designing of members connected by a cleat. Both are very popular mainly in the US market. </p>\n<ul>\n <li>Any two perpendicular general plates cutting each other can be now connected by a cleat. The same is operation is valid for connecting any general plate with a member plate.</li>\n <li>T-stub cross-section can be used to replace L-shapes in the Cleat manufacturing operation or to connect flanges and webs. Thanks to this, bolted connection types can now be designed faster.</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"30fbaafa-098b-4741-9a59-def1ae83e474\" data-image-id=\"30fbaafa-098b-4741-9a59-def1ae83e474\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1ce94407-6f7a-4433-818e-d5a30041d3fd/cleat%20manufacturing%20operations.png\" data-asset-id=\"30fbaafa-098b-4741-9a59-def1ae83e474\" data-image-id=\"30fbaafa-098b-4741-9a59-def1ae83e474\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Find out more about the cleat manufacturing operations in our <a data-item-id=\"d38df616-7e67-455d-b55c-47f08803f008\" href=\"\">Knowledge base</a>.</p>\n<h2>Notch on a member</h2>\n<p>The notch on a member is another improvement added manufacturing operation added to version 20. </p>\n<p>In the past, when you came across a case of the members' clash, the opening-notches had to be defined manually by the Opening manufacturing operation on the member flanges. This situation was causing an increased quantity of manufacturing operations. </p>\n<p>From now on, the feature Notch can be used whenever it is needed to avoid clashes between column-beam or beam-beam. This feature is implemented to Manufacturing operations End plate, Fin plate, Cleat.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7f516587-44d1-4c01-a0a2-c5f1bcc5e118\" data-image-id=\"7f516587-44d1-4c01-a0a2-c5f1bcc5e118\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e24b565e-edee-4c85-b5e9-0c15d5e557a6/Notch%20on%20a%20member_MainPicture.png\" data-asset-id=\"7f516587-44d1-4c01-a0a2-c5f1bcc5e118\" data-image-id=\"7f516587-44d1-4c01-a0a2-c5f1bcc5e118\" alt=\"Notch on a member\"></figure>\n<p>Find out more about this manufacturing operation in our <a data-item-id=\"f38f8b37-9823-4fe2-81fc-821864469902\" href=\"\">Knowledge base</a>.</p>\n<p>Both above-mentioned improvements are available for the <strong>Expert</strong> and <strong>Enhanced</strong> version of IDEA StatiCa Steel. </p>\n<h2>More about IDEA StatiCa version 20</h2>\n<p>The new version of IDEA StatiCa is the biggest implementation of customer feedback and wishes we have had in years. </p>\n<p>Except for the new online licensing system, version 20 brought a vast amount on improvements for steel connection design. Besides the manufacturing improvements, you can enjoy about <a href=\"\" data-item-id=\"0f93d36d-3e6b-41a8-af16-f25bad7d3811\">110 new connection templates added to the starting wizard</a>, brand new <a href=\"\" data-item-id=\"7e1fa301-759e-4141-933e-ec6eaff7c918\">steel-to-timber connections</a>, or usability improvements thanks to the <a href=\"\" data-item-id=\"71d5abf9-fbb5-419d-94bd-c2752edf272a\">cross-section library favorites</a>. </p>\n<p>We continue with spreading IDEA StatiCa to new regions, that is why the Indian and Hong Kong codes were added to the growing list of supported codes. </p>\n<p>Would you like to see more of the new features? <a href=\"\" data-item-id=\"4ba1aea8-5819-4504-bfc7-717be84625d1\">Read full release notes for Steel </a>or even better – watch the recording of <strong>version 20 introduction webinar</strong>:</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"b59f3caf_e9dd_0174_46e3_00365feafa04\"></object>"
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"value": "<p><em>Note: Connection Browser was renamed to </em><em><strong>Connection Library</strong></em><em> with version 23.0 (April, 2023).</em></p>\n<p>In this webinar, we will show you some of the frequently asked questions about modeling in IDEA StatiCa. During the session 15 modeling tips within different operations (stiffening plate, gusset, cleat, bolt, etc.) will be shared.</p>\n<p>We will also talk about loading position and model type. We will finish up with some Q&A from the audience.</p>\n<p><a data-asset-id=\"523bcec3-0171-498f-8aed-a3395e0145f4\" href=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bcfde793-35dc-4f1f-b5cd-a021a94f4348/Modeling%20tips%20and%20tricks%20PDF.pdf\">Presentation PDF</a></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n7cf90cca_547b_013d_c6ce_c05165676a8f\"></object>\n<p>Here you can see a summary of what was shared in the webinar, we prepared all the tips with screenshots and steps to follow:</p>\n<h2>1. Avoid using offsets</h2>\n<p>The use of offsets should be avoided as they can lead to eccentricities which can produce an extra moment once loads are applied.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"40b28877-db96-4c52-a7cf-3c9146887af0\" data-image-id=\"40b28877-db96-4c52-a7cf-3c9146887af0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/459229b7-28e7-4b89-a3de-d6bbed0e239b/Ofsset%201.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"40b28877-db96-4c52-a7cf-3c9146887af0\" data-image-id=\"40b28877-db96-4c52-a7cf-3c9146887af0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>2. Use operations instead of offsets</h2>\n<p>Some operations (such as shear tab, cleat, end plate, etc.) include the cut operation by default. However, sometimes you need to add a <strong>member cut operation</strong> before applying the mentioned operations.</p>\n<p>Also, there is the option to use <strong>align plates</strong> and locate a member without using offsets, for example, when you have beam to beam joint or 2 different height beams connected to the column.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c4145f38-b3d9-4f24-a1f1-8265fbbfea96\" data-image-id=\"c4145f38-b3d9-4f24-a1f1-8265fbbfea96\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c65e39ef-8ffa-4c73-8c80-095f9af55bb5/Cut%20operation%20Column.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"c4145f38-b3d9-4f24-a1f1-8265fbbfea96\" data-image-id=\"c4145f38-b3d9-4f24-a1f1-8265fbbfea96\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e6432b15-1d0e-4f18-892e-fb315f24e069\" data-image-id=\"e6432b15-1d0e-4f18-892e-fb315f24e069\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/744be5b2-2a0a-495a-a892-6c18316c5bfc/Align%20plates.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"e6432b15-1d0e-4f18-892e-fb315f24e069\" data-image-id=\"e6432b15-1d0e-4f18-892e-fb315f24e069\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e55e6b53-054c-43c1-b1d3-6bdfef8361aa\" data-image-id=\"e55e6b53-054c-43c1-b1d3-6bdfef8361aa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ea9dad7e-f23a-4979-b322-b0622b8dd3f2/Aligned%20plates%202.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"e55e6b53-054c-43c1-b1d3-6bdfef8361aa\" data-image-id=\"e55e6b53-054c-43c1-b1d3-6bdfef8361aa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>3. Model type selection</h2>\n<p>This is a frequent question, which model type should be used for selected members? That means what forces the member is transferring to the system/node and what are their boundary conditions:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Fully fixed member - <strong>N-Vy-Vz-Mx-My-Mz</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"07ec64f5-1401-49f7-969b-ec2785620b6e\" data-image-id=\"07ec64f5-1401-49f7-969b-ec2785620b6e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d6526e53-5958-4552-b990-d6e7364e1562/Fullyfized.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"07ec64f5-1401-49f7-969b-ec2785620b6e\" data-image-id=\"07ec64f5-1401-49f7-969b-ec2785620b6e\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Fixed in strong strong axis - <strong>N-Vz-My</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e4b34d19-cefe-47ff-86e7-8d4890cd98c7\" data-image-id=\"e4b34d19-cefe-47ff-86e7-8d4890cd98c7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6cb2913d-d429-427a-9f4f-34e156d2bfb5/strong.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"e4b34d19-cefe-47ff-86e7-8d4890cd98c7\" data-image-id=\"e4b34d19-cefe-47ff-86e7-8d4890cd98c7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Fixed in weak axis - <strong>N-Vy-Mz</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8f3cdb77-1ee0-4008-b293-3692b11935d2\" data-image-id=\"8f3cdb77-1ee0-4008-b293-3692b11935d2\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4de3c5f1-cda2-4db5-b816-977cef7dcc4c/weak.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"8f3cdb77-1ee0-4008-b293-3692b11935d2\" data-image-id=\"8f3cdb77-1ee0-4008-b293-3692b11935d2\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Pinned <strong>N-Vy-Vz </strong></li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4dc7f9a0-adea-4531-b69d-2847ba13ec1c\" data-image-id=\"4dc7f9a0-adea-4531-b69d-2847ba13ec1c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/feb60f69-da5e-470a-9d92-22b008079067/Pinned.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"4dc7f9a0-adea-4531-b69d-2847ba13ec1c\" data-image-id=\"4dc7f9a0-adea-4531-b69d-2847ba13ec1c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>4. Using a dxf to create plate geometry</h2>\n<p>When creating a new plate, IDEA StatiCa has the option to bring a design from a <strong>DXF drawing</strong>, following the next instructions the feature can be tested:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7174c2f7-2bba-489d-86ad-47e80e43d0ea\" data-image-id=\"7174c2f7-2bba-489d-86ad-47e80e43d0ea\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b47bcff3-c89e-41ed-a762-e00ad43aaf8b/DXF%20Drawing2.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"7174c2f7-2bba-489d-86ad-47e80e43d0ea\" data-image-id=\"7174c2f7-2bba-489d-86ad-47e80e43d0ea\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>5. Applying gusset plate operation to an existing plate</h2>\n<p>When using a gusset plate operation, the operation itself can create a new plate, but if there is the case that the plate is already in the model, the option of the <strong>existing plate</strong> in the model.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6d09e507-57af-4387-a11f-5d8b3452688d\" data-image-id=\"6d09e507-57af-4387-a11f-5d8b3452688d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2181b853-4b15-4274-837b-0a83ac7e2e31/Gusset%20operation%20-%20existing%20plate.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"6d09e507-57af-4387-a11f-5d8b3452688d\" data-image-id=\"6d09e507-57af-4387-a11f-5d8b3452688d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>6. Using doublers for other situations</h2>\n<p>Stiffening plates can have its origin from the node, member, or plate. The Doubler option helps to locate a new stiffening plate from the face of selected plate. This feature should be used to model <strong>filler plates</strong>, and a <strong>shear plate</strong> from a gusset plate.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"81031dd8-9448-4911-95ec-9753a11925db\" data-image-id=\"81031dd8-9448-4911-95ec-9753a11925db\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/cb7d686a-45e9-4200-aa6e-4e435e70be8c/Filler%20plate-doubles.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"81031dd8-9448-4911-95ec-9753a11925db\" data-image-id=\"81031dd8-9448-4911-95ec-9753a11925db\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ccaceafc-5660-4f94-938c-857fdc004b09\" data-image-id=\"ccaceafc-5660-4f94-938c-857fdc004b09\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/dcdb94fe-ff7e-4abd-9641-d2b4d550e6d6/Shear%20plate%20to%20gusset.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"ccaceafc-5660-4f94-938c-857fdc004b09\" data-image-id=\"ccaceafc-5660-4f94-938c-857fdc004b09\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>7. Start with larger than required plate size and use plate cut operation to align with members, etc..</h2>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c31a2fb5-55c9-4780-ba73-fbea4d6ef176\" data-image-id=\"c31a2fb5-55c9-4780-ba73-fbea4d6ef176\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/87505f71-7f48-44ea-98ff-4818a94f0d40/Cut%20of%20plate.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"c31a2fb5-55c9-4780-ba73-fbea4d6ef176\" data-image-id=\"c31a2fb5-55c9-4780-ba73-fbea4d6ef176\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>8. Bolt grid operation tips</h2>\n<p>When using bolts operation, it is important to select all the plies that the bolts will pass through. Also, when placing items, consider that the first element will be the reference for the placement of bolts. In this example, the longitudinal axis of the bracing member is the reference.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"afb319e7-2317-490e-9340-785da01a1919\" data-image-id=\"afb319e7-2317-490e-9340-785da01a1919\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/090709d2-10cb-47b3-a17e-a992f382cfe8/Bolt%20operation%20items.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"afb319e7-2317-490e-9340-785da01a1919\" data-image-id=\"afb319e7-2317-490e-9340-785da01a1919\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>9. Using the Plate Editor</h2>\n<p>Stiffening plate operation has an editor, where the plate can be edited with sub-operations, in this case, the offset was used to create a ¾ gap between the Gusset and the column:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"43d8cc56-b293-41f6-9a29-34db00fd859e\" data-image-id=\"43d8cc56-b293-41f6-9a29-34db00fd859e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a9437861-32fd-4211-9c88-0a64f9eff131/Offset%20plate.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"43d8cc56-b293-41f6-9a29-34db00fd859e\" data-image-id=\"43d8cc56-b293-41f6-9a29-34db00fd859e\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>10. Cleat operation connected to a plate</h2>\n<p>Cleat operation can be assigned to an existing plate that will be connected to a member, as the next example:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8ad0c29d-c8c8-4dce-a4e3-86c16ab5969f\" data-image-id=\"8ad0c29d-c8c8-4dce-a4e3-86c16ab5969f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f6927fba-8941-4a26-ab5c-4fd56a7022a3/Cleat%20operation%20plate%20to%20member.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"8ad0c29d-c8c8-4dce-a4e3-86c16ab5969f\" data-image-id=\"8ad0c29d-c8c8-4dce-a4e3-86c16ab5969f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>11. Stiffening member usage</h2>\n<p>A stiffening member is an operation that helps to add a member in the model to be part of the connection. One of the keys to using a stiffening member is that you can not directly apply load to it. This operation helps in the next examples:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"818e16dd-761a-4640-a109-291fb4f307ab\" data-image-id=\"818e16dd-761a-4640-a109-291fb4f307ab\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6dca6b4d-7f45-4c38-8db8-8bd6513fe6ca/Stiffening%20member%201.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"818e16dd-761a-4640-a109-291fb4f307ab\" data-image-id=\"818e16dd-761a-4640-a109-291fb4f307ab\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5f4460c7-5869-4f45-bcd0-d237f4e70246\" data-image-id=\"5f4460c7-5869-4f45-bcd0-d237f4e70246\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c4248d59-88c1-47c4-9af8-44712192e91a/Siffening%20member%202.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"5f4460c7-5869-4f45-bcd0-d237f4e70246\" data-image-id=\"5f4460c7-5869-4f45-bcd0-d237f4e70246\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>12. Extended shear tab (load position)</h2>\n<p>Extended shear tabs are a common connection when a beam to a column web needs to be connected. Only four operations are needed to model it, check the next process to learn how to do it:</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"e7284022_6f1f_01f1_991e_ef904d2f7728\"></object>\n<p>Once you finish the modeling, the load position is important for a shear connection, please review the <a data-item-id=\"a25875d5-40c2-5ae8-8919-18016fad28ff\" href=\"\">How to define correct load position</a> article to learn what is the best load position for shear connections.</p>\n<h2>13. Lifting lugs</h2>\n<p>The recommended approach for the lifting lugs model is to model a <strong>stiffening plate</strong> and model the needed shape, then add a new member that will help to apply the load to the lifting lug plate. To connect the member to the stiffening plate a <strong>connecting plate operation</strong> can be used:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f3828d23-fd71-4328-ac15-d54abc28ca5c\" data-image-id=\"f3828d23-fd71-4328-ac15-d54abc28ca5c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ec78924c-033a-4fc7-b270-71aae422c7a7/Lifting%20lug.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"f3828d23-fd71-4328-ac15-d54abc28ca5c\" data-image-id=\"f3828d23-fd71-4328-ac15-d54abc28ca5c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"82ac2e13-176e-4daf-837d-3e2e7f5a5aa9\" data-image-id=\"82ac2e13-176e-4daf-837d-3e2e7f5a5aa9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/dd4d2490-7aa1-42ce-827a-387bea8dd772/Lifting%20lug2.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"82ac2e13-176e-4daf-837d-3e2e7f5a5aa9\" data-image-id=\"82ac2e13-176e-4daf-837d-3e2e7f5a5aa9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>14. Operations order</h2>\n<p>A good tip to keep in mind as building you are building a connection is that only operations above the current operation can be used in the current operation. I know that sounds like a circular sentence, but when you look at the list of operations in a model, you can't add a weld to a plate that is lower in the list. In this case, you need to be sure the plate operation is added and then add the weld. </p>\n<h2>15. Tooltips (plate information and help)</h2>\n<p>Immediate help can be provided when you hover the mouse over inputs or plates of the model:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9b3be8d3-682f-4576-bf3e-3dd2dea2d354\" data-image-id=\"9b3be8d3-682f-4576-bf3e-3dd2dea2d354\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/975d0f66-ea21-4a29-8c3d-5ad0193934af/Hovering%20mouse.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"9b3be8d3-682f-4576-bf3e-3dd2dea2d354\" data-image-id=\"9b3be8d3-682f-4576-bf3e-3dd2dea2d354\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>16. BONUS TIP - Connection Browser (selection option)</h2>\n<p>Connection browser helps to re-use previous designs that the user published previously in their private or company data set. However, sometimes the user only has templates for just two members that are part of the full model, so, the selection option can be used to just bring templates for those 2 members and then build the rest of the connection, either from scratch or again using the selection option:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ce7d3e56-d304-449a-a117-d040dc9e9419\" data-image-id=\"ce7d3e56-d304-449a-a117-d040dc9e9419\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/89a1138b-3691-43f8-bec8-b9a5e7d7bf56/Connection%20browser%20select.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"ce7d3e56-d304-449a-a117-d040dc9e9419\" data-image-id=\"ce7d3e56-d304-449a-a117-d040dc9e9419\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h3>Webinar recording</h3>"
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"value": "<h2>Bolt model according to CBFEM</h2>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa has a unique method in its solver, the <a data-item-id=\"6e068636-6a02-5d0e-89ad-6dcff4e21151\" href=\"\">Component-based Finite Element Method (CBFEM)</a>. The bolt model used in CBFEM is described and verified to several steel design codes. The load resistance and deformation capacity are also compared to the main experimental research programs.</p>\n<p>In the Component-Based Finite Element Method (CBFEM), bolt with its behavior in tension, shear, and bearing is the component described by the dependent nonlinear springs. The bolt in tension is described by spring with its axial initial stiffness, design resistance, initialization of yielding, and deformation capacity. For the initialization of yielding and deformation capacity, it is assumed that plastic deformation occurs in the threaded part of the bolt shank only.</p>\n<p>In our Theoretical background, you can find <a data-item-id=\"c2cc67f3-4000-4959-a195-b28becf63f2a\" href=\"\">more information on how the CBFEM method describes and verifies bolts</a>. If you want to know a bit more about CBFEM in general, the full <a data-item-id=\"d4aa2923-a94a-4c40-8fd8-93608acbf893\" href=\"\">General theoretical background</a> is definitely the best place to start from.</p>\n<h2>Bolts according to design codes</h2>\n<p>Let's take a look at how CBFEM approaches bolts from the point of view of individual design codes. So far, IDEA StatiCa supports eight design codes where design and/or detailing of bolts and preloaded bolts are being solved. </p>\n<h3>Check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to Eurocode</h3>\n<p>The initial stiffness and design resistance of bolts in shear are in CBFEM modeled according to Cl. 3.6 and 6.3.2 in EN 1993-1-8. The spring representing bearing and tension has a bi-linear force-deformation behavior with an initial stiffness and design resistance according to Cl. 3.6 and 6.3.2 in EN 1993-1-8.</p>\n<p><strong>Detailing </strong></p>\n<p>Checks of bolts is performed if the option is selected in Code setup. Dimensions from bolt center to plate edges and between bolts are checked. Edge distance <em>e</em> = 1.2 and spacing between bolts <em>p</em> = 2.2 are recommended in Table 3.3 in EN 1993-1-8. Users can modify both values in the Code setup.</p>\n<h3>Check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to AISC</h3>\n<p>The forces in bolts are determined by finite element analysis. The tensile forces include prying forces. The bolt resistances are checked according to AISC 360 - Chapter J3.</p>\n<p><strong>Detailing </strong></p>\n<p>The minimum spacing between bolts and distance to the bolt center to an edge of a connected part is checked. The minimum spacing 2.66 times (editable in Code setup) the nominal bolt diameter between centers of bolts is checked according to AISC 360-16 – J.3.3. The minimum distance to the bolt center to an edge of a connected part is checked according to AISC 360-16 – J.3.4; the values are in Table J3.4 and J3.4M.</p>\n<h3>Check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to other standards</h3>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-cisc\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to CISC (Canada)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-chinese-standard\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to Chinese standard (GB)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-according-to-hong-kong-code\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Check of bolts according to Hong Kong Code (HKG)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-according-to-is-800\">Check of preloaded bolts according to IS 800 (India)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-sp\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to SP (Russia)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-as\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to AS (Australia)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Bolt detailing </h2>\n<p><strong>How to set the distances</strong></p>\n<p>Edge distances used for bolt bearing resistance must be relevant for general plate geometries, plates with openings, cutouts, etc.</p>\n<p>The algorithm reads the real direction of the resulting shear force vector in a given bolt and then calculates the distances needed for the bearing check.</p>\n<p>The end (<em>e</em><sub>1</sub>) and edge (<em>e</em><sub>2</sub>) distances are determined by dividing the plate contour into three segments. The end segment is indicated by a 60° range in the direction of the force vector. The edge segments are defined by two 65° ranges perpendicular to the force vector. The shortest distance from a bolt to a relevant segment is then taken as an end, or an edge distance.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" data-image-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c166c28a-3f8f-4d50-99ba-857ed9b01e6c/Bolt%20bearing%20distances%201.png\" data-asset-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" data-image-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" alt=\"Bolt bearing distances (EN)\"></figure>\n<p>The spacing distances between bolt holes (<em>p</em><sub>1</sub>; <em>p</em><sub>2</sub>) are determined by virtually enlarging the surrounding bolt holes by a half of their diameter, then drawing two lines in direction and perpendicular to the shear force vector. The distances to the enlarged bolt holes that are intersected by these lines are then considered as <em>p</em><sub>1</sub> and <em>p</em><sub>2</sub> in the calculation.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" data-image-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b8152921-f220-412f-81de-8c8c83d7e2c2/Bolt%20bearing%20distances%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" data-image-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" alt=\"Bolt bearing distances (EN)\"></figure>\n<h2>Verification examples</h2>\n<p>We have prepared several verification examples to check the results in comparison with other computation methods.</p>\n<h4>EN</h4>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-connection-splices-in-shear\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bolted connection - Splices in shear</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-connection-interaction-of-shear-and-tension\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bolted connection - Interaction of shear and tension</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/haunched-joint-capacity-design\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Haunched joint – capacity design</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>AISC</h4>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-splice-connection\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bolted splice connection</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-flange-plate-moment-connection-lrfd\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bolted flange plate moment connection – LRFD</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/extended-moment-end-plate-connection-asd\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Extended moment end-plate connection – ASD</a></li>\n</ul>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n4ca72f7d_ade8_0141_ad6f_baebda5b563b\"></object>\n<h2>Patented technology for structural engineers</h2>\n<p>Do you know that our bolt model solution is a part of a U.S. patent? Read <a data-item-id=\"627bdc92-14f2-416a-b7ef-7df116ea3e73\" href=\"\">here</a> about our success story. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\" data-image-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a0abb5ad-7dba-4687-bfd8-e64fa9c03512/756213100-huge.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\" data-image-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Patent\"></figure>\n<h2> One bolt joint - our solution </h2>\n<p>Sometimes, the engineer needs to make a <strong>joint with one bolt only</strong>, especially if e.g. a hinge, a bracing, a rod, or a diagonal is expected. To model and calculate this kind of operation, you need to define a proper <strong>Model type</strong> of the member. More about it can be read <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/how-to-model-one-bolt-connection\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here</a>. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\" data-image-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/edfb27a5-88b9-4f39-ac2b-bd319f37ee29/Model%20type%200.png\" data-asset-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\" data-image-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\" alt=\"How to model one bolt connection (Model type)\"></figure>\n<h2>Bolts, welds, and stiffness of a joint</h2>\n<p>Both bolts and welds have their advantages and disadvantages. One of the important aspects when choosing a joint is its planned stiffness. In general, a bolted joint is never as rigid as a welded joint. If you choose a bolt connection, we recommend calculating the stiffness of such a connection and taking into account the resulting stiffness in the overall structure. You can read what such a calculation looks like and what it entails <a data-item-id=\"6726bbc6-1826-4c43-9253-b8f6e0ab39a9\" href=\"\">here</a>, or watch this <a data-item-id=\"ab4c1281-d0ce-5c97-95ef-3c369206d272\" href=\"\">video</a>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\" data-image-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d43f402a-8463-4e51-b040-bcbadaaab500/stiffness.png\" data-asset-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\" data-image-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\" alt=\"stiffness\"></figure>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"untitled_content_item_a1697b4\"></object>"
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"value": "<h2>Theoretical Background</h2>\n<p>Read the essential information about the weld model in our Theoretical Background. The general part describes the computational model itself:</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/general-theoretical-background#Welded_connections_analysis\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Theoretical Background: Welded connections analysis</a></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\" data-image-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a62801a2-1d6a-4743-8627-e232e90e69d9/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Plate%20model%20and%20mesh%20convergence%201200%20x%20630.png\" data-asset-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\" data-image-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection theoretical background for the advanced structural design of steel connections. Description of weld finite element. Structural design of welded connection.\"></figure>\n<p>Specific parts of the Theoretical Background for each of the supported national standards:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"df238e7d-f2f3-4b2a-beec-3b7e8f11651e\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (EN)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"6a4c43f3-4910-44fa-9a88-a9f70967f647\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (AISC)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"cb00295b-bfcf-4c0f-8743-8532e311ca7b\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (CISC)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"538b8bcb-f287-4259-b4e2-787c9792c367\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (AS)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"5d152fe4-3e0b-4905-b4d2-56dd1e255416\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (IS)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"e301fcc8-cc43-42a4-8480-8a72357cd91f\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (HKG)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"0e848bd9-17f2-4448-83de-33c5b19bbde8\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (GB)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"dad4f217-a192-41c1-bd71-6b540978346e\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (SP)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>You can find a clear demo of how the stress develops during the loading as well as the distribution of the stress along the long welds is discussed in the <a data-item-id=\"1bfd3251-61f8-5fec-b5a4-08d1a6fe5b5f\" href=\"\">How are welds modeled in IDEA StatiCa</a> article.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\" data-image-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9e3dc390-df9d-4ee5-a959-7c4cfa9aca3b/welds_distr.png\" data-asset-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\" data-image-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Also, the welds and welded connections are discussed in our blog post articles <a data-item-id=\"de840e15-4e8e-4a27-8715-b8f27e643682\" href=\"\">Welded steel connections – to worry or not to worry?</a> and <a data-item-id=\"3caa8db0-05d2-4ae4-9175-763a14f01252\" href=\"\">Reduce weld costs by enhanced fabrication</a> (where a combination of the load transfer through a weld and contact in compression is discussed).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" data-image-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2a16ecdf-f660-47b6-bb32-9b9aeecf3314/6.png\" data-asset-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" data-image-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Weld size and length</h2>\n<p>There are different ways how the size of the weld is defined, depending on the region. Read the <a data-item-id=\"8af403c6-c098-56ce-96ee-3daaeaf4639e\" href=\"\">Weld size and length</a> article to find out, how IDEA StatiCa defines the weld size or in case you need to know the exact length of the weld:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\" data-image-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/67cc32f0-0506-4cdf-9637-0bc86dfefa54/Weld%20size.png\" data-asset-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\" data-image-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\" alt=\"Weld size and length\"></figure>\n<h2>Verifications</h2>\n<p>In our Support Center, you can find many verification studies describing the performance of different welded connection models as well as comparisons to laboratory tests.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/search?category=verification_example&q=weld\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verification studies on models with welds</a></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\" data-image-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/47ea3d3f-dff3-49c7-8e5f-5abab34e343d/04-1-fig7.png\" data-asset-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\" data-image-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\" alt=\"Fillet weld\"></figure>\n<h2>Updates in versions</h2>\n<p>The following features are part of our release notes of IDEA StatiCa and may be related to the welds. Read more about the features in the dedicated articles under the links:</p>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"c1adb56e-c715-4213-b637-bc94b8f84def\" href=\"\"><strong>Check of missing welds</strong></a><strong> </strong>(version 20.1)</p>\n<p>We have added another useful tool to automatically help the user to find non-welded parts of the connection: the utility to analyze a connection model for potentially missing welds. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" data-image-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/12b10280-2125-44a3-b60e-6031f87a3e03/Missing%20welds.png\" data-asset-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" data-image-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" alt=\"Check of missing welds\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"d38299a4-0ea1-44c0-bf31-c2b61ad0d63b\" href=\"\"><strong>Import of recommended welds</strong></a> (version 20.1)</p>\n<p>When importing a connection from CAD software, there is now an option to add recommended welds. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" data-image-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e38caf39-0947-4aff-be81-7d3eb57ada99/Screenshot%202020-10-05%20122254.png\" data-asset-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" data-image-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" alt=\"Export of recommended welds\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"040fcb75-d544-4d75-bc49-182d150177d7\" href=\"\"><strong>Upgraded model of butt welds</strong></a> (version 20.1)</p>\n<p>The size of butt welds was corrected for edge-to-surface butt welds. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\" data-image-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/20b7b61e-2508-4f74-9c1e-355619627e82/Butt%20welds%20upgraded%20model.png\" data-asset-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\" data-image-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\" alt=\"Butt welds upgraded model\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"6a1966e1-7905-4ced-a002-c8f568072d4c\" href=\"\"><strong>Weld checks specifics as per Eurocode (EN) and Indian Standard (IS)</strong></a><strong> </strong>(version 21.1)</p>\n<p>To comply with the standards and to provide safety of the design, the strength value considered in the code check of welds is newly calculated from the strength value of the parent steel for EN and IS standards and the weld material itself.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\" data-image-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/59c4504e-b3b9-4dc2-8b14-4f121a23e1c3/Welds1.png\" data-asset-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\" data-image-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\" alt=\"Weld checks specifics as per Eurocode (EN) and Indian Standard (IS)\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"ddfe7eda-4125-461a-b0f1-90de133d5cc6\" href=\"\"><strong>Combining weld and contact operations</strong></a><strong> </strong>(version 22.1)</p>\n<p>Since version 22.1, the weld and contact operations can be combined.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" data-image-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4dd4d3e4-77f0-4c14-9801-e9183f26cca6/WaC.png\" data-asset-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" data-image-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"102a323e-f663-4c3a-8a1e-1c95edec23c6\" href=\"\"><strong>Plate and weld clash check</strong></a><strong> </strong>(version 22.1)</p>\n<p>Plates, and parts of the model can be positioned in a way that collides with the other plates and members. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\" data-image-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d631a548-e7ca-4f84-a3c1-5c0207280cc0/clash3.png\" data-asset-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\" data-image-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\" alt=\"Plate clash warning\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"d0b2eca2-e40d-4ac8-bf4e-d2d0f8e09fbf\" href=\"\"><strong>Check welds of welded sections</strong></a><strong> </strong>(version 23.0)</p>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa can check the longitudinal welds of members with welded cross-sections now.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\" data-image-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b60903c8-dc26-4604-bc81-96d35d003afb/Welded-sections%200.png\" data-asset-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\" data-image-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\" alt=\"Check welds of welded sections\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>Improved weld check visualization</strong></a> (version 23.0)</p>\n<p>Weld checking using a finite element method differs from traditional design calculations. In traditional calculations, small eccentricities, deformations, torsions, Poisson coefficient, etc. may be neglected.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\" data-image-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/172ca452-c56d-40ca-afc4-9dc406734d70/weldchecktable.png\" data-asset-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\" data-image-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\" alt=\"Weld check table\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"5f4c7d1f-5145-4fa0-a9bf-535808187857\" href=\"\"><strong>Detailing improvements for bolts and welds in Eurocode</strong></a> (version 23.0)</p>\n<p>The Detailing check in IDEA StatiCa Connection is improved. Engineers may have a better overview of the design and code-check of bolts and welds thanks to thorough information and recommendations according to Eurocode provided in Check tables as well as in the Report.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\" data-image-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9e0a6490-1e33-44fa-ab30-1247a201de0f/Detailing%20improvements_main%20image.png\" data-asset-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\" data-image-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\" alt=\"Detailing improvements for bolts and welds in Eurocode\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>User-defined welding electrodes</strong></a> (version 23.1)</p>\n<p>Weld material is an editable item in the <a data-item-id=\"898f72ce-7360-54a8-95b1-9b26a8d16346\" href=\"\">MPRL (Material and Product Range Library)</a>. This means you can define the welding electrodes independently on a steel grade of connected plates.</p>\n<p>To add a user-defined welding material, go to the tab <strong>Materials</strong>, add a <strong>Weld </strong>material, and <strong>Edit</strong> its properties.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\" data-image-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/13eae981-ca17-401d-b1c8-7da0416d207e/Welds%20-%20autodesign%2C%20input%2C%20warnings%2C%20visualization1.png\" data-asset-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\" data-image-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>General weld highlighted in the 3D scene</strong></a> (version 23.1)</p>\n<p>There is a simple improvement in the 3D scene of the Connection app for better orientation, especially in bigger connection models imported via BIM links from CAD applications.</p>\n<p>When a <strong>General weld or contact operation</strong> is selected, the weld in the 3D scene is highlighted in orange (by default).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\" data-image-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ae2aa532-e36b-4125-a8b6-80015ebb8df3/Welds%20-%20autodesign%2C%20input%2C%20warnings%2C%20visualization10.png\" data-asset-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\" data-image-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>Warning for electrodes stronger than plates</strong></a> (version 23.1)</p>\n<p>When the <a data-item-id=\"5f4c7d1f-5145-4fa0-a9bf-535808187857\" href=\"\"><strong>Detailing</strong> <strong>check</strong></a><strong> </strong>is activated in the <strong>Code setup</strong> of the Connection app, users get a warning if a welding electrode material is stronger than the welded plates. This helps to ensure design safety standards.</p>\n<p>This applies to Eurocode (EN) and Indian standard (IS), which contain clauses defining that weld strength is determined by the smaller ultimate strength of connected plates and requirements that the added material of welding electrodes must be stronger than the parent material (EN 1993-1-8 – 4.5.3.2 and IS 800:2007 - 10.5.7.1.1).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\" data-image-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e467c86d-22ea-47de-b048-7c2265a63cda/Welds%20-%20autodesign%2C%20input%2C%20warnings%2C%20visualization11.png\" data-asset-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\" data-image-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"139d124d-d3e0-463d-979a-86ae271d3e81\" href=\"\"><strong>Warnings for welds and bolts connecting the same plates</strong></a> (version 23.1)</p>\n<p>Connection design combining welds and bolts or bolts and preloaded bolts is unsafe and not allowed by codes. The Connection application automatically informs you if such a workflow is used in a project to ensure proper, safe design.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\" data-image-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f7b68cff-d260-4f8a-8ab2-048893e63b39/Bolts%20and%20welds_warning%20message.png\" data-asset-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\" data-image-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"0248496a-4acc-4b33-8842-4afe0bd9e802\" href=\"\"><strong>Autodesign of welds to ductility/full-strength/overstrength</strong></a> (version 24.0)</p>\n<p>Automatic weld sizing removes the tedious and time-consuming manual input and check of each weld. With the automating algorithm, IDEA StatiCa provides faster modeling and absolutely safe design of welded connections.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\" data-image-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/202ed4a2-278b-466c-b2d2-47023adfa727/Weld%20sizing%20to%20ductility1.png\" data-asset-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\" data-image-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\" alt=\"Weld sizing to ductility\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b5fdc985-c8bd-41af-abf8-d6722fc84d43\" href=\"\"><strong>Automatic weld sizing to capacity estimation</strong></a> (version 24.0)</p>\n<p>Automatic weld sizing addresses the challenge of manually adjusting each weld size, which is both tedious and time-consuming. By automating this, IDEA StatiCa significantly helps you speed up the design process and fosters more consistent weld designs across projects.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\" data-image-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/139beb9e-2e4e-4581-8a6b-e076578371d0/Weld%20sizing%20to%20capacity%20estimation1.png\" data-asset-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\" data-image-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\" alt=\"Weld sizing to capacity estimation\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"d65d8320-3860-4fbc-984c-a73163766798\" href=\"\"><strong>Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) groove welds</strong></a><strong> </strong>(version 24.0, 24.1, 25.0)</p>\n<p>The integration of partial joint penetration groove welds, or partial joint penetration butt welds, or simply PJP welds in IDEA StatiCa Connection addresses the specific requirements set for PJP butt welds, distinct from those for fillet welds.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\" data-image-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d8a95f95-4aa5-4b9e-9b51-d58130c4afab/Partial%20Joint%20Penetration%20%28PJP%29%20groove%20weld.png\" data-asset-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\" data-image-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\" alt=\"Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) groove weld\"></figure>\n<p>The size of a partial penetration weld is taken into analysis with the same value as inputted. IDEA StatiCa applies no adjustments, such as reduction of the nominal weld size - this is on the user side before the input.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\" data-image-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1dd7c48e-f81a-4570-a239-8aa1a096c24d/Partial%20Joint%20Penetration%20%28PJP%29%20groove%20welds%2018.png\" data-asset-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\" data-image-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>Warnings related to weld elements (version 24.1)</strong></p>\n<p>There are two types of warnings embedded:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>'Weld type changed to Butt weld due to edge-to-edge connection' (change of weld type caused by modeling action)</li>\n <li>'Weld was not created due to geometry restrictions' (covering situations when inaccuracies in geometry cause unsuccessful weld creation)</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b69964d5-581d-4184-bddd-80b58f80a902\" href=\"\"><strong>Regional improvements (version 25.0)</strong></a></p>\n<p>For local engineers, version 25.0 offers several improvements like PJP welds in Eurocode, implementation of the new ACI and not just for US engineers, anchoring checks for Chinese standard, differentiation of UK and US terminology, and more.</p>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"39838f72-2f1e-4385-9393-952efa63dc20\" href=\"\"><strong>Weld spreading area (version 25.0)</strong></a></p>\n<p>The weld spreading area is slightly changed in version 25.0. In the following article, it is clearly explained how the distribution of forces works from one plate to another through welds now.</p>\n<p>The weld spreading area differs greatly between butt welds and fillet welds. The spreading area from the plate edge to another plate surface is defined according to the following figure:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\" data-image-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c15a1435-db8f-4d2a-84e1-51a0e516a84b/Weld%20spreading%20area%20v25.png\" data-asset-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\" data-image-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The force coming from the edge plate is then distributed into the nodes of the surface plate based on the vicinity of the node to the weld spreading area.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\" data-image-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7ab584c9-fd6e-4489-969d-fd851e41008e/Weld%20spreading%20area%20-%20nodal%20forces.png\" data-asset-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\" data-image-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>What does the change in version 25.0 entail?</p>\n<ul>\n <li>The spreading area was decreased for butt welds</li>\n <li>The spreading area of fillet welds now more accurately reflects the fillet weld size</li>\n <li>The thickness of the surface plate is now irrelevant for the weld spreading area</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Why were the changes made?</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Recently, we ran a <a data-item-id=\"7f29d59b-f37a-45fe-abf2-4bc19bc48be4\" href=\"\">joint project</a> with <a href=\"https://www.uc.pt/en/\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">University of Coimbra</a> and <a href=\"https://isise.net/\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ISISE</a>. The project goal was to create a series of numerical models in <a href=\"https://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/abaqus\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Abaqus</a> (general finite element software package with solid finite elements) and compare the results to IDEA StatiCa Connection (shell finite elements). The focus is on welded beam-to-column moment connections. The comparison shows that:\n <ul>\n <li>The results of rolled columns without a significant compressive force in the column are in good agreement </li>\n <li>The results of butt-welded columns are slightly unconservative (by 5.8 %). This is why this change – reduction of weld spreading area for butt welds – is made.</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\" data-image-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/577d9983-9802-49ac-b805-f267c33c2280/AbaqusCoimbra.png\" data-asset-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\" data-image-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\" data-image-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/66a85600-5ee6-4108-8dc2-36a915e7e09f/Contemplated%20geometries.png\" data-asset-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\" data-image-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Webinars and videos</h2>\n<p>In the past, we have held several webinars on the modeling of welded connections. You can find inspiration in the following recordings:</p>\n<h4>Welds & Bolts in IDEA StatiCa (AISC)</h4>\n<p>The <a data-item-id=\"b8ee28ec-bc18-4a92-8c48-5e922b160899\" href=\"\">webinar session</a> covers the theory behind bolts and welds and how they are modeled in IDEA StatiCa. Also, the operations of these two components will be detailed and some tips. Finally, the interpretation of the results will be explained and the formulas used to check that they meet AISC requirements.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n638c5345_fccd_016e_9e22_78511c4aee78\"></object>\n<h4>Understanding the weld results for Eurocode</h4>\n<p>The detailed table with results can be seen in all formulas, even with values. Directional stresses are provided too. The utilization of the weld is eminent. But overall utilization Utc is calculated from the capacity of the whole weld. Check how it’s working.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"db27997f_5f2c_0190_f326_366390069bd6\"></object>\n<h4>Can we find a match in weld stress to my hand calculations?</h4>\n<p>The stress in a weld is calculated in the main directions according to the EC and the results are provided in the results tabs. Though the analysis in IDEA StatiCa Connection is based on CBFEM, in simple cases, the stress can be compared to hand calculations to verify the resulting values.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n63023176_3295_0199_0aee_b79c4f0acd2d\"></object>\n<h4>Setting fillet welds along with an SHS web and a plate surface</h4>\n<p>Hollow sections and mainly the curved corners of their cross-sections are sometimes tricky to deal with regarding welding etc. See how to properly set a simple fillet weld on both sides of an SHS member, along with its corners that have to be connected to a surface of a plate.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n7dd0835d_34ec_0188_3513_fe397f6f40a8\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n05147820_d01e_015e_f3ca_579309c85ef7\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>Contact is effective only in compression while welds transfer shear and tension forces.</p>\n<p>A weld is very stiff and it has to be loaded to yield a bit and allow the contact to take effect. That means there is significant stress even for welds in compression with contact. However, that does not decrease the resistance of such a weld in shear.</p>\n<p>A fillet weld with contact has a new symbol: a triangle with an arrow (check and report). A symbol explanation was also added to the report.</p>\n<p>Users should be aware that welds are usually checked in compression. If a compressive load transmission is allowed by contact, the surfaces must be precisely cut and there must be no gap.</p>\n<p>When the member is cut precisely, it is possible to assume the transfer of compressive forces by contact and welds transfer only tensile and shear forces. This is commonly used especially for column bases, mostly in regions of Western Europe.</p>\n<p>Remember – it is the user's responsibility to ensure no gap and the precise cut of the member. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" data-image-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4dd4d3e4-77f0-4c14-9801-e9183f26cca6/WaC.png\" data-asset-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" data-image-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Available in both <strong>Expert</strong> and <strong>Enhanced</strong> editions of <a data-item-id=\"f6acf868-1f2d-48e6-8ccb-711f6883d5f7\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Steel</a>.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n2e670c72_76dc_015a_3587_6a69174cea8d\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"e2feecea_e512_012a_79dc_49194cbe5572\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n52b4df58_eb92_013a_aee2_cef8ffbc927c\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>The standard penalty method is recommended for modeling contact between plates. If penetration of a node into an opposite contact surface is detected, penalty stiffness is added between the node and the opposite plate. The penalty stiffness is controlled by a heuristic algorithm during the nonlinear iteration to get a better convergence. The solver automatically detects the penetration point and solves the contact force distribution between the penetrated node and nodes on the opposite plate. It allows the creation of contact between different meshes, as shown. The advantage of the penalty method is the automatic assembly of the model. The contact between the plates has a major impact on the redistribution of forces in connection.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\" data-image-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c1c19e97-c73b-4e5c-b40e-1655f9e9d1d3/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Contacts%20between%20plates.png\" data-asset-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\" data-image-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection theoretical background for the advanced structural design of steel connections. Description of contacts and their application in CBFEM. Structural design of welded and bolted steel connections.\"></figure>\n<p><em>An example of separation of plates in contact between the web and flanges of two overlapped Z sections purlins</em></p>\n<p>It is possible to add contact between</p>\n<ul>\n <li>two surfaces,</li>\n <li>two edges,</li>\n <li>edge and surface.</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\" data-image-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/02e3e1c2-223a-4a9f-800d-935e7b3dac76/edge-to-edge-contact.png\" data-asset-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\" data-image-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>An example of edge-to-edge contact between the seat and the end plate</em></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\" data-image-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/02d6ce4a-86b1-4eac-9525-c59772b520e3/edge-to-surface-contact.png\" data-asset-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\" data-image-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>An example of edge-to-surface contact between the lower flange of the beam and the column flange</em></p>\n<p>The <a data-item-id=\"22ff0f4a-a6f0-4086-bc4c-ed49f4aa86e2\" href=\"\">stresses in contacts</a> may be visualized, and the values are shown in the check table of plates. However, the contact stresses are only informative and are not used in any check. Also, the through-thickness stress of shell elements is not considered. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\" data-image-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3762ca8b-a140-47c8-a32e-3e2db2d6ca4d/contacts.png\" data-asset-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\" data-image-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\" alt=\"\"></figure>"
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"value": "<p>Material and Product Range Library (MPRL) can help you store, manage, export, and share personally defined properties of many different material settings from IDEA StatiCa programs (Connection, Member, Detail, Beam, RCS). </p>\n<h3>How to define a custom material</h3>\n<p>The possibility to define the new material (and also MPRL in which it is going to be saved) is to be found under <strong>Materials</strong> in all the above-mentioned applications. </p>\n<p>You can <strong>add a new material </strong>by a button on the top ribbon, or you can <strong>copy the existing one</strong>. Afterward, the material properties can be changed by the <strong>Edit</strong> command (the name, properties). <strong>Save</strong> the changes.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"65e60e81-caf9-45ae-8711-153e15c13e4c\" data-image-id=\"65e60e81-caf9-45ae-8711-153e15c13e4c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/81a27d92-aff6-4b7c-bcd5-bab9ff6e489e/user_def_0-0.png\" data-asset-id=\"65e60e81-caf9-45ae-8711-153e15c13e4c\" data-image-id=\"65e60e81-caf9-45ae-8711-153e15c13e4c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The newly created material will be saved into MPRL, which enables you to use it in other projects as well.</p>\n<p>Define the <strong>name </strong>of the material in the database and <strong>table </strong>(kind of a category for sorting purposes). Either select the table from the drop-down menu or define a new one by the three dots button.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"646dbec4-4eb0-4038-95a6-3f49940f48d5\" data-image-id=\"646dbec4-4eb0-4038-95a6-3f49940f48d5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1ac84c88-e00d-4786-a3c9-f3f74adb56d2/user_def_1-0.png\" data-asset-id=\"646dbec4-4eb0-4038-95a6-3f49940f48d5\" data-image-id=\"646dbec4-4eb0-4038-95a6-3f49940f48d5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>In the presented example, the edited material (<em>My edit of S 235</em>) will be saved under the new <em>My Company’s table of materials</em> table.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"76d6fcfc-6df1-4e59-a159-084a221e9a7b\" data-image-id=\"76d6fcfc-6df1-4e59-a159-084a221e9a7b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5f96614a-aa11-4a4c-92e1-81a4d99753e3/user_def_2-0.png\" data-asset-id=\"76d6fcfc-6df1-4e59-a159-084a221e9a7b\" data-image-id=\"76d6fcfc-6df1-4e59-a159-084a221e9a7b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The new material has been saved into MPRL - <strong>open MPRL</strong> <strong>Editor </strong>using the button in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bcdad44f-0eb2-46bb-949c-187405b5bc44\" data-image-id=\"bcdad44f-0eb2-46bb-949c-187405b5bc44\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9eb6506b-b086-4dfa-86ba-4cb5102eaa42/user_def_3-0.png\" data-asset-id=\"bcdad44f-0eb2-46bb-949c-187405b5bc44\" data-image-id=\"bcdad44f-0eb2-46bb-949c-187405b5bc44\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Here, the material can be edited and saved (File - Save) or deleted from MPRL. The data saved in MPRL is accessible from all IDEA StatiCa applications. It can also be shared by Export and Import with other users.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"c16f54b9_4def_0152_10e0_655cf8a68a2e\"></object>\n<h3>How to export material from MPRL</h3>\n<p>Export the Material and Product Range Library (MPRL) and share your custom material/bolts/concrete/reinforcement with your colleagues. Use the <strong>Export to CSV</strong> button in the top ribbon of the MPRL Editor.</p>\n<p>Watch the webinar recording to see it in action:</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n33baadda_1b80_0156_3a12_3101e78ed1e2\"></object>\n<h3>How to import material into MPRL</h3>\n<p>Import the Material and Product Range Library (MPRL) that someone shared with you and load the custom material/bolts/concrete/reinforcement. Use the <strong>Import from CSV</strong> button in the top ribbon of the MPRL Editor.</p>\n<p>Watch the webinar recording to see it in action:</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"ae092d1e_e6b4_01b6_3028_c2b00a0d8099\"></object>"
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"value": "<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n039809c5_b1cd_01c7_3f29_9bb18d8635ad\"></object>\n<h2>General introduction </h2>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"e2fb6b14-f5e4-4b81-8322-71acd2cdf487\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Member</a> is structural engineering software for the structural design and code-check of steel members, including their connections and necessary surroundings beams and columns.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cc2022de-6af3-42e9-a875-2b78b7234833\" data-image-id=\"cc2022de-6af3-42e9-a875-2b78b7234833\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/74d4085a-18b2-4846-893e-28f37ae58e99/uncommon.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"cc2022de-6af3-42e9-a875-2b78b7234833\" data-image-id=\"cc2022de-6af3-42e9-a875-2b78b7234833\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Typical examples of not common steel members</em></p>\n<p>There are many great tools for designing 3D steel frames – <a data-item-id=\"f8ccda8e-8a66-4344-981a-306fb7ae32ee\" href=\"\">SAP2000</a>, <a data-item-id=\"80a7fef2-d973-40ce-bfb5-d9011621b61f\" href=\"\">Robot Structural Analysis</a>, <a data-item-id=\"be6dde66-abca-45f1-bb7e-88207fe4101e\" href=\"\">SCIA Engineer</a>, etc.<br>\nThey cover almost all requirements of structural steel designers. But still, there are issues with many question marks. Mainly in:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Connections, details, nodes</li>\n <li>Stability and buckling</li>\n</ul>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa is focused on more complex parts of steel structures and offers:</p>\n<ol>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"b0a659df-8f92-4d1f-abb6-2efa02bad946\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Connection</a> for checking nodes and connections of any topology</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"e2fb6b14-f5e4-4b81-8322-71acd2cdf487\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Member</a> for resolving all unclear topics of stability and buckling</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Every structural engineer usually calculates the steel structure in some 3D FEA software. Then, he needs to take steel members one by one and do two main checks for steel members:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Section check</li>\n <li>Stability check</li>\n</ul>\n<p>He uses calculated internal forces and applies analysis formulas mostly defined in the national design code.</p>\n<p>The same approach is applied in Member for steel.</p>\n<p>Structural engineer calculates steel structure (frame) in 3D FEA software. The analyzed member and all members related to it are separated from the modeled 3D structure and are resolved using <a data-item-id=\"06158daa-1491-4e83-ac34-4964bd5a3c63\" href=\"\">CBFEM</a>.</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Global analysis of steel frame is done in 3D FEA software.</li>\n <li>All analyzed members are modeled by CBFEM.</li>\n <li>A simpler model is used for all related members (connected in nodes). Related members can be supported at the end.</li>\n <li>Nodes and connections are designed in IDEA StatiCa Connection UI.</li>\n <li>Specific manufacturing operations can be applied on member – transversal or longitudinal stiffeners, openings, cuts...</li>\n <li>Loads can be applied on members and at the ends of related members (<a data-item-id=\"f32270b7-97ff-5d81-94b7-35e6b51c7dde\" href=\"\">equilibrium</a> principle like in Connection).\n <ul>\n <li>The analyzed member is loaded by standard loads derived from calculated internal forces (during the import of the model and load cases). The user can select the position of the load, e.g. at upper flange of the beam.</li>\n <li>Related members are loaded by standard loads and end internal forces.</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8e0094d0-5e3a-41b1-803e-5987063c0d01\" data-image-id=\"8e0094d0-5e3a-41b1-803e-5987063c0d01\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/27fcb565-bf6f-4539-be1f-6d7837cb8f22/column.png\" data-asset-id=\"8e0094d0-5e3a-41b1-803e-5987063c0d01\" data-image-id=\"8e0094d0-5e3a-41b1-803e-5987063c0d01\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"6e068636-6a02-5d0e-89ad-6dcff4e21151\" href=\"\"><em>CBFEM</em></a><em> model of a column. One analyzed column, four related members, and a precise model of anchoring</em></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"86b2b918-9d8a-4faa-a804-6e053b11c491\" data-image-id=\"86b2b918-9d8a-4faa-a804-6e053b11c491\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/43045856-e046-4f37-8e0e-9638e078e5ff/frame.png\" data-asset-id=\"86b2b918-9d8a-4faa-a804-6e053b11c491\" data-image-id=\"86b2b918-9d8a-4faa-a804-6e053b11c491\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>CBFEM model of a castellated beam between two columns</em></p>\n<p>The analysis model of Member is created by CBFEM. Member provides three types of analysis:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>MNA – Materially Non-linear Analysis.</li>\n <li>LBA – Linear Buckling Analysis (stability)</li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"d325d54b-9398-4e52-9f22-8dae5de26435\" href=\"\">GMNIA</a> – Geometrically and Materially Non-linear Analysis with Imperfections</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Structural engineers can do in Member on a much higher level the same check as in standard workflows:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Section check: MNA is used. A strain check of 5 % is applied.</li>\n <li>Stability check: LBA tells the shape of stability collapse and advises how imperfection should be defined. GMNIA is used afterward. A strain check of 5 % is applied or the attainment of maximum load (end of convergence).</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The same model as in IDEA StatiCa Connection – Component Based Finite Element Method – is used:</p>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"d4aa2923-a94a-4c40-8fd8-93608acbf893\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Connection Theoretical Background</a></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n01e8f103_9220_0117_e4fa_b8b434140523\"></object>\n<h2>Model description</h2>\n<p>Application IDEA StatiCa Member works with a multi-level model of the structure with combined loads. The goal is a proper investigation and check of selected members of a structure – “analyzed” members.</p>\n<p>Other parts of the model are:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Related member(s) – all members which are connected to the analyzed member(s)</li>\n <li>Connection(s) – CBFEM connection(s) of analyzed and related members</li>\n <li>End supports on related members</li>\n <li>Loads on analyzed member</li>\n <li>Loads on related members</li>\n <li>End forces on related members</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"33abc0f9-65c7-434e-a5d4-42f6c21b1990\" data-image-id=\"33abc0f9-65c7-434e-a5d4-42f6c21b1990\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4645d491-3009-42ac-90fe-127971e5b9c0/new.png\" data-asset-id=\"33abc0f9-65c7-434e-a5d4-42f6c21b1990\" data-image-id=\"33abc0f9-65c7-434e-a5d4-42f6c21b1990\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>CBFEM model of member as a part of seismic bracing system</em></p>\n<p>The analyzed member is “cut-off” of the structure and investigated separately. All loads on the analyzed member and related members have to be applied as in 3D model of the whole structure. In the places of “cut”, which is done at the ends of related members, the internal forces are applied as actions on members. The cut-off structure loaded in such way is in equilibrium. It means that theoretically, no supports are needed for the analytical model. <a data-item-id=\"6e068636-6a02-5d0e-89ad-6dcff4e21151\" href=\"\">CBFEM</a> model is more precise than a standard member model. It is a benefit but it also causes the partial infraction of equilibrium. Therefore, it is useful to apply support at the ends of related beams. Supports should be defined to allow the same behavior of cut-off structure as it is in the whole structure. The program lets it on a judgment of a structural engineer.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"ddf22df5_0f2d_0169_4024_5f9e44f8fe15\"></object>\n<h2>Analyzed member</h2>\n<p>The analyzed member is an investigated member upon which loads are directly applied. The loads on the analyzed member can be applied to the member centerline or directly to the individual <a data-item-id=\"22ff0f4a-a6f0-4086-bc4c-ed49f4aa86e2\" href=\"\">plates</a> of the member with the real area of loading. Analyzed members are modeled fully with shell elements.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c92095b3-2dd6-4f09-a19f-d74328a72941\" data-image-id=\"c92095b3-2dd6-4f09-a19f-d74328a72941\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/27dcde34-9280-494d-b35f-a4f8e0d1edbe/analyzed.png\" data-asset-id=\"c92095b3-2dd6-4f09-a19f-d74328a72941\" data-image-id=\"c92095b3-2dd6-4f09-a19f-d74328a72941\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Model of analyzed member</em></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n4963dda3_4c11_01fb_eab9_ddb254808a25\"></object>\n<h2>Related members</h2>\n<p>Related members are divided into stub part adjacent to the analyzed member and simplified part at the rest of the related member. Stub is modeled by shell elements (full CBFEM model) and simplified parts by simple 1D beam elements with six degrees of freedom. Only the necessary part close to the joint with the analyzed member (the stub) is modeled by shell elements to speed up the calculation. The ends of related members are supported by user-defined restriction of translation or rotation in an arbitrary direction in the local coordinates of the related member.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"81d47b0e-bbe7-4c43-bf01-158e82a280b6\" data-image-id=\"81d47b0e-bbe7-4c43-bf01-158e82a280b6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bed2729c-92ea-47d7-badc-70b09c0efd15/related.png\" data-asset-id=\"81d47b0e-bbe7-4c43-bf01-158e82a280b6\" data-image-id=\"81d47b0e-bbe7-4c43-bf01-158e82a280b6\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Model of related beams</em></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n497a1890_0e60_0167_9cad_70d36221a43e\"></object>\n<h2>Connections</h2>\n<p>Connections between analyzed and related members are properly defined in the way they are modeled in <a data-item-id=\"b0a659df-8f92-4d1f-abb6-2efa02bad946\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Connection</a>. Note that they are not checked in <a data-item-id=\"e2fb6b14-f5e4-4b81-8322-71acd2cdf487\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Member</a>, because this application work with loads critical for the member, not for connections. The proper check of connections shall be done in IDEA StatiCa Connection.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"e1af1385_3441_0151_d4df_6950cffba853\"></object>\n<h2>Supports</h2>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa Member adds the second level of FEA analysis of the selected member(s). The first level is done in the standard 3D FEA program. The second level uses internal forces calculated in the first level. The structure loaded in such way is in equilibrium.</p>\n<p>More precise model (e.g. local eccentricities of members, real lengths of members...) and especially imposed imperfections for the GMNIA analysis cause that the equilibrium is not kept. Reasonable support based on structural engineer judgment is recommended.</p>\n<p>Standard supports can be defined at the ends of related members. All three translation and three rotations can be eliminated by support. Supports are defined in the local coordinate system of the member.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"850b4f4a-02ab-46c6-8b76-e56bc35c8c9b\" data-image-id=\"850b4f4a-02ab-46c6-8b76-e56bc35c8c9b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/0747a490-1594-46c5-9eff-9363a0ce0b38/end_support.png\" data-asset-id=\"850b4f4a-02ab-46c6-8b76-e56bc35c8c9b\" data-image-id=\"850b4f4a-02ab-46c6-8b76-e56bc35c8c9b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>End supports on related member – purlin; x-direction and all 3 rotations are supported</em></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n8ddd20a0_a768_013e_316a_cef9cc80a807\"></object>\n<h2>Loads</h2>\n<p>The analyzed member (or piece of a structure) must be loaded like it is loaded in the whole structure. Self-weight is not applied automatically; only the user-defined loads are considered. The following loads are applied:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Line loads on analyzed and related members</li>\n <li>Internal forces in end sections of related members</li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Line loads</h3>\n<p>The structural engineer knows very well line loads and point loads from 3D FEA software. Such loads are idealized for the purpose of 1D members. They do not exist in real life. The real loads are usually planar, or surface loads, or members are loaded through the connections of other members.</p>\n<p>The user can apply line loads on analyzed members, but he must add more details – on which flange or web is the load applied, the width of loaded area, etc. Also, point loads are better to input as planar loads of specific length and width.</p>\n<p>Line loads on related members are applied in the standard way as in 3D FEA software.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c1a3a829-8dea-4918-8802-933ca5e0bc91\" data-image-id=\"c1a3a829-8dea-4918-8802-933ca5e0bc91\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b417e132-da74-4c1f-a27a-dbbc4dbacf75/line_load.png\" data-asset-id=\"c1a3a829-8dea-4918-8802-933ca5e0bc91\" data-image-id=\"c1a3a829-8dea-4918-8802-933ca5e0bc91\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Point load is input as line load with a specific width</em></p>\n<h3>End forces</h3>\n<p>Internal forces at the end sections of related members. They are applied as actions on related members. It is very similar to loading of members in models of connections in IDEA StatiCa Connection.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cc764761-3bcf-4d11-849d-37cb6f6baad0\" data-image-id=\"cc764761-3bcf-4d11-849d-37cb6f6baad0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bdce5327-5e95-404d-885a-83d0a10ff656/end_forces.png\" data-asset-id=\"cc764761-3bcf-4d11-849d-37cb6f6baad0\" data-image-id=\"cc764761-3bcf-4d11-849d-37cb6f6baad0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Internal forces as load actions at the end of related member</em></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n245908a5_1c6a_01d5_7377_52ecf5b75d71\"></object>\n<h2>Practical example</h2>\n<p>The process of CBFEM model assembly is shown on the following example.</p>\n<p>Designer needs to check the <a data-item-id=\"f91fda51-8880-42ba-8247-ab0f268c9c11\" href=\"\">lateral-torsional buckling</a> resistance of a girder in a frame. If the standard approach is used, the whole frame is calculated in 3D FEA software. Then the girder is checked separately. <a data-item-id=\"f2efd563-1240-50af-b65f-6e7bf3faf01e\" href=\"\">Boundary conditions</a> are decided; codes usually use assumption of rigid or pinned supports. Generally, even a spring of semi-rigid joint may be selected. The decision is a key factor in the assessment of lateral-torsional buckling resistance and is fully dependent on the designer's estimation. The calculated internal forces are compared to the resistance of lateral-torsional buckling determined by analytical formulas.</p>\n<p>Application Member uses completely the same principles. The analyzed member is cut from the full model of the structure. The boundary conditions are not estimated, but all the connecting parts are exactly modeled. The problem of boundary conditions is not completely solved due to the need to support the ends of related members. Supports of related members depend on the designer's decision, but their influence on the load resistance of the analyzed member is smaller by several magnitudes than compared to the standard approach.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ff1920cf-80c8-469b-9f97-d2910059f8c1\" data-image-id=\"ff1920cf-80c8-469b-9f97-d2910059f8c1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3c04867f-df4f-46fe-a2c3-93e9f22f473d/girder.png\" data-asset-id=\"ff1920cf-80c8-469b-9f97-d2910059f8c1\" data-image-id=\"ff1920cf-80c8-469b-9f97-d2910059f8c1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Example of the model of girder with joints, related members, and loads</em></p>\n<p>The analyzed member AM1 – the girder – is loaded by continuous load acting on the upper flange. The joints are modeled and checked in IDEA StatiCa Connection.</p>\n<p>Columns are the related members at the model. They are fixed at the bottom. At the top, they are supported only in transverse direction (<em>y</em>, <em>z</em>). That allows loading the columns by the weight of the rest of the structure – by normal force and bending moment in this example. Their magnitudes correspond to the internal forces solved on 3D model in FEA software. There is no other load acting on the columns.</p>\n<p>Other related members are the secondary beams. They are simply supported, and the real loads are applied to them along their whole length. At their ends, simple supports are applied with the added restriction of rotation around longitudinal axis <em>x</em>.</p>\n<p>Of course, the CBFEM model is also somehow simplified. Nevertheless, it describes the behavior of the analyzed member more precisely than the standard approach based on analytical formulas and estimation of boundary conditions and bending moment diagram.</p>\n<p>Following figures show the expected behavior of the girder.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c4c53b46-1dd8-4d0f-bddf-ec278fa4f8b2\" data-image-id=\"c4c53b46-1dd8-4d0f-bddf-ec278fa4f8b2\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9404b896-8194-426a-b03c-0d51d40ada29/deformation.png\" data-asset-id=\"c4c53b46-1dd8-4d0f-bddf-ec278fa4f8b2\" data-image-id=\"c4c53b46-1dd8-4d0f-bddf-ec278fa4f8b2\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Deformation of the girder determined by MNA</em></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4d8bf85f-5978-40a9-8698-781126639f8a\" data-image-id=\"4d8bf85f-5978-40a9-8698-781126639f8a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/13c6a0b4-a9de-4ec6-864a-b86132d11788/buckling.png\" data-asset-id=\"4d8bf85f-5978-40a9-8698-781126639f8a\" data-image-id=\"4d8bf85f-5978-40a9-8698-781126639f8a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Buckling mode shape determined by LBA</em></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n05be7ab8_3e4d_0159_2993_bf922b010f7e\"></object>\n<h2>Analysis</h2>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa Member is able to perform three types of analysis:</p>\n<ol>\n <li>Materially Nonlinear Analysis</li>\n <li>Linear Buckling Analysis</li>\n <li>Geometrically and Materially Nonlinear Analysis with Imperfections</li>\n</ol>\n<p>The first two analyzes can be used for code checks of members, e.g. using General method (EN 1993-1-1, Cl. 6.3.4), but mostly they are used for the preparation of the third, most precise, analysis.</p>\n<h3>Materially Nonlinear Analysis (MNA)</h3>\n<p>Materially nonlinear and geometrically linear static analysis is sufficient for stocky members without any buckling issues. The aim of application IDEA StatiCa Member is to solve complicated members, so MNA analysis is usually not sufficient for complete assessment. This analysis is required to perform other analysis types.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4a87d912-cc54-4809-b5ef-797e0f8203dc\" data-image-id=\"4a87d912-cc54-4809-b5ef-797e0f8203dc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f1e697d8-8c3e-41b7-9c60-7a53661b6240/stress-strain.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"4a87d912-cc54-4809-b5ef-797e0f8203dc\" data-image-id=\"4a87d912-cc54-4809-b5ef-797e0f8203dc\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Material diagrams of steel in numerical models</em></p>\n<h3>Linear Buckling Analysis (LBA)</h3>\n<p>The structure is considered perfect without any geometrical or material imperfections, and the material is elastic in this analysis type. Linear buckling analysis provides factor <em>α</em><sub>cr</sub> – minimum amplifier for design loads to reach the elastic critical resistance of the structural component. The factor determines the load when Euler's critical buckling load is reached. The real buckling load of a real, imperfect structure may be much lower, and therefore high safety margin is recommended:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><em>α</em><sub>cr</sub> > 15 – use MNA</li>\n <li><em>α</em><sub>cr</sub> < 15 – use GMNIA</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Another result of LBA with the same importance is the buckling mode shape. It provides information which part of the modeled structure loses stability. User should check all the buckling modes and select the important ones for the application of imperfections. The important buckling mode shapes are usually causing sinusoidal half-wave bow deflection of the analyzed member or local buckling of slender plates.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1c01a679-f090-4ba8-b08e-c064056bb7fd\" data-image-id=\"1c01a679-f090-4ba8-b08e-c064056bb7fd\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/05436bd7-2718-4de3-9865-6fc39cbe056a/LBA.png\" data-asset-id=\"1c01a679-f090-4ba8-b08e-c064056bb7fd\" data-image-id=\"1c01a679-f090-4ba8-b08e-c064056bb7fd\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Buckling mode shapes</em></p>\n<p>The buckling mode shape also provides us with information on whether the member fails in flexural buckling around weaker or stronger axis, torsional buckling (axially loaded columns) or lateral-torsional buckling (bent beams) or local buckling (members with slender plates). Note that for complicated structures, buckling mode shapes may combine the buckling of several members with various shapes. Also, if a whole frame is modeled, the frame will buckle as a whole and not columns and the girder separately.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4df8f705-9299-40b9-8e40-ab792eb45162\" data-image-id=\"4df8f705-9299-40b9-8e40-ab792eb45162\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2e089209-f335-4202-8d16-ab8cbfe3ab69/LBA2.png\" data-asset-id=\"4df8f705-9299-40b9-8e40-ab792eb45162\" data-image-id=\"4df8f705-9299-40b9-8e40-ab792eb45162\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Flexural, torsional, lateral-torsional buckling</em></p>\n<p>To calculate the buckling modes, the Lanczos algorithm is used.</p>\n<p>A limitation of this algorithm is that if multiple buckling shapes exist for the same or very similar buckling factor, the method is only able to calculate one of the shapes. This can typically be the case with thin-walled structures, for which the shapes for a single buckling factor can take many forms, so the user should be aware of this limitation.</p>\n<p>For every buckling shape, a second buckling shape with the same buckling factor, but the opposite deformation always exists. This should be kept in mind when combining shapes to form an imperfection for GMNIA – the user might want to use a buckling shape with the opposite sign if the resulting shape is more critical in combination with a different buckling mode.</p>\n<p>Buckling mode shapes are directly used for the application of imperfections in the most sophisticated analysis type – GMNIA.</p>\n<h3>Geometrically and Materially Nonlinear Analysis with Imperfections (GMNIA)</h3>\n<p>Geometrically and materially nonlinear analysis with imperfections is the most sophisticated analysis type for static loading. All the imperfections (varying thickness of plates, out-of-straightness, residual stresses, non-homogeneities in material, misalignment of supports...) are substituted by equivalent geometrical imperfections and can be set using buckling mode shapes calculated by LBA. User selects the maximum amplitude of the buckling mode shape used for imperfection. The description of imperfections is in the next chapter.</p>\n<h3>Interpretation of results</h3>\n<p>Most design codes recognize two limit states – serviceability and ultimate.</p>\n<h4>Serviceability limit state</h4>\n<p>Design codes provide limits of the deflection of members. These can be checked by comparing the deflection of analyzed member to the limits.</p>\n<h4>Ultimate limit state</h4>\n<p>Ultimate limit state may be reached by attainment of a limiting value of the principal membrane strain – recommended as 5 % or attainment of the maximum load for members susceptible to buckling. Maximum load is reached when the solver stops converging (because the model is loaded by forces and not by displacements). End of convergence means that no load increment may be applied to the model, and the analysis may stop below 100 % of defined load. Descending branch of the load-deformation diagram cannot be captured.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ae6ee348-af7d-4b98-8126-86b54969ac6c\" data-image-id=\"ae6ee348-af7d-4b98-8126-86b54969ac6c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/8001e1c4-c682-4144-965e-120c259dd7da/convergence.png\" data-asset-id=\"ae6ee348-af7d-4b98-8126-86b54969ac6c\" data-image-id=\"ae6ee348-af7d-4b98-8126-86b54969ac6c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>End of convergence in GMNIA</em></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"ab06627b_28c7_01e9_3c9f_cc98d93f7065\"></object>\n<h2>Imperfections</h2>\n<p>The imperfections are inaccuracies in supports, residual stresses in members, variable thicknesses of plates, out-of-straightness of members, etc. All these imperfections are simulated by equivalent geometrical imperfection. Three geometrical imperfection types may be considered:</p>\n<ol>\n <li>Global imperfections of the structure</li>\n <li>Local imperfections of members</li>\n <li>Local imperfections of slender member plates</li>\n</ol>\n<p>There are guidelines in e.g. EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-5 for each imperfection type.</p>\n<p>Note that generally, imperfection shapes with positive and negative signs (different directions) should be investigated. Only if the geometry is symmetrical, both imperfection directions provide the same results, and only one may be investigated.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n9de0136b_e295_0167_16ec_26e384195973\"></object>\n<h2>Global imperfections</h2>\n<p>Global imperfections of the structure are described in EN 1993-1-1, Cl. 5.3.2 (3). The structure should be inclined in the form of equivalent sway imperfection according to the following figure.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"49816952-a698-4e24-b839-5cab45446b5b\" data-image-id=\"49816952-a698-4e24-b839-5cab45446b5b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/61f0d4bf-61c3-4889-8c1f-eafcbbf86129/global_sway_imperfections.png\" data-asset-id=\"49816952-a698-4e24-b839-5cab45446b5b\" data-image-id=\"49816952-a698-4e24-b839-5cab45446b5b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Equivalent sway imperfection (from EN 1993-1-1 – Figure 5.2)</em></p>\n<p>The angle of imperfection is:</p>\n<p>\\[ \\phi = \\phi_0 α_h α_m \\]</p>\n<p>where:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><em>ϕ</em><sub>0</sub> = 1/200 – basic value of imperfection</li>\n <li>\\( 2/3 \\le α_h = \\frac{2}{\\sqrt{h}} \\le 1.0 \\) – reduction factor for height <em>h</em> applicable to columns</li>\n <li><em>h</em> – height of the structure in meters</li>\n <li>\\( \\alpha_m = \\sqrt{0.5 \\left ( 1+\\frac{1}{m} \\right )} \\) – reduction factor for the number of columns in a row</li>\n <li><em>m</em> – number of columns in a row, including only those columns which carry a vertical load <em>N</em><sub>Ed</sub> not less than 50 % of the average value of the column in the vertical plane considered</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The global imperfections should be applied to the structure in the global analysis model to obtain correct loads. The global imperfections need not be applied also to the model in application <a data-item-id=\"e2fb6b14-f5e4-4b81-8322-71acd2cdf487\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Member</a> if e.g. only one beam is analyzed.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n07430a04_488e_0160_4655_dcfd98398c4b\"></object>\n<h2>Local imperfections of members</h2>\n<p>Local imperfections of members are described in EN 1993-1-1, Cl. 5.3.2 (3). The imperfections are considered in the shape of local bow imperfection with the amplitude <em>e</em><sub>0</sub>/<em>L</em>, where <em>L</em> is the member theoretical length (node-to-node distance).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"578ee1bc-2bac-435f-b751-334b1b687080\" data-image-id=\"578ee1bc-2bac-435f-b751-334b1b687080\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f979b9c8-b298-4559-9b56-c017e2e3f063/local_bow_imperfections.png\" data-asset-id=\"578ee1bc-2bac-435f-b751-334b1b687080\" data-image-id=\"578ee1bc-2bac-435f-b751-334b1b687080\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Design values of initial local bow imperfections (from EN 1993-1-1 – Table 5.1)</em></p>\n<p>The plastic analysis is used so the right column of the table should be used. The amplitude <em>e</em><sub>0</sub> should be chosen according to the table above for predominantly compressed members where flexural, torsional or torsional-flexural buckling is expected. If the member is predominantly bended and main failure mode is lateral-torsional buckling, the amplitude <em>e</em><sub>0</sub> may be decreased by factor <em>k</em> = 0.5 according to EN 1993-1-1, Cl. 5.3.4 (3).</p>\n<p>Two examples are shown:</p>\n<h4>Example 1: Column</h4>\n<p>A column with the length of 4 m is loaded by axial force and has <em>α</em><sub>cr</sub> = 1.4 for buckling around a stronger axis and <em>α</em><sub>cr</sub> = 1.5 around weaker axis. Other values are significantly higher. Two cases should be checked:</p>\n<ol>\n <li>Buckling around stronger axis: According to Table 6.2, buckling curve, a is selected, which corresponds to amplitude of imperfection <em>e</em><sub>0</sub> / <em>L</em> = 1 / 250 for plastic analysis. Therefore, amplitude 4000 / 250 = 16 mm is applied to the first buckling mode shape. GMNIA is run and the limit states are evaluated.</li>\n <li>Buckling around weaker axis: According to Table 6.2, buckling curve b is selected which corresponds to amplitude of imperfection <em>e</em><sub>0</sub> / <em>L</em> = 1 / 200 for plastic analysis. Therefore, amplitude 4000 / 200 = 20 mm is applied to the second buckling mode shape. GMNIA is run and the limit states are evaluated.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Minimal load resistance should be used. Alternatively, both buckling modes may be used at the same time, which leads to safer result and faster calculation time.</p>\n<h4>Example 2: Beam</h4>\n<p>Beam with the theoretical span (node to node distance) of 6 m is loaded by the transverse load. LBA shows that the first buckling mode shape is lateral-torsional buckling with <em>α</em><sub>cr</sub> = 1.9. Other buckling mode shapes are with significantly higher values of <em>α</em><sub>cr</sub>. According to Table 6.4, buckling curve, a is selected, which corresponds to amplitude <em>e</em><sub>0</sub> / <em>L</em> = 1 / 250. Because lateral-torsional buckling is investigated, factor <em>k</em><sub>0</sub> = 0.5 may be used. Amplitude 0.5 • 6000 / 250 = 12 mm is applied to the first buckling mode. GMNIA is run and the limit states are evaluated</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n90c6054c_4151_0179_f4ed_b92c2970fd9a\"></object>\n<h2>Local imperfections of slender member plates</h2>\n<p>If members are class 4, local imperfections of plates should also be applied. The panel imperfection amplitude should be <em>a</em> / 200, where <em>a</em> is the shorter panel span according to EN 1993-1-5, Cl. C.5.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3c24e3eb-5d6b-4e19-bfd6-0117da347858\" data-image-id=\"3c24e3eb-5d6b-4e19-bfd6-0117da347858\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bcf2854b-9463-4e53-94c8-01335eed3bfe/Class%204%20member.png\" data-asset-id=\"3c24e3eb-5d6b-4e19-bfd6-0117da347858\" data-image-id=\"3c24e3eb-5d6b-4e19-bfd6-0117da347858\" alt=\"Class 4 cross-sections: slender member plates in Member application\"></figure>\n<p><em>Local buckling of slender plates</em></p>\n<p>While GMNIA should be a suitable analysis for the assessment of slender members, currently, not enough verifications and validations were made to confirm that the model is safe. Therefore, it is not recommended to use IDEA StatiCa Member for slender members (class 4) for now.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"644ee41f-1a85-49bc-8d9b-7b5df0e51bc0\" data-image-id=\"644ee41f-1a85-49bc-8d9b-7b5df0e51bc0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/0ab79d33-15c5-4c12-9ad9-f876391d6118/class4_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"644ee41f-1a85-49bc-8d9b-7b5df0e51bc0\" data-image-id=\"644ee41f-1a85-49bc-8d9b-7b5df0e51bc0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Influence of imperfections on the numerical analysis of slender plates</em></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n0a0a4ff7_a2fe_0156_b7bb_42d855f8c03a\"></object>\n<h2>Applying imperfections in IDEA StatiCa Member</h2>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"e2fb6b14-f5e4-4b81-8322-71acd2cdf487\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Member</a> allows applying <a data-item-id=\"8df78392-c0d8-51ab-bb62-e811552eae4a\" href=\"\">imperfections</a> in the buckling mode shapes with maximal amplitude chosen by user in absolute value. Usually, the first buckling mode shape with the maximum amplitude according to Table 5.1 in EN 1993-1-1 is enough. For members with cross-section class 4, more buckling mode shapes must be considered and a combination of at least two buckling modes used. Especially for a model with more analyzed members, several buckling mode shapes have to be selected.</p>\n<p>Geometric imperfections are equivalent and should not enter the evaluation of results, e.g. deflection in serviceability limit state. Therefore, when visualizing the results, only the deflections due to loading are shown on a structure undeformed by imperfections.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n384b1435_cc59_0100_e95f_7f7519a01ecc\"></object>\n<h2>Advanced design according to AISC 360-16</h2>\n<p>AISC 360-16 does not directly refer to the design of members by a finite element analysis using shell elements so it is recommended to use a much more detailed guide in EN 1993-1-5. Comm. 1.3.3b refers to ECCS: Ultimate Limit State Calculation of Sway Frames with Rigid Joints (1984) where the concept of equivalent geometrical imperfection is used. The design by inelastic analysis is covered in Appendix 1.3. The inelastic analysis shall take into account:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>flexural, shear, axial and torsional member deformations, and all other component and connection deformations that contribute to the displacements of the structure – covered by use of GMNIA and member consisting of shell elements</li>\n <li>second-order effects (including <em>P-Δ</em>, <em>P-δ</em>, and twisting effects) – covered by use of GMNIA</li>\n <li>geometric imperfections – set by the user by using buckling mode shape from LBA analysis</li>\n <li>stiffness reductions due to inelasticity, including partial yielding of the cross-section that may be accentuated by the presence of residual stresses – it is not possible to set residual stress in the member. However, using Appendix 1.3.3c, residual stress modeling may be replaced by reduction of the elastic modulus, <em>E</em>, and modulus in shear, <em>G</em>, by 0.8.</li>\n <li>uncertainty in system, member, and connection strength and stiffness – covered by use of geometrical imperfections and stiffness reduction</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Appendix 1.3.3b states: \"In all cases, the analysis shall directly model the effects of initial imperfections due to both points of intersection of members displaced from their nominal locations (system imperfections), and initial out-of-straightness or offsets of members along their length (member imperfections). The magnitude of the initial displacements shall be the maximum amount considered in the design; the pattern of initial displacements shall be such that it provides the greatest destabilizing effect.\"</p>\n<p>Geometric imperfections are described in Comm. C2.2: \"Initial geometric imperfections are conservatively assumed equal to the maximum material, fabrication and erection tolerances permitted in the AISC Code of Standard Practice (AISC, 2016a): a member out-of-straightness equal to <em>L</em> / 1000, where <em>L</em> is the member length between brace or framing points, and a frame out-of-plumbness equal to <em>H</em> / 500, where <em>H</em> is the story height.\"</p>\n<p>It is recommended to apply out-of-plumbness in the 3D FEA software and out-of-straightness in <a data-item-id=\"e2fb6b14-f5e4-4b81-8322-71acd2cdf487\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Member</a> application.</p>\n<h4>Summary:</h4>\n<p>If it is decided to use the AISC approach, apply out-of-plumbness <em>H</em> / 500 in 3D FEA software, out-of-straightness <em>L</em> / 1000 in Member and reduce the modulus of elasticity in tension/compression and shear by factor 0.8. Note that this procedure does not cover complicated issues with several buckling mode factors close to each other.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n0f3edf0c_7359_01b7_b7f8_603b187b2738\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>IDEA StatiCa Member model organization is slightly different than in the other IDEA StatiCa applications however it still respects the <a data-item-id=\"6e068636-6a02-5d0e-89ad-6dcff4e21151\" href=\"\">CBFEM </a>approach. Let's go through the key definitions.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Analyzed member is a part of the structure which is meant to be analyzed, the part in which we are interested in. Related members are all other members that are connected to the analyzed one. Related members have common joints with the analyzed one.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"31288f09-3b6c-4a99-9e93-303c0b8100df\" data-image-id=\"31288f09-3b6c-4a99-9e93-303c0b8100df\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5f447ff8-62a3-4974-acd3-2e59475a0429/MemberModelOrganization_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"31288f09-3b6c-4a99-9e93-303c0b8100df\" data-image-id=\"31288f09-3b6c-4a99-9e93-303c0b8100df\" alt=\"Member model organization\"></figure>\n<p>Connections between the Analyzed member and the Related members are defined by the joint design. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"06a4334f-99cc-49ac-81b8-4a6479a95031\" data-image-id=\"06a4334f-99cc-49ac-81b8-4a6479a95031\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f583d0df-6c6b-4eac-8a5a-f4cc7ccb0d3e/MemberModelOrganization_4.png\" data-asset-id=\"06a4334f-99cc-49ac-81b8-4a6479a95031\" data-image-id=\"06a4334f-99cc-49ac-81b8-4a6479a95031\" alt=\"Member Model Organization\"></figure>\n<p>Loads can be introduced in several ways. Basically two possibilities can be distinguished - Internal forces and applied loads. Internal forces can be introduced at the end of a related member. Applied loads can be introduced on the Analyzed member or on Related members as the uniform load.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1dc679a7-3646-46f9-a3a5-92c4e305e941\" data-image-id=\"1dc679a7-3646-46f9-a3a5-92c4e305e941\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a7aa2f0c-7e4e-4cbc-8985-fedc9395c674/MemberModelOrganization_3.png\" data-asset-id=\"1dc679a7-3646-46f9-a3a5-92c4e305e941\" data-image-id=\"1dc679a7-3646-46f9-a3a5-92c4e305e941\" alt=\"Loading of a member model\"></figure>\n<p>By defining all these parts of the model, the Member organization is complete.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d4c1944d-a4bb-4fdd-92e2-1d287555b4c8\" data-image-id=\"d4c1944d-a4bb-4fdd-92e2-1d287555b4c8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1332b931-102c-4bd5-a89d-70e20c2a1a02/MemberModelOrganization_1.png\" data-asset-id=\"d4c1944d-a4bb-4fdd-92e2-1d287555b4c8\" data-image-id=\"d4c1944d-a4bb-4fdd-92e2-1d287555b4c8\" alt=\"Member organization is complete\"></figure>\n<p>The whole description of the model workflow is explained in the <a data-item-id=\"47e9c7cc-0685-507d-855f-fce85ba6b34d\" href=\"\">Theoretical background for IDEA StatiCa Member</a>. </p>"
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"value": "<p>IDEA StatiCa Connection enables you to design your steel connections not only according to your code but it lets you optimize your model as well. Until now, it was just based on the designer's experience to decide what type of bolts, welds, plates, or anything else should be used, so the connection is still safe but also efficient cost-wise. </p>\n<p>We heard of a lot of calls from steel fabricators using IDEA StatiCa for the possibility to see the connection costs at the first glance. Obviously, what can be a couple of bucks on a single connection means a fortune for the whole construction. </p>\n<p>That is why the new <strong>IDEA StatiCa version 20.1 brings</strong> as one of its major novelties <strong>the possibility to calculate production costs</strong>. </p>\n<p>With this new feature, you can very quickly estimate the final price of the created design and optimize the connection concerning that. Of course, still keeping in mind the most important factor, the safety. </p>\n<p>Prices of individual connection components can be specified easily on a cost per unit weight basis in Settings. Costs can currently be defined for four basic entities:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Steel parts </strong>(plates and added steel members, grade dependent)</li>\n <li><strong>Welds </strong>(single and double fillet welds, ½ V and K butt welds, weld size dependent)</li>\n <li><strong>Bolt assemblies </strong>(grade and diameter dependent)</li>\n <li><strong>Hole drilling </strong>(as a percentage of bolt assembly cost)</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"054c5577-3ad0-436d-87c0-9324ab5a84ba\" data-image-id=\"054c5577-3ad0-436d-87c0-9324ab5a84ba\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/81256ef2-3d90-4c6a-96c8-28f650006dd0/Settings.png\" data-asset-id=\"054c5577-3ad0-436d-87c0-9324ab5a84ba\" data-image-id=\"054c5577-3ad0-436d-87c0-9324ab5a84ba\" alt=\"New design of cost settings \"></figure>\n<p>The resulting value is presented in the 3D scene view. The costs are updated in real-time according to manufacturing operations used in the design.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cf1d5615-88aa-41c8-9238-6f9a554d31e9\" data-image-id=\"cf1d5615-88aa-41c8-9238-6f9a554d31e9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e6899abc-8188-4b4c-9804-f840c0415a20/cost%20estimate.png\" data-asset-id=\"cf1d5615-88aa-41c8-9238-6f9a554d31e9\" data-image-id=\"cf1d5615-88aa-41c8-9238-6f9a554d31e9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The currency can be set according to your local preferences again in Settings. </p>\n<p>If you want your cost estimation to be a part of your final report, no problem with that. Just choose this possibility in the report project item settings. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"49b0f2a3-0cec-40cd-acc9-398563b3ca55\" data-image-id=\"49b0f2a3-0cec-40cd-acc9-398563b3ca55\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1e456d36-8017-4016-bf33-b746e81ced0d/Cost%20estimation%204.png\" data-asset-id=\"49b0f2a3-0cec-40cd-acc9-398563b3ca55\" data-image-id=\"49b0f2a3-0cec-40cd-acc9-398563b3ca55\" alt=\"Report (Cost estimation)\"></figure>\n<h3>See how it works</h3>\n<p>Watch the webinar recording part where our colleague Ryan introduces the Cost estimation feature. </p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"ccabf64c_35f4_011b_3eb8_d719b4b17611\"></object>\n<h2>Put the new version to the test</h2>\n<p>Cost estimation is definitely not the only improvement brought by the new IDEA StatiCa version 20.1 introduced at the beginning of October. Find the complete overview of new features and improvements for steel connection design condensed in our <a data-item-id=\"28c5e551-7dcf-4aed-93a1-97e001d6f3bc\" href=\"\">Release notes</a>.</p>\n<p>The best way to get to know all of them is to try them on your own. Just <a data-item-id=\"0dff6482-3e17-4ca2-bb66-b4abc6a8dde4\" href=\"\">download the new version</a> and ask for your free 14-day trial. </p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"b19285f2_4b1d_01ee_1a4e_c7dcf71f6680\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>Let me introduce you <strong>5 of the most recent shortcuts in the connection designing workflow </strong>you can use to spare some precious time.</p>\n<h2>#1 BIM-links</h2>\n<p>The BIM interconnections between calculation FEA structural software and model detailing CAD applications are well known. You can use global structure geometry, boundary conditions, material and cross-section properties from one software and use it in the other.</p>\n<p>But what about the assessment of the member connections?</p>\n<p>There are several connection-detailing applications, which made it possible to model a 3D model of every connection down to the smallest detail. But when you want to check whether everything works as it should, you had to model a separate calculation model with a high degree of inaccuracy.</p>\n<p>It can be history now!</p>\n<p>There is no faster way to assess any complex steel structure connection and create the code-check report. With the use of the BIM-link feature developed and implemented in IDEA StatiCa products, you can avoid duplication of work.</p>\n<p>It takes no more than three basic steps:</p>\n<ol>\n <li>Export the connection from your CAD app into IDEA StatiCa Connection. You can simply use the 3D model you already detailed in the CAD application.</li>\n <li>Export the loading from your FEA app into IDEA StatiCa Connection, where you apply node internal forces already calculated in your global calculation model.</li>\n <li>You finally mix both these inputs in IDEA StatiCa and you are will be able to check everything you are interested in.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Of course, sometimes you have to optimize the connection after the first attempt, but with the ‘synchronize’ function the iteration process feels more like fun than the work.</p>\n<p>Okay - maybe it’s not fun for long if you still have to do this checking for several joints one after another. That’s why the ‘bulk selection’ was created! With this feature, you can select several connections at once and assess them automatically. Our <a data-item-id=\"57d37a52-71c7-4b49-8a98-df21117d0e44\" href=\"\">blog post - Bulk selection</a> deals with this topic in further detail.</p>\n<p>It’s a dream come true for everyone involved in structural connections! This type of semi-automatic workflow is beneficial especially for persons responsible for the connection design, assessment and calculation code-checks.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c9562519-5211-43fd-be7f-1250f2256d6f\" data-image-id=\"c9562519-5211-43fd-be7f-1250f2256d6f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4116a35a-d28e-4e45-879b-844f4f1996a2/BIM-links_03.png\" data-asset-id=\"c9562519-5211-43fd-be7f-1250f2256d6f\" data-image-id=\"c9562519-5211-43fd-be7f-1250f2256d6f\" alt=\"BIM\"></figure>\n<p>There is plenty of different software used by Engineers. And accordingly, you can find plenty of tutorials describing their connection with IDEA StatiCa. <a data-item-id=\"222de7bd-bfbc-5601-9021-26e5b4a3e0a4\" href=\"\">Tutorial - How to combine Tekla and SAP</a> belongs among the most popular ones.</p>\n<p>As BIM links are crucial for efficient workflow, there is neverending progress in feature development for even better usage for Engineers. That's why it is good to go through one of our recent webinars - <a data-item-id=\"2d19ed52-e2a0-46e1-a262-f4a52ae62025\" href=\"\">The latest features of CAD BIM links</a> - not to miss any new widget.</p>\n<h2>#2 Use prepared templates</h2>\n<p>You don’t have to invent the wheel again, and again, and again...</p>\n<p>Although every structure is unique in some way, it’s very probable that the kind of connection you’re going to design was already constructed by someone before.</p>\n<h3>Starting wizard</h3>\n<p>In many cases, starting wizard screen templates can do most of the modelling work for you. Just after starting the software, you can find over 250 templates waiting just for final optimization.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ee34428b-59f1-48e5-a0d6-82318c74a0bc\" data-image-id=\"ee34428b-59f1-48e5-a0d6-82318c74a0bc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6150087e-ef56-4020-ae6a-3b98b88af8ea/initial%20template.png\" data-asset-id=\"ee34428b-59f1-48e5-a0d6-82318c74a0bc\" data-image-id=\"ee34428b-59f1-48e5-a0d6-82318c74a0bc\" alt=\"template\"></figure>\n<p>For an introduction to these templates, look at our blog post about the <a data-item-id=\"c6fcb894-3dfa-48d1-a36c-1c48cc3886cc\" href=\"\">New wizard templates</a>.</p>\n<h3>Right-click (dynamic) templates</h3>\n<p>A great feature of dynamic templates is activated by the right mouse button. It’s like saying to the app: ‘ok, and now connect these two members together, please’, but much faster. By a few mouse-clicks, you create and several modelling operations at once.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8c783e08-f626-4d4b-957a-40cbed224667\" data-image-id=\"8c783e08-f626-4d4b-957a-40cbed224667\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/671e87de-63bc-4295-9d5f-3ecde54ee030/dynamic%20template.png\" data-asset-id=\"8c783e08-f626-4d4b-957a-40cbed224667\" data-image-id=\"8c783e08-f626-4d4b-957a-40cbed224667\" alt=\"template\"></figure>\n<p>Getting familiar with the <strong>Right mouse button</strong> features is highly recommended as they include the most useful and most needed functions. </p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"db2ba897_ed2c_01dc_f5cb_67f3a23bd105\"></object>\n<h3>Pre-design</h3>\n<p>This progressive feature creates the connections according to the pre-defined parameters - basically set up on the percentage of the member’s cross-section resistance.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3d035d23-ca5d-4534-9494-d8bf3a90b167\" data-image-id=\"3d035d23-ca5d-4534-9494-d8bf3a90b167\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1e75d2bc-c410-460a-abdb-05c37df0dee1/pre-design%20settings_02.png\" data-asset-id=\"3d035d23-ca5d-4534-9494-d8bf3a90b167\" data-image-id=\"3d035d23-ca5d-4534-9494-d8bf3a90b167\" alt=\"pre design\"></figure>\n<p>Once you discover and use this function, you won't stop using it. Get to it right now via our article dedicated to <a data-item-id=\"668f9fb3-5a55-4d20-bdd2-4b12f9a62d36\" href=\"\">Pre-design</a>. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ba70a8a5-0b57-45ac-ba7f-960016d620af\" data-image-id=\"ba70a8a5-0b57-45ac-ba7f-960016d620af\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c1bb2590-4744-4aab-bd1c-63b160972545/pre-design_02.png\" data-asset-id=\"ba70a8a5-0b57-45ac-ba7f-960016d620af\" data-image-id=\"ba70a8a5-0b57-45ac-ba7f-960016d620af\" alt=\"pre-design\"></figure>\n<h3>User templates</h3>\n<p>It’s quite common that every Structural engineer or Construction company has its own specific style in which the steel connections are designed and manufactured. These specifics vary depending on the region and customs. That’s why it’s not possible to create one bunch of connections serving all the users equally. </p>\n<p>But it is possible (and highly recommended) for all users to work with templates created on their own. This function is covered by the Template manager. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bf57d3f5-f176-4f62-934f-1beb81dadc5f\" data-image-id=\"bf57d3f5-f176-4f62-934f-1beb81dadc5f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/664a94be-3973-4cfa-84a7-ca2491b434fb/user%20template_02.png\" data-asset-id=\"bf57d3f5-f176-4f62-934f-1beb81dadc5f\" data-image-id=\"bf57d3f5-f176-4f62-934f-1beb81dadc5f\" alt=\"template\"></figure>\n<p>Here you can store and manage connection templates just according to your habits and needs. How to save them and re-use them is discussed in our <a data-item-id=\"eb5ed311-0f6d-55c8-af67-aef19c91bcde\" href=\"\">webinar - Templates and sharing</a>.</p>\n<h3>Sample projects</h3>\n<p>Dozens of connection design project samples are <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center-sample-projects?product=steel\">available in the Support Center</a>, and we are adding more of them continuously. Pinned, bolted, or welded connections, dogbones, beams, base plates, anchors, whatever you need... </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c5414e0e-a3d8-4fc3-8679-47e5eb2822e1\" data-image-id=\"c5414e0e-a3d8-4fc3-8679-47e5eb2822e1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/24b39ff0-cbf0-48e4-afcc-0e3705185d45/Sampe%20projects.png\" data-asset-id=\"c5414e0e-a3d8-4fc3-8679-47e5eb2822e1\" data-image-id=\"c5414e0e-a3d8-4fc3-8679-47e5eb2822e1\" alt=\"sample projects\"></figure>\n<p>There is nothing more for you to do just to find the one most appropriate to your design, download it, and adjust it to your own project. <strong>Simple, straightforward, free.</strong> The <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/all?category=sample_project\">Sample projects</a> category is a great type of content, where you can find new inspiration and also the overview of IDEA StatiCa apps capabilities presented on the real-world practical use.</p>\n<h2>#3 Support center</h2>\n<p>Often the significant part of the designing time is spent on looking for appropriate information related to the particular structure, code requirements or specifics of the design. This could be the crucial time-saving: reliable information source (without a lengthy search in design manual books or several different internet resources).</p>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center\">Support center</a> is a complex quality information source - it contains tons of information dedicated to connection design. And with a robust and sophisticated search algorithm, you get the best results suiting your needs.</p>\n<p>One word and you get plenty of useful resource materials.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bcc6c3e2-34cb-46e9-882d-ca692f65a15e\" data-image-id=\"bcc6c3e2-34cb-46e9-882d-ca692f65a15e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/49a5c22e-f825-4865-8de1-4cfff10c1f55/Support%20center_02.png\" data-asset-id=\"bcc6c3e2-34cb-46e9-882d-ca692f65a15e\" data-image-id=\"bcc6c3e2-34cb-46e9-882d-ca692f65a15e\" alt=\"support center\"></figure>\n<p>As all of us have different preferences of sources, you can choose a form of information suiting your actual needs. Information is provided in various forms. </p>\n<p>Just see, how much content related to <strong>connection design</strong> is available just for you (data by Feb, 2021):</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/all?product=connection_design&category=webinar\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">69 webinars</a>,</li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/all?product=connection_design&category=webinar\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">34 tutorials and BIM link tutorials</a>,</li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/all?product=connection_design&category=knowledgebase_article&category=faq\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">over 200 knowledge base articles</a>,</li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/all?product=connection_design&category=verification_example&category=scientific_article\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">80 verification articles and examples</a>,</li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/sample-projects-for-steel-connection-design\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">50 sample projects </a></li>\n <li>and many more.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>#4 Project Viewer</h2>\n<p>One of the fastest ways to communicate your ideas about the connection design is to show your 3D model to your business partners on the cloud through the web browser (see e.g. <a data-item-id=\"5b39bcd0-4f5e-463d-9ef7-b6dd5cdf58ee\" href=\"\">blog post - Project Viewer</a>).</p>\n<p>The advantages of this type of communication are quite obvious:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>your business partner doesn’t need to have the IDEA StatiCa application purchased or installed,</li>\n <li>an internet connection and web browser are the only necessities,</li>\n <li>it’s costless for both sides,</li>\n <li>no need to export the 3D model into 2D drawings through third-party software, while the viewer can export it directly to the general DWG format.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>#5 GitHub IDEA Open Model</h2>\n<p>If you use your own calculating FEA application or you model your connections in your own CAD software, you can still use the strength and advantages of IDEA StatiCa products. Our developers prepared an application programming interface (API) for interconnection between various software via the IDEA Open Model (IOM).</p>\n<p>And what’s the main advantage of the implementation of this feature?</p>\n<p>You can still use your own software you already paid for as well as IDEA StatiCa products – both software independently. But then you have to do some work twice.</p>\n<p>Or you can implement the IDEA Open Model and start using the advantage of direct import-export interconnections and avoid the necessity to model everything twice.</p>\n<p>You can find all the necessary details in our <a data-item-id=\"f38cae61-35a0-50a4-8bf6-e729d2901cb4\" href=\"\">blog post - IDEA Open Model</a> dedicated to this topic or directly on <a href=\"https://github.com/idea-statica\">GitHub web page</a>.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"untitled_content_item_a1697b4\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>To define the loads, you can use one of these five options:</p>\n<ol>\n <li><a href=\"#manual_input_table\">Manual input into the table</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"#manual_input_spreadsheet\">Manual input from a spreadsheet</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"#automatic_import_checkbot\">Automatic import using the BIM link (IDEA StatiCa Checkbot)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"#load_transfer\">Load transfer from one Connection project to another</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"#percentage_load\">Percentage load based on the capacity of the cross-section</a></li>\n</ol>\n<p>Now, let's have a look at each of the options on the list.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"cf19f04b_c138_0105_15eb_b05f3c529aba\"></object>\n<h2>1. Manual input into the table</h2>\n<p>This is the basic and straightforward procedure: In the table of loads, you can load members by the set of six internal forces. </p>\n<p>Based on the selected \"Loads in equilibrium\" option, the table of unbalanced forces is displayed at the bottom. (Note: When the option is OFF, you cannot apply load on the supported member. For more, go to <a data-item-id=\"f32270b7-97ff-5d81-94b7-35e6b51c7dde\" href=\"\">Equilibrium and supporting member</a>.)</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7d2f3aad-9708-49aa-b79d-6ce1b60f5188\" data-image-id=\"7d2f3aad-9708-49aa-b79d-6ce1b60f5188\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a057a28e-1b23-4520-9835-293a9495f08a/Load%201.png\" data-asset-id=\"7d2f3aad-9708-49aa-b79d-6ce1b60f5188\" data-image-id=\"7d2f3aad-9708-49aa-b79d-6ce1b60f5188\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Different actions are available in the top ribbon, above the load table, or in the right-mouse-button menu. You can define several load cases, copy or delete the existing ones or unselect some load cases for the analysis (these will not be evaluated). </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"05c7d640-2173-4624-93fc-412284df6398\" data-image-id=\"05c7d640-2173-4624-93fc-412284df6398\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e208c1ea-d452-485c-bbf0-e1eb2e725b57/Load%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"05c7d640-2173-4624-93fc-412284df6398\" data-image-id=\"05c7d640-2173-4624-93fc-412284df6398\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>To display the diagram of the bending moment on the selected member, switch the view mode to <strong>Wireframe </strong>(right top corner of the 3D scene) and select the member in the load table. The red load in the scene represents the load in the support (reactions). </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"542bb31c-b99f-4d11-94f8-341f9e352be9\" data-image-id=\"542bb31c-b99f-4d11-94f8-341f9e352be9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/66b57ca3-a0bb-41e1-b614-1c677b84c045/Load%203.png\" data-asset-id=\"542bb31c-b99f-4d11-94f8-341f9e352be9\" data-image-id=\"542bb31c-b99f-4d11-94f8-341f9e352be9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Based on the selected model type, the corresponding cells in the load table are \"locked\" (preventing input). See more in the <a data-item-id=\"ac982d36-e45a-5d9f-93f8-344206647dc4\" href=\"\">How to model one bolt connection (Model type)</a> article. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"16d418dc-b1de-4b0a-94b9-fc79a9455a4b\" data-image-id=\"16d418dc-b1de-4b0a-94b9-fc79a9455a4b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ca5527b0-5084-4c61-afd5-6500cc0c0e31/Model%20type%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"16d418dc-b1de-4b0a-94b9-fc79a9455a4b\" data-image-id=\"16d418dc-b1de-4b0a-94b9-fc79a9455a4b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>To switch the units, see <a data-item-id=\"832da2a8-6d89-4598-84c5-dfc30515c634\" href=\"\">How to change units in IDEA StatiCa Connection</a>.</p>\n<p>Make sure you set the forces in the correct position together with the corresponding members' model types. Read the <a data-item-id=\"a25875d5-40c2-5ae8-8919-18016fad28ff\" href=\"\">How to define correct load position (Forces in)</a> article to understand the problem.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"c3723ce5_fe45_010e_167c_a220d30cddc9\"></object>\n<h2>2. Manual input from a spreadsheet</h2>\n<p>To save time or transfer the load from another source file (it can be your global analysis model or just another IDEA StatiCa Connection model), there is an option to input the load values of the table in bulk from a spreadsheet. Use the <strong>XLS Import</strong> button in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b0bdeb04-45c9-41cd-8f4a-97b8207e9997\" data-image-id=\"b0bdeb04-45c9-41cd-8f4a-97b8207e9997\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b21bb9e8-28c4-45a1-a883-c013396a481e/Load%204.png\" data-asset-id=\"b0bdeb04-45c9-41cd-8f4a-97b8207e9997\" data-image-id=\"b0bdeb04-45c9-41cd-8f4a-97b8207e9997\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>In the figure, the Excel table consists of three load cases. Simply <strong>copy + paste</strong> the values (CRTL+C and CTRL+V).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7b1bd5ba-bcb1-4056-a0d8-7fa0a2e0c441\" data-image-id=\"7b1bd5ba-bcb1-4056-a0d8-7fa0a2e0c441\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/41f5be3f-578c-4f67-bd37-d40c85307534/Load%205.png\" data-asset-id=\"7b1bd5ba-bcb1-4056-a0d8-7fa0a2e0c441\" data-image-id=\"7b1bd5ba-bcb1-4056-a0d8-7fa0a2e0c441\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The values are automatically divided into three load cases. Ensure that the order of lines you are transferring corresponds exactly to the order of members in the Connection table of loads. You can <strong>rearrange</strong> the table using the arrows on the right. To avoid the first empty load case, use the <strong>Replace existing loads</strong> option.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"67fd8d57-6022-4512-b6ad-cd6f8de1fa4f\" data-image-id=\"67fd8d57-6022-4512-b6ad-cd6f8de1fa4f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9be3f133-c77a-4e35-bbfb-4e6da2b1c591/Load%206.png\" data-asset-id=\"67fd8d57-6022-4512-b6ad-cd6f8de1fa4f\" data-image-id=\"67fd8d57-6022-4512-b6ad-cd6f8de1fa4f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Once you confirm by OK, three load cases are created. The zero values in the table of unbalanced forces confirm that the import was done correctly. See also <a data-item-id=\"0a4c97f6-c58f-5ef2-8fe4-89943e9c4fdb\" href=\"\">How to import load effects from Excel sheet</a>.</p>\n<p>For a large set of load effects, consider using the <a data-item-id=\"f1af1623-b7a3-4b77-8562-18cddae30194\" href=\"\">Load Extreme Selection</a> function.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"60ae4962-7fb3-48fb-af03-b9e10cc2c5d4\" data-image-id=\"60ae4962-7fb3-48fb-af03-b9e10cc2c5d4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c11b4686-30a1-4b96-9847-b30392c94ba8/Load%207.png\" data-asset-id=\"60ae4962-7fb3-48fb-af03-b9e10cc2c5d4\" data-image-id=\"60ae4962-7fb3-48fb-af03-b9e10cc2c5d4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>To transfer the load from one IDEA StatiCa Connection model to another, you can also export the values into a table using the <strong>XLS Export</strong> button in the top ribbon. The load effects are saved as a CSV file. Nevertheless, there is also an easier way described in section 4 (Load transfer from one Connection project to another).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"77501ba5-0343-4a9e-812e-2c5cb06296bb\" data-image-id=\"77501ba5-0343-4a9e-812e-2c5cb06296bb\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b67e22df-fa31-4834-a0d9-9215e22d5f89/Load%208.png\" data-asset-id=\"77501ba5-0343-4a9e-812e-2c5cb06296bb\" data-image-id=\"77501ba5-0343-4a9e-812e-2c5cb06296bb\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"e5a2f174_fb20_01ff_9a86_4e88fd53d99d\"></object>\n<h2>3. Automatic import using the BIM link (IDEA StatiCa Checkbot)</h2>\n<p>BIM workflow is the essential functionality of IDEA StatiCa Connection. By using the BIM link, internal forces from all load combinations and load cases are imported at once. To make an easy and smooth transfer of not only the loads but also all the members and cross-sections, we have developed <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/bim-links\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">IDEA StatiCa Checkbot</a>, an application enabling IDEA StatiCa Connection to seamlessly incorporate itself into the overall BIM process.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n45676c68_f083_0153_d416_9d104326cf55\"></object>\n<p>Please see the full functionality of <a data-item-id=\"4074acd5-0f5f-40f9-aa70-ac1ff373919d\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Checkbot in the dedicated article</a> or learn how to use it together with your FEA/CAD application in one of <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center-tutorials?label=checkbot\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">many of our tutorials</a>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4c8075e7-bfee-4b68-99b6-e70f346e703b\" data-image-id=\"4c8075e7-bfee-4b68-99b6-e70f346e703b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/059861ec-187c-4545-b669-8027a4db8013/Checkbot%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"4c8075e7-bfee-4b68-99b6-e70f346e703b\" data-image-id=\"4c8075e7-bfee-4b68-99b6-e70f346e703b\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Checkbot v 21.1\"></figure>\n<p>If you are not sure whether we are linked to the application you work with, please visit our <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/bim-integrations\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Supported integrations</a> site. Read more about the topic also in the <a data-item-id=\"765fe9a2-8335-43d4-b39f-1644fa998def\" href=\"\">BIM – The answer to all our (structural engineering) prayers?</a> blogpost. </p>\n<p>The unbalanced forces when importing the load using the BIM link are discussed in the <a data-item-id=\"ff3dbaee-d843-5143-b29c-de5620fc3d7d\" href=\"\">Unbalanced forces from BIM link import</a> article.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n72bc50e3_1627_01a7_81d1_db4e6f82ca8e\"></object>\n<h2>4. Load transfer from one Connection project to another</h2>\n<p>This is another option for transferring the load from one IDEA StatiCa Connection model to another. This may be useful, especially when you have a CAD model with designed connections and a structural model in an FEA program. In such a case, you can merge the loads from the FEA-exported connection model with your CAD-exported connection model and you are ready to run the analysis.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a48c7c30-afec-49a4-9411-5ebf0dc77b78\" data-image-id=\"a48c7c30-afec-49a4-9411-5ebf0dc77b78\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ab22f3e6-4cc8-4690-8877-0aef4ba1d3c2/How%20to%20combine%20Tekla%20Structures%20and%20SAP2000%20for%20steel%20connection%20design.png\" data-asset-id=\"a48c7c30-afec-49a4-9411-5ebf0dc77b78\" data-image-id=\"a48c7c30-afec-49a4-9411-5ebf0dc77b78\" alt=\"A step-by-step tutorial showing how to use the IDEA Code-check manager to import a 3D joint model from Tekla Structures and merge it with internal forces imported from a SAP2000. Structural design of welded and bolted steel connections.\"></figure>\n<p>Press the <strong>Connection Import</strong> button on the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cd93283f-5665-4d3c-a7ad-5d48a9cebac2\" data-image-id=\"cd93283f-5665-4d3c-a7ad-5d48a9cebac2\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1e09c965-7742-4bfa-a075-fb406f5798e8/Load%209.png\" data-asset-id=\"cd93283f-5665-4d3c-a7ad-5d48a9cebac2\" data-image-id=\"cd93283f-5665-4d3c-a7ad-5d48a9cebac2\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Then select the .ideacon file you want to import the load from.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c4383328-4cee-4b5f-bcd0-de31fd1a6ccf\" data-image-id=\"c4383328-4cee-4b5f-bcd0-de31fd1a6ccf\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f4762ada-0bc1-4251-8d11-b5c0ef816b91/Load%2010.png\" data-asset-id=\"c4383328-4cee-4b5f-bcd0-de31fd1a6ccf\" data-image-id=\"c4383328-4cee-4b5f-bcd0-de31fd1a6ccf\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>All the load cases are transferred to your new connection model.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3e181139-6f63-4555-9ba0-84d19b33401d\" data-image-id=\"3e181139-6f63-4555-9ba0-84d19b33401d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a92e2f7f-f726-46c3-8156-35e50cbecc8e/Load%2011.png\" data-asset-id=\"3e181139-6f63-4555-9ba0-84d19b33401d\" data-image-id=\"3e181139-6f63-4555-9ba0-84d19b33401d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>See the recording of our <a data-item-id=\"f49107c3-7d30-45ad-b171-60b3ca12a47c\" href=\"\">Tackling IDEA StatiCa Connection - BIM links</a> webinar, where the load transfer from one .ideacon file to another by the Connection Import function is explained to combine the Tekla and SAP2000 models. </p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"a0d09f15_0d95_0185_1713_ceed76a1886b\"></object>\n<p>The combined workflow is also described in our <a data-item-id=\"222de7bd-bfbc-5601-9021-26e5b4a3e0a4\" href=\"\">How to combine Tekla Structures and SAP2000</a> tutorial.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n0bcf50bc_61be_011c_a70c_5798f3fd78d8\"></object>\n<h2>5. Percentage load based on the capacity of the cross-section</h2>\n<p>This is a simple option for inputting the load effects: The members can be loaded by a defined percentage of the capacity of its cross-section. The setting of loads as a percentage of cross-section capacity is meant mainly as a simple tool. Setting loads in equilibrium is preferred.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2d1a91c7-5b2e-4310-b830-4b6f90947117\" data-image-id=\"2d1a91c7-5b2e-4310-b830-4b6f90947117\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9859cf4e-cb1a-411e-8406-39cf7de55279/Percentage%20loading%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"2d1a91c7-5b2e-4310-b830-4b6f90947117\" data-image-id=\"2d1a91c7-5b2e-4310-b830-4b6f90947117\" alt=\"Percentage loading\"></figure>\n<p>Read more about this feature in the dedicated <a data-item-id=\"b92caa67-b0b1-4a16-a385-8f4926f916b2\" href=\"\">Percentage loading</a> article.</p>"
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"value": "<p>The new version brings an improved algorithm for calculating the bolt spacing (<em>p</em><sub>1</sub>; <em>p</em><sub>2</sub>), end (<em>e</em><sub>1</sub>), and edge (<em>e</em><sub>2</sub>) <strong>distances for the Eurocode bearing check</strong>. This improvement is mostly relevant for general plate geometries, plates with openings, cutouts, etc.</p>\n<p>The algorithm reads the real direction of the resulting shear force vector in a given bolt and then calculates the distances needed for the bearing check.</p>\n<p>The end (<em>e</em><sub>1</sub>) and edge (<em>e</em><sub>2</sub>) distances are determined by dividing the plate contour into three segments. The \"end segment\" is indicated by a 60° range in the direction of the force vector. The \"edge segments\" are defined by two 65° ranges perpendicular to the force vector. The shortest distance between a bolt and an edge in the relevant segment is then taken as an end, or edge distance.</p>\n<p>The algorithm evaluates all plates connected by the bolt—the connecting plates (e.g., a splice plate), the member plates (e.g., a top flange), and the shortest distance is used.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" data-image-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c166c28a-3f8f-4d50-99ba-857ed9b01e6c/Bolt%20bearing%20distances%201.png\" data-asset-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" data-image-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" alt=\"Bolt bearing distances (EN)\"></figure>\n<p>The spacing distances between bolt holes (p1; p2) are determined by virtually enlarging the surrounding bolt holes by half their diameter, then drawing two lines in the direction and perpendicular to the shear force vector. When these lines intersect with virtually enlarged bolt holes, then the distances to these bolts are considered as <em>p</em><sub>1</sub> and <em>p</em><sub>2</sub> in the calculation.</p>\n<p>If the lines don't intersect with the visually closest bolt (even though the line misses the bolt closely), this bolt is neglected. If the lines don't intersect with any bolt, an infinite value is used.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" data-image-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b8152921-f220-412f-81de-8c8c83d7e2c2/Bolt%20bearing%20distances%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" data-image-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" alt=\"Bolt bearing distances (EN)\"></figure>\n<p>Available in <strong>Expert </strong>and <strong>Enhanced </strong>editions.</p>"
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"value": "<h3>Bolts</h3>\n<p>The initial stiffness and design resistance of bolts in shear are in <a data-item-id=\"06158daa-1491-4e83-ac34-4964bd5a3c63\" href=\"\">CBFEM</a> modeled according to Cl. 3.6 and 6.3.2 in EN 1993-1-8. The spring representing bearing and tension has a bi-linear force-deformation behavior with an initial stiffness and design resistance according to Cl. 3.6 and 6.3.2 in EN 1993-1-8.</p>\n<p>Design tension resistance of bolt (EN 1993-1-8 – Table 3.4):</p>\n<p>\\[ F_{t,Rd}=0.9 f_{ub} A_s / \\gamma_{M2} \\]</p>\n<p>Design punching shear resistance of bolt head or nut (EN 1993-1-8 – Table 3.4):</p>\n<p>\\[ B_{p,Rd} = 0.6 \\pi d_m t_p f_u / \\gamma_{M2} \\]</p>\n<p>Design shear resistance per one shear plane (EN 1993-1-8 – Table 3.4):</p>\n<p>\\[ F_{v,Rd} = \\alpha_v f_{ub} A_s / \\gamma_{M2} \\]</p>\n<p>Design shear resistance can be multiplied by reduction factor <em>β</em><sub>p</sub> if packing is present (EN 1993-1-8 – Cl. 3.6.1. (12)), and this option is selected in Code setup.</p>\n<p>Design bearing resistance of plate (EN 1993-1-8 – Table 3.4):</p>\n<p>\\( F_{b,Rd} = k_1 \\alpha_b f_u d t / \\gamma_{M2} \\) for standard holes</p>\n<p>\\( F_{b,Rd} = 0.6 k_1 \\alpha_b f_u d t / \\gamma_{M2} \\) for slotted holes</p>\n<p>Utilization in tension [%]:</p>\n<p>\\[ Ut_t = \\frac{F_{t,Ed}}{\\min (F_{t,Rd},\\, B_{p,Rd})} \\]</p>\n<p>Utilization in shear [%]:</p>\n<p>\\[ Ut_s = \\frac{F_{v,Ed}}{\\min (F_{v,Rd},\\, F_{b,Rd})} \\]</p>\n<p>Interaction in shear and tension [%]:</p>\n<p>\\[ Ut_{ts}=\\frac{F_{v,Ed}}{F_{v,Rd}}+\\frac{F_{t,Ed}}{1.4 F_{t,Rd}} \\]</p>\n<p>where:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><em>A</em><sub>s</sub> – tensile stress area of the bolt</li>\n <li><em>f</em><sub>ub</sub> – ultimate tensile strength of the bolt</li>\n <li><em>d</em><sub>m</sub> – mean of the across points and across flats dimensions of the bolt head or the nut, whichever is smaller</li>\n <li><em>d</em> – bolt diameter</li>\n <li><em>t</em><sub>p</sub> – plate thickness under the bolt head/nut</li>\n <li><em>f</em><sub>u</sub> – ultimate steel strength</li>\n <li><em>α</em><sub>v</sub> = 0.6 for grades 4.6, 5.6, 8.8 and 0.5 for grades 4.8, 5.8, 6.8, 10.9</li>\n <li>\\( k_1 = \\min \\left \\{2.8 \\frac{e_2}{d_0}-1.7, \\, 1.4 \\frac{p_2}{d_0}-1.7, \\, 2.5 \\right \\} \\) – factor from Table 3.4</li>\n <li>\\(\\alpha_b = 1.0\\) if the bearing check with \\(\\alpha_b\\) is deactivated in Code setup; if the check is activated, the value of <em>α</em><sub>b</sub> is determined according to EN 1993-1-8 – Table 3.4: \\( \\alpha_b = \\min \\left \\{ \\alpha_d, \\, \\frac{f_{ub}}{f_u}, \\, 1.0 \\right \\} \\)</li>\n <li>\\(\\alpha_d = \\min \\left \\{ \\frac{e_1}{3 d_0}, \\, \\frac{p_1}{3 d_0}-\\frac{1}{4} \\right \\} \\)</li>\n <li><em>e</em><sub>1</sub>, <em>e</em><sub>2</sub> – edge distances in the direction of the load and perpendicular to the load</li>\n <li><em>p</em><sub>1</sub>, <em>p</em><sub>2</sub> – bolt pitches in the direction of the load and perpendicular to the load</li>\n <li><em>F</em><sub>t,Ed</sub> – design tensile force in bolt</li>\n <li><em>F</em><sub>v,Ed</sub> – design shear force in bolt</li>\n <li><em>γ</em><sub>M2</sub> – safety factor (EN 1993-1-8 – Table 2.1; editable in Code setup)</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"de7215de-898d-4c3b-bd97-fa57ff69311e\" data-image-id=\"de7215de-898d-4c3b-bd97-fa57ff69311e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a7118264-bc51-467c-af9b-09b310aea86a/Bolt_check.png\" data-asset-id=\"de7215de-898d-4c3b-bd97-fa57ff69311e\" data-image-id=\"de7215de-898d-4c3b-bd97-fa57ff69311e\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Edge distances used for bolt bearing resistance must be relevant for general plate geometries, plates with openings, cutouts, etc.</p>\n<p>The algorithm reads the real direction of the resulting shear force vector in a given bolt and then calculates the distances needed for the bearing check.</p>\n<p>The end (<em>e</em><sub>1</sub>) and edge (<em>e</em><sub>2</sub>) distances are determined by dividing the plate contour into three segments. The \"end segment\" is indicated by a 60° range in the direction of the force vector. The \"edge segments\" are defined by two 65° ranges perpendicular to the force vector. The shortest distance between a bolt and an edge in the relevant segment is then taken as an end, or edge distance.</p>\n<p>The algorithm evaluates all plates connected by the bolt—the connecting plates (e.g., a splice plate), the member plates (e.g., a top flange), and the shortest distance is used.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" data-image-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c166c28a-3f8f-4d50-99ba-857ed9b01e6c/Bolt%20bearing%20distances%201.png\" data-asset-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" data-image-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" alt=\"Bolt bearing distances (EN)\"></figure>\n<p>The spacing distances between bolt holes (p1; p2) are determined by virtually enlarging the surrounding bolt holes by half their diameter, then drawing two lines in the direction and perpendicular to the shear force vector. When these lines intersect with virtually enlarged bolt holes, then the distances to these bolts are considered as <em>p</em><sub>1</sub> and <em>p</em><sub>2</sub> in the calculation.</p>\n<p>If the lines don't intersect with the visually closest bolt (even though the line misses the bolt closely), this bolt is neglected. If the lines don't intersect with any bolt, an infinite value is used.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" data-image-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b8152921-f220-412f-81de-8c8c83d7e2c2/Bolt%20bearing%20distances%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" data-image-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" alt=\"Bolt bearing distances (EN)\"></figure>\n<h4>Bolts connecting thin-walled plates</h4>\n<p>Bolts connecting plates thinner than 3 mm, the provisions of EN 1993-1-3, Table 8.4 are used instead. </p>\n<p><strong>Bearing resistance:</strong></p>\n<p>\\[F_{b,Rd}=2.5\\cdot \\alpha_b \\cdot k_t \\cdot f_u \\cdot d \\cdot t /\\gamma_{M2}\\]</p>\n<p>where:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>\\( \\alpha_b=\\min \\left \\{ 1.0, e_1/(3d) \\right \\} \\)</li>\n <li>\\(k_t = (0.8 t+1.5)/2.5 \\) for 0.75 mm \\(\\le t \\le\\) 1.25 mm; \\( k_t=1.0 \\) for \\(t>1.25\\) mm</li>\n <li>\\(f_u\\) – ultimate strength of the connected plate</li>\n <li>\\(d\\) – bolt diameter</li>\n <li>\\(t\\) – thickness of the connected plate</li>\n <li>\\(\\gamma_{M2}\\) – partial safety factor for connections editable in Code setup; by default \\(\\gamma_{M2}=1.25\\)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Shear resistance, tension resistance, interaction of tension and shear, and punching shear resistance are determined according to EN 1993-1-8 – the same way as bolts connecting plates with a thickness higher than 3 mm.</p>\n<p><strong>Range of validity:</strong></p>\n<p>\\[e_1 \\ge 1.0 d_0 \\]</p>\n<p>\\[p_1 \\ge 3 d_0 \\]</p>\n<p>\\[e_2 \\ge 1.5 d_0 \\]</p>\n<p>\\[p_2 \\ge 3 d_0 \\]</p>\n<p>\\[ f_u \\le 550 \\textrm{ MPa} \\]</p>\n<p>\\[3 \\textrm{ mm} > t \\ge 0.75 \\textrm{ mm} \\]</p>\n<p>Minimum bolt size: M6 – checked as \\(d \\ge 6\\) mm</p>\n<p>Bolt strength grades: 4.6 – 10.9 – checked as \\(f_u \\le 1000\\) MPa</p>\n<p>The bolts will be marked as failing if they are outside the range of validity.</p>\n<h3>Preloaded bolts</h3>\n<p>Design slip resistance per bolt grade 8.8 or 10.9 (EN 1993-1-8, Cl. 3.9 – Equation 3.8):</p>\n<p>\\[ F_{s,Rd} =\\frac{k_s n \\mu (F_{p,C} - 0.8 F_{t,Ed})}{\\gamma_{M3}} \\]</p>\n<p>The preload (EN 1993-1-8 – Equation 3.7)</p>\n<p><em>F</em><sub>p,C</sub> = 0.7 <em>f</em><sub>ub</sub> <em>A</em><sub>s</sub></p>\n<p>The preloading force factor 0.7 can be modified in Code setup.</p>\n<p>Utilization [%]:</p>\n<p>\\[ Ut_s = \\frac{V}{F_{s,Rd}} \\]</p>\n<p>where:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><em>A</em><sub>s</sub> – tensile stress area of the bolt</li>\n <li><em>f</em><sub>ub</sub> – ultimate tensile strength</li>\n <li><em>k</em><sub>s</sub> – a coefficient (EN 1993-1-8 – Table 3.6; <em>k</em><sub>s</sub> = 1 for normal round holes, <em>k</em><sub>s</sub> = 0.63 for slotted holes)</li>\n <li><em>μ</em> – slip factor editable in Code setup (EN 1993-1-8 – Table 3.7)</li>\n <li><em>n</em> – number of the friction surfaces. Check is calculated for each friction surface separately</li>\n <li><em>γ</em><sub>M3</sub> – safety factor (EN 1993-1-8 – Table 2.1; editable in Code setup – recommended values are 1.25 for ultimate limit state and 1.1 for serviceability limit state design)</li>\n <li><em>V</em> – design shear force in bolt</li>\n <li><em>F</em><sub>t,Ed</sub> – design tensile force in bolt</li>\n</ul>\n<p>If slip of preloaded bolts is checked for serviceability limit state, they should be afterward switched to \"bearing – tension/shear interaction\" and checked for the ultimate limit state.</p>\n<h3>Fire design</h3>\n<p>Preloaded bolts are assumed to slip, so that the checks of bearing bolts and preloaded bolts are the same.</p>\n<p>Checks at fire and at ambient temperature are both performed and the minimum is selected as a design load resistance.</p>\n<p>At elevated temperature, bolts are checked according to EN 1993-1-2, Annex D. Note that the area reduced by threads is always used in shear check according to D1.1.1. </p>\n<h3>Detailing</h3>\n<p>Detailing checks of bolts are performed if the option is selected in Code setup. Dimensions from bolt center to plate edges and between bolts are checked. Edge distance <em>e</em> = 1.2 and spacing between bolts <em>p</em> = 2.2 are recommended in Table 3.3 in EN 1993-1-8. User can modify both values in Code setup.</p>\n<p>Minimum plate thickness of plates connected by bolts is checked. Plate thickness must be higher than 0.75 mm according to EN 1993-1-3 – Table 8.4.</p>\n<p>Information is issued if ductility and rotation capacity requirements for bolted connection in tension according to EN 1993-1-8 – 6.4.2 are not met. If bolt is loaded predominantly in tension, the thinner connected plate should satisfy:</p>\n<p>\\[t \\le 0,36d \\sqrt{\\frac{f_{ub}}{f_y}}\\]</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>The default sizes of bolt assemblies are according to EN ISO 4014 – Hexagon bolt heads, EN ISO 4032 – Hexagon regular nuts, and EN ISO 7089 – Plain washers – Normal series – Product grade A. </p>"
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"value": "<p>To define preloaded bolts in any relevant manufacturing operations (endplates, connecting plates, gussets, etc.), go to the Shear force transfer option in the Bolts tab and choose the option <strong>Friction</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6071f9a2-b820-4868-9807-9eab344f148c\" data-image-id=\"6071f9a2-b820-4868-9807-9eab344f148c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d8f6adba-df04-42d9-8cec-70a39896ee90/pre_loaded_01.png\" data-asset-id=\"6071f9a2-b820-4868-9807-9eab344f148c\" data-image-id=\"6071f9a2-b820-4868-9807-9eab344f148c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>To code-check ULS and SLS, you need to run the analysis twice (or make two copies of the model) - one time for ULS and second time for SLS, because each of the limit states has different safety factor.</p>\n<p>Open the <strong>Code setup</strong> and modify the safety factors for each limit state, as well as friction coefficient and pretension force factor according to the code, as described in the video.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"e708c5cd_bada_0135_2b65_56c53c05199f\"></object>\n<p>In the <strong>Pre-loaded bolts</strong> results tab you can read the slip resistance force.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2b51fb7a-6c65-4c54-ad19-f583983af540\" data-image-id=\"2b51fb7a-6c65-4c54-ad19-f583983af540\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5621869a-85c6-4341-902e-559b1a4ba89c/pre_loaded_02.png\" data-asset-id=\"2b51fb7a-6c65-4c54-ad19-f583983af540\" data-image-id=\"2b51fb7a-6c65-4c54-ad19-f583983af540\" alt=\"\"></figure>"
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"value": "<p>Why is the tension force in a bolt higher than expected by a hand calculation? Why are there tension forces in bolts in a fin plate connection? Why are the tension forces in bolts sometimes different for each bolt grade?</p>\n<p>The common answer is the CBFEM model used in IDEA StatiCa applications. The deformation of plates and other parts is calculated as a part of the finite elements analysis, and thus the prying forces come into action. The prying forces are the extra loads also introduced to the bolts. Read more about prying forces in a <a data-item-id=\"02498f67-5228-438b-91d6-8ec5577f284d\" href=\"\">dedicated blog post</a>.</p>\n<p>As a result of the prying forces, the resulting tension forces in bolts may vary a lot depending on the design of the connection, the strength of the connection parts, and applied load effects.</p>\n<h3>Tension forces in bolts of a fin plate connection</h3>\n<p>In most cases, fin plates use one plate to connect the member. The consequence of this is, that we apply small eccentricity to the connection. This eccentricity will cause additional prying forces on plates, which induces tension in bolts.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4486942c-5444-4f7d-9552-b3ccfee011d2\" data-image-id=\"4486942c-5444-4f7d-9552-b3ccfee011d2\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4a1da3cf-3f26-4ecb-9034-3943f4fc674a/tension_01.png\" data-asset-id=\"4486942c-5444-4f7d-9552-b3ccfee011d2\" data-image-id=\"4486942c-5444-4f7d-9552-b3ccfee011d2\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>If a double-sided fin plate is used, and the connection is symmetrical, the only tension forces in bolts appear due to the deformation of fin plates because, with the deformations, additional eccentricity is produced.</p>\n<h3>Higher tension forces in bolts of an end plate connection</h3>\n<p>The thinner the end plate is, the more deformation under the given load effects it has. This adds the prying action and additional tensile forces are applied to bolts. If the end plate is thick and thus stiff enough, the prying forces are eliminated. See this effect demonstrated in a simple example:</p>\n<p><strong>a) Endplate - thickness 10 mm, applied tension force 200 kN</strong></p>\n<p>Resultant tension force in 4 bolts: 61.5 x 4 = 246 kN</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6a23a185-24a3-4c5e-bfac-ff6483e05929\" data-image-id=\"6a23a185-24a3-4c5e-bfac-ff6483e05929\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e20b4dd4-fe45-413f-97c7-4fe13ca7c540/high_bold_1-0.png\" data-asset-id=\"6a23a185-24a3-4c5e-bfac-ff6483e05929\" data-image-id=\"6a23a185-24a3-4c5e-bfac-ff6483e05929\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>b) Endplate - thickness 40 mm, applied tension force 200 kN</strong></p>\n<p>Resultant tension force in 4 bolts: 49.9 x 4 = 200 kN</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e8da6b79-a383-4bc2-a008-ae2c832aad5f\" data-image-id=\"e8da6b79-a383-4bc2-a008-ae2c832aad5f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bd6a2ceb-9ec5-40dd-9ce3-064ce374ca8e/high_bold_0-0.png\" data-asset-id=\"e8da6b79-a383-4bc2-a008-ae2c832aad5f\" data-image-id=\"e8da6b79-a383-4bc2-a008-ae2c832aad5f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h3>Different tension forces in bolts by the bolt grade</h3>\n<p>Each bolt grade has a different working diagram and different values of yield strength. In an endplate connection of two beams loaded by a bending moment, the comparison of three different bolt grades (8.8, 10.9, and 5.6) of an M20 bolt is demonstrated.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"49241006-cd6c-455c-bedd-1abdad4ee7fa\" data-image-id=\"49241006-cd6c-455c-bedd-1abdad4ee7fa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/8ad97c09-8495-4e96-9644-2e3d6881ffdc/Different%20tension%20forces%20in%20the%20bolts2.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"49241006-cd6c-455c-bedd-1abdad4ee7fa\" data-image-id=\"49241006-cd6c-455c-bedd-1abdad4ee7fa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>For relatively low load effects the resulting tension forces in bolts per each grade show similar values.</p>\n<p>But for load effects that result in high utilization of bolts (and plastification in bolts), the tension force varies depending on the bolt grade. The higher the bolt grade, the higher the resulting tension force.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4b6625e6-e1f4-41a5-8d51-7d79833a38ae\" data-image-id=\"4b6625e6-e1f4-41a5-8d51-7d79833a38ae\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/78bfa398-4040-40c1-9bb2-7fe6c5731976/Different%20tension%20forces%20in%20the%20bolts4.png\" data-asset-id=\"4b6625e6-e1f4-41a5-8d51-7d79833a38ae\" data-image-id=\"4b6625e6-e1f4-41a5-8d51-7d79833a38ae\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>For more information, see the <a data-item-id=\"d4aa2923-a94a-4c40-8fd8-93608acbf893\" href=\"\">theoretical background</a>, and the video recording.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n2118efae_d165_013d_8533_f626b37ed8a3\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>This article shows how to model an inclined tubular member connected by a connecting plate to the base plate, which is anchored to the concrete block. This is a typical anchoring of a bracing member.</p>\n<p>1. Create a general stiffening plate to form the base plate.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"36e8806e-c4f0-4066-8823-89dbac282e7c\" data-image-id=\"36e8806e-c4f0-4066-8823-89dbac282e7c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e1797fb2-fe31-4e44-aeec-2e49695473fe/1-0.png\" data-asset-id=\"36e8806e-c4f0-4066-8823-89dbac282e7c\" data-image-id=\"36e8806e-c4f0-4066-8823-89dbac282e7c\" alt=\"How to model footing with connecting plate\"></figure>\n<p>2. Define general anchors with the operation Bolt grid to anchor the base plate to the concrete block</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"08105116-f1e3-4d85-8b84-e2ef7a868103\" data-image-id=\"08105116-f1e3-4d85-8b84-e2ef7a868103\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/cb4329fb-0bd2-4323-b2e2-05a760da5e80/2-0.png\" data-asset-id=\"08105116-f1e3-4d85-8b84-e2ef7a868103\" data-image-id=\"08105116-f1e3-4d85-8b84-e2ef7a868103\" alt=\"How to model footing with connecting plate\"></figure>\n<p>3. Add another general stiffening plate into the right position to create a rib passing through the tube adn weld it to the base plate.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9c508d86-be3f-44c8-83a6-259353cbca80\" data-image-id=\"9c508d86-be3f-44c8-83a6-259353cbca80\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/837c511c-f6e9-4822-a339-cf3b6f1392fd/3-0.png\" data-asset-id=\"9c508d86-be3f-44c8-83a6-259353cbca80\" data-image-id=\"9c508d86-be3f-44c8-83a6-259353cbca80\" alt=\"How to model footing with connecting plate\"></figure>\n<p>4. Add the connecting plate manufacturing operation and adjust its properties so that it produces two bolts. The plates are shaped in the Editor to a rounded shape.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"42524397-a12c-43f2-90e6-9a50a83d26e5\" data-image-id=\"42524397-a12c-43f2-90e6-9a50a83d26e5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a330c1d7-47ae-468b-b3a7-f5b58c61b9c8/4-0.png\" data-asset-id=\"42524397-a12c-43f2-90e6-9a50a83d26e5\" data-image-id=\"42524397-a12c-43f2-90e6-9a50a83d26e5\" alt=\"How to model footing with connecting plate\"></figure>\n<p>5. The footing with a connecting plate is ready to be calculated. To simulate the bracing member transferring normal and shear force only, switch the <a data-item-id=\"ac982d36-e45a-5d9f-93f8-344206647dc4\" href=\"\">model type</a> to N-Vy-Vz.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ad9cc9e2-609b-4e85-b1b5-f0d0e6eaf741\" data-image-id=\"ad9cc9e2-609b-4e85-b1b5-f0d0e6eaf741\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/8296f75b-ae48-4ae8-a14f-ea63631dde84/0-0.png\" data-asset-id=\"ad9cc9e2-609b-4e85-b1b5-f0d0e6eaf741\" data-image-id=\"ad9cc9e2-609b-4e85-b1b5-f0d0e6eaf741\" alt=\"How to model footing with connecting plate\"></figure>\n<p>See details in the recorded video.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"f42af944_8353_0145_c212_2f9efd3a39c9\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>The Code-check manager (CCM) for BIM links was improved by the possibility to select multiple joints of the global model in one go. This is feature is available for both CAD and FEA applications.</p>\n<p>In CAD apps, you will find a new button while in FEA apps, this feature works by selecting multiple joints in the global model and selecting the Connection/Member button in CCM.</p>\n<h2>Bulk selection in FEA software</h2>\n<p>In the FEA software select individual nodes one by one or drag over multiple nodes and select them as a bulk. Then click the <strong>Connection </strong>or <strong>Member </strong>button in CCM to import the data.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cef1fddb-6668-4742-b824-2bb67c1a99c2\" data-image-id=\"cef1fddb-6668-4742-b824-2bb67c1a99c2\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/726d8942-c761-4270-90e8-7f9691c972ac/BIMselection2.png\" data-asset-id=\"cef1fddb-6668-4742-b824-2bb67c1a99c2\" data-image-id=\"cef1fddb-6668-4742-b824-2bb67c1a99c2\" alt=\"Connections imported from Robot Structural Analysis by multiple selection feature\"></figure>\n<p>You can also use the <strong>Synchronize all </strong>function, after changing parameters in the structural model (e.g. load combination, a cross-section of a beam) to upload the new data to all the joints on the list while keeping the previously created design.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e9760022-8172-4b1c-9b61-4bddad5cb758\" data-image-id=\"e9760022-8172-4b1c-9b61-4bddad5cb758\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/214c4fd1-89f5-4eaa-8bf3-3e86f8b5c4ba/Code-check%20manager%20commands%2001.png\" data-asset-id=\"e9760022-8172-4b1c-9b61-4bddad5cb758\" data-image-id=\"e9760022-8172-4b1c-9b61-4bddad5cb758\" alt=\"Code-check manager commands\"></figure>\n<h2>Bulk selection in CAD software</h2>\n<p>For the CAD software, there are two buttons in the CCM - the <strong>Bulk </strong>and <strong>One</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5f292c23-1131-4144-a1cb-86758f269e34\" data-image-id=\"5f292c23-1131-4144-a1cb-86758f269e34\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2db3d858-7cf7-4963-b3f5-f90a1212dc7c/CCM%20Bulk%20selection.png\" data-asset-id=\"5f292c23-1131-4144-a1cb-86758f269e34\" data-image-id=\"5f292c23-1131-4144-a1cb-86758f269e34\" alt=\"Bulk selection\"></figure>\n<p>For <strong>One</strong> selection<strong> </strong>you need to process three steps - pick the node, select the members, and select the connection items, while hitting the spacebar to confirm each step.</p>\n<p>For <strong>Bulk</strong> selection drag over a part of the structure in the CAD model and hit the spacebar. </p>\n<p>The Bearing Member is chosen automatically using the selection algorithm (e.g. first a column is chosen). The node position is picked automatically in the cross-section center of gravity at the end of the ended bearing member or in the middle of the continuous member.</p>\n<p>Currently, the only way to change the automated selection it is to use the <strong>One </strong>selection instead, then it will be the first member selected.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n1672ccbd_5a64_01ca_f324_fc5344baea3e\"></object>\n<p>Find information about the BIM links limitations in related articles below this page or search in the Support center.</p>\n<p>Available in <strong>Expert </strong>and <strong>Enhanced </strong>edition.</p>"
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"value": "<h2>General recommendations</h2>\n<p>Please note that in IDEA StatiCa Connection the members are the only beam entities on which loads can be applied. Other beams are defined in a different way, as a stiffening member or set of plates. This rule goes in hand with the three-step import procedure:</p>\n<ul>\n <ul>\n <li>In the first step, you should choose the <strong>node</strong> which will be representing the node of the joint. </li>\n <li>In the imports second step, the <strong>members </strong>(on which loads will be applied) have to be selected. </li>\n <li>In the third step <strong>all other connection entities</strong> have to be selected – plates, bolts, welds, and most importantly beams on which loads will not be applied (usually stubs, stiffening members, etc).</li>\n </ul>\n</ul>\n<p>Always check, there are no gaps between plates and members in your Tekla Structures model before starting the import procedure.</p>\n<p>Always check the welds in your Tekla structures model before starting the import procedure.</p>\n<h2>Cross-sections</h2>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa Connection can import a huge variety of cross-sections from the Tekla Structures. The import procedure supports these types of cross-sections:</p>\n<table><tbody>\n <tr><td>Cross-section type</td><td>Tekla parametric input</td><td>Tekla library input</td></tr>\n <tr><td>I</td><td>X</td><td>X</td></tr>\n <tr><td>U</td><td>-</td><td>X</td></tr>\n <tr><td>L</td><td> X</td><td>X</td></tr>\n <tr><td>Circular hollow</td><td>X</td><td>X</td></tr>\n <tr><td>Rectangular hollow</td><td>X</td><td>X</td></tr>\n <tr><td>Rectangular plate</td><td>X</td><td>-</td></tr>\n <tr><td>Cold-formed C</td><td>X</td><td>X</td></tr>\n</tbody></table>\n<p>Parametric inputs are the user-defined dimensions of the required cross-section type. Library input is cross-section selected from the Tekla library.</p>\n<p>During the import process, the imported cross-section is matched with the appropriate cross-section in IDEA StatiCa Connection databases and the most similar cross-section is chosen. If there isn’t a match, the conversion table is offered, and the user must choose cross-section from the IDEA StatiCa databases.</p>\n<p>Welded and composite cross-sections are not supported.</p>\n<p>The user should pay attention to the library cross-section parameters because the library in Tekla Structures doesn’t contain information about roundings of hot-rolled sections. IDEA StatiCa Connection defines missing values by its own library tables.</p>\n<h2>Holes-openings and notches</h2>\n<ul>\n <li>Openings in plates and notches are supported and will be imported. </li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9e8fb15a-136d-44f5-9cc9-34776b3a5620\" data-image-id=\"9e8fb15a-136d-44f5-9cc9-34776b3a5620\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/463ab80f-7ed2-44a0-8a02-74addc1533ed/C_KB_Tips%20and%20limitations%20for%20exporting%20from%20Tekla%20Structures_1_1.png\" data-asset-id=\"9e8fb15a-136d-44f5-9cc9-34776b3a5620\" data-image-id=\"9e8fb15a-136d-44f5-9cc9-34776b3a5620\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"50c8d68d-d76f-48b1-ae32-f7078a3c891e\" data-image-id=\"50c8d68d-d76f-48b1-ae32-f7078a3c891e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/073a3e22-474d-4667-8bc0-6f370c4b653e/C_KB_Tips%20and%20limitations%20for%20exporting%20from%20Tekla%20Structures_1_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"50c8d68d-d76f-48b1-ae32-f7078a3c891e\" data-image-id=\"50c8d68d-d76f-48b1-ae32-f7078a3c891e\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p> Welds on notched elements are not supported. If the welds are needed it must be defined in the IDEA StatiCa Connection manually.</p>\n<h2>Welds</h2>\n<p>Welds are imported into the IDEA StatiCa Connection, however, the option for the welds AROUND is recommended as the best way to define weld.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"335ff8ac-244b-4a5c-9ebf-62bb42aa5d31\" data-image-id=\"335ff8ac-244b-4a5c-9ebf-62bb42aa5d31\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9ce99341-c5c8-46f4-87cc-9595aa613155/C_KB_Tips%20and%20limitations%20for%20exporting%20from%20Tekla%20Structures_1_3.png\" data-asset-id=\"335ff8ac-244b-4a5c-9ebf-62bb42aa5d31\" data-image-id=\"335ff8ac-244b-4a5c-9ebf-62bb42aa5d31\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Unfortunately, the software is not able to detect some welds, so the recommendation is to always check imported welds in IDEA StatiCa Connection. If the weld is not imported, then it’s better to generate weld for each plate in Tekla.</p>\n<h2>Stub</h2>\n<p>The stub member is supported and must be selected in the third step of the import selection procedure together with all joint elements (plates, bolts, welds) – “Select parts of connection”.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"74c8bfeb-8a8e-4d24-8313-8a202370549d\" data-image-id=\"74c8bfeb-8a8e-4d24-8313-8a202370549d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b0765647-e7a6-438e-b554-e1c6f534dde5/C_KB_Tips%20and%20limitations%20for%20exporting%20from%20Tekla%20Structures_1_4.png\" data-asset-id=\"74c8bfeb-8a8e-4d24-8313-8a202370549d\" data-image-id=\"74c8bfeb-8a8e-4d24-8313-8a202370549d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Anchoring, base plate, and concrete block</h2>\n<p>The grout and gap between the base plate and concrete face are not supported, and only straight anchors are supported on import now.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c8e0d253-faee-4ffc-b4bb-9270d0eaf96a\" data-image-id=\"c8e0d253-faee-4ffc-b4bb-9270d0eaf96a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3d53ce63-4500-4e7e-a70c-82d67553fa9b/Import%20of%20anchors%20from%20Tekla%20Structures%2002.png\" data-asset-id=\"c8e0d253-faee-4ffc-b4bb-9270d0eaf96a\" data-image-id=\"c8e0d253-faee-4ffc-b4bb-9270d0eaf96a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The concrete block dimensions (offset) might not be transferred precisely not matching the dimensions in Tekla Structures</p>\n<h2>Rod connecting plate</h2>\n<p>A rod welded to a connecting plate is imported without the welds. This can be added in IDEA StatiCa Connection, but not just by a weld operation. The connecting plate has to be deleted and replaced by a new Connecting plate operation assigned for the rod and the existing gusset plate.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0cf819d2-ed0c-4f9d-878d-e467a1f15931\" data-image-id=\"0cf819d2-ed0c-4f9d-878d-e467a1f15931\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3948ea17-14f4-4220-8ebc-2d0d06650dda/Known%20limitations%20for%20Tekla%20Structures.png\" data-asset-id=\"0cf819d2-ed0c-4f9d-878d-e467a1f15931\" data-image-id=\"0cf819d2-ed0c-4f9d-878d-e467a1f15931\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Alternatively, the full circular cross-section of the tie rod can be replaced by a thick-walled tube of similar cross-sectional area and then this profile can be connected with a general weld - butt or fillet type.</p>\n<h2>Connection Sync </h2>\n<p>Connection Sync works correctly in case you need to change the parameters of an item in your Macro, for example, the thickness of the plate, the size and spacing of the bolts, or the cross-section of the beam.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cb3c782f-391f-4892-8c63-c22cf69d57fa\" data-image-id=\"cb3c782f-391f-4892-8c63-c22cf69d57fa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/da7daad8-de75-49a3-9d3c-3ef1c5011daa/Haunched_beam_sync.png\" data-asset-id=\"cb3c782f-391f-4892-8c63-c22cf69d57fa\" data-image-id=\"cb3c782f-391f-4892-8c63-c22cf69d57fa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>However, if you need to completely change the connection to some other connection in which the elements used are significantly different. End plate to Hauched connection for example. We recommend to reimport the connection to Checkbot for proper synchronization. </p>"
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"value": "<h2>General recommendations</h2>\n<ul>\n <li>Please note that in IDEA StatiCa Connection are members of the only beam entities on which loads will be applied. All other beams are defined in a different way. This rule is the first one of the three-step import procedure. In the second step, the members (on which loads will be applied) have to be selected. In the third step, all other connected entities have to be selected – plates, bolts, welds, and most importantly beams on which loads will not be applied (usually stubs, stiffening members, etc).</li>\n <li>The best way how to design your connection is to use the previously defined macros from the Advance Steel Connection vault menu.</li>\n <li>The definition of the node is the most important step during the import procedure. The best way how to design the steel construction well prepared to import workflow is to keep the focus on the centerlines of the beams. Always maintain the intersection of beam centerlines which will help you to choose the node easier.</li>\n <li>Synchronization - data update is a complex process. Sometimes loss of the data can occur and you can encounter situations like in the picture below (example A), when a change in the beam cross-section was processed and manufacturing operations data were lost. Don't panic, we know how to deal with it. Just close the IDEA StatiCa Connection window and Code-check manager window also. Then launch Code-check manager again and perform Synchronization process again. After that, the data will be restored and all manufacturing operations will be present and valid (example B).</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bf501f6c-8e6e-4eb9-9423-a2cb3028714d\" data-image-id=\"bf501f6c-8e6e-4eb9-9423-a2cb3028714d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/baa6d572-204e-451f-a4ad-6e3ebb44cd00/CCMSynchronizace.png\" data-asset-id=\"bf501f6c-8e6e-4eb9-9423-a2cb3028714d\" data-image-id=\"bf501f6c-8e6e-4eb9-9423-a2cb3028714d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Holes-openings and notches</h2>\n<h3>Negative volume cutting</h3>\n<p>Cut of the member according to another member is the easiest way how to deal with openings or notches. The easiest thing in Advance Steel is to define a new member, the green HSS roled section in the example below. The green beam is positioned in a way that it will penetrate the top flange of the azure perpendicular beam. By command Element contour, UCS from Advance Steel tool palette, the cut is defined. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"436bd8e3-4da1-4aaa-a3b3-7393fcc1f039\" data-image-id=\"436bd8e3-4da1-4aaa-a3b3-7393fcc1f039\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b848ae18-dbcf-4ffe-8ed9-67148c3d7ed6/Negative1.png\" data-asset-id=\"436bd8e3-4da1-4aaa-a3b3-7393fcc1f039\" data-image-id=\"436bd8e3-4da1-4aaa-a3b3-7393fcc1f039\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The cut by contour processing is defined and IDEA Connection is able to import it. The cut by contour processing is now part of the beam data and it will be imported even if you will not select it in the third step of the import selection process.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"fc6257bf-0d03-4b45-8958-011ea6443c7d\" data-image-id=\"fc6257bf-0d03-4b45-8958-011ea6443c7d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/97f3d0c4-09c7-4f77-8af7-8057d08b6156/Negative2.png\" data-asset-id=\"fc6257bf-0d03-4b45-8958-011ea6443c7d\" data-image-id=\"fc6257bf-0d03-4b45-8958-011ea6443c7d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The green HSS rolled section beam which was used for the cut is not needed anymore and can be hidden or deleted. </p>\n<h3>Other methods</h3>\n<ul>\n <li>Opening in the members and in the plates are not supported. A workaround is to import the whole joint and manually add Opening as a manufacturing operation in the IDEA StatiCa Connection.</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"58c22071-33ff-47f6-b339-f7b3a7bb3775\" data-image-id=\"58c22071-33ff-47f6-b339-f7b3a7bb3775\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bdbc4140-587f-46eb-8acc-6b8299bf808f/AS-holes.png\" data-asset-id=\"58c22071-33ff-47f6-b339-f7b3a7bb3775\" data-image-id=\"58c22071-33ff-47f6-b339-f7b3a7bb3775\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Notches of the members are supported but please note that the command Element contour – rule has to be used.</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"237439aa-4f56-4f82-9aec-aefd8073f5fb\" data-image-id=\"237439aa-4f56-4f82-9aec-aefd8073f5fb\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2d7bfcf6-74b6-44a8-a05f-61fcb973adec/AS-holes2.png\" data-asset-id=\"237439aa-4f56-4f82-9aec-aefd8073f5fb\" data-image-id=\"237439aa-4f56-4f82-9aec-aefd8073f5fb\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b2220d77-7d5e-4146-9498-aa547f55c41d\" data-image-id=\"b2220d77-7d5e-4146-9498-aa547f55c41d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5532e05b-dbc0-4826-a21a-75914f1fe4a6/AS-holes3.png\" data-asset-id=\"b2220d77-7d5e-4146-9498-aa547f55c41d\" data-image-id=\"b2220d77-7d5e-4146-9498-aa547f55c41d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Extending-shortening of the beam</h2>\n<p>In the IDEA StatiCa the centre of the connection is the node. From the node, the length of the member is determined by the bounding box (an automated way of how to determine the right length of the member). In the Advance Steel, the beam entity has to be shortened or extended by a command Shorten.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"25b15072-06c9-432d-95dc-d6de25bab227\" data-image-id=\"25b15072-06c9-432d-95dc-d6de25bab227\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/062e2d5f-6597-4daf-9aad-530b1a9d9447/AS-ext1.png\" data-asset-id=\"25b15072-06c9-432d-95dc-d6de25bab227\" data-image-id=\"25b15072-06c9-432d-95dc-d6de25bab227\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2eace842-a05f-43e5-9160-5bdf7c3da0e4\" data-image-id=\"2eace842-a05f-43e5-9160-5bdf7c3da0e4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/dbc0633f-4196-4111-94df-8ed3838e7e36/AS-ext2.png\" data-asset-id=\"2eace842-a05f-43e5-9160-5bdf7c3da0e4\" data-image-id=\"2eace842-a05f-43e5-9160-5bdf7c3da0e4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Welds</h2>\n<p>Welds are imported during the third step of the import procedure. If there is a need to add welds manually in Advance Steel the recommended way is to use command Weld point. Please note that the weld entity has to be inserted in the middle edge of the welded plate.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0e0eb2ef-52eb-4ace-9b39-38d5b39e2325\" data-image-id=\"0e0eb2ef-52eb-4ace-9b39-38d5b39e2325\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5a2c74ec-1d94-48c5-aa24-82ab247dfa28/AS-welds.png\" data-asset-id=\"0e0eb2ef-52eb-4ace-9b39-38d5b39e2325\" data-image-id=\"0e0eb2ef-52eb-4ace-9b39-38d5b39e2325\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>From a huge variety of weld types in Advance Steel, IDEA StatiCa supports only:</p>\n<table><tbody>\n <tr><td>IDEA StatiCa weld</td><td>Advance Steel weld</td></tr>\n <tr><td>Butt</td><td>Flange Butt, DI, V with Counter, X, K, DY, K web, U, HU</td></tr>\n <tr><td>Double Fillet</td><td>Bevel – Fillet, Fillet – Bevel, HY – Fillet, Fillet – HY, J- Fillet</td></tr>\n <tr><td>Fillet</td><td>Every other than specified above</td></tr>\n</tbody></table>\n<h2>Haunches</h2>\n<p>We recommend designing haunches on a beam by plates and not by members.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6194797e-e64f-4f79-91ca-b47934ebbad5\" data-image-id=\"6194797e-e64f-4f79-91ca-b47934ebbad5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5e33563e-bbb4-4e58-98e1-689fac31b049/C_FAQ_TipsAS_8.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"6194797e-e64f-4f79-91ca-b47934ebbad5\" data-image-id=\"6194797e-e64f-4f79-91ca-b47934ebbad5\" alt=\"\"></figure>"
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"value": "<p>For now, the link works for a wide variety of connections/joints. However, please take into account yet unsupported functionality.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>Limitation: </strong>Exporting a beam with a haunched end or another type of conical or other shaped beam ends is not possible.</p>\n<p><strong>Workaround: </strong> The haunch is neglected and can be modelled afterwards in IDEA StatiCa</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>Limitation: </strong>Exporting a connection on a continuous member without an intermediate node doesn't work.</p>\n<p><strong>Workaround: </strong>Add the intermediate node using the command for members \"Divide Member Using n Intermediate Nodes\". The option \"Place/Create new nodes without dividing it\" to keep the member continuous will work only in RFEM 5. The Checkbot application can recognize only \"Standard\" node type, \"On Member\" or \"On Line\" node type will not be recognize. </p>\n<p>RFEM 6:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f291e677-37c7-481b-a2fc-02867c8c75e8\" data-image-id=\"f291e677-37c7-481b-a2fc-02867c8c75e8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/fee9a5ea-db08-4864-b643-65765977e4b6/RFEM%206%20-%20continuous%20member.png\" data-asset-id=\"f291e677-37c7-481b-a2fc-02867c8c75e8\" data-image-id=\"f291e677-37c7-481b-a2fc-02867c8c75e8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>RFEM 5:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"68813fa0-d60d-4baf-bf6c-183f155f51a7\" data-image-id=\"68813fa0-d60d-4baf-bf6c-183f155f51a7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ef9c77a9-4a6e-49a5-a462-b2aa720916bc/Known%20limitations%20for%20RFEMRSTAB2.png\" data-asset-id=\"68813fa0-d60d-4baf-bf6c-183f155f51a7\" data-image-id=\"68813fa0-d60d-4baf-bf6c-183f155f51a7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>Limitation: </strong>Export of a node when the display setting \"Sets of member\" is turned ON may lead to incorrect data transfer for some member cross-sections and import of extra members or an error message.</p>\n<p><strong>Workaround:</strong> Turn the \"Sets of member\" OFF and repeat the export of the node.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"986be1f1-4f26-4a39-bd2f-1e7fd4fca0cb\" data-image-id=\"986be1f1-4f26-4a39-bd2f-1e7fd4fca0cb\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/05800fab-d89d-46d2-be30-b766379f74ff/Known%20limitations%20for%20RFEMRSTAB.png\" data-asset-id=\"986be1f1-4f26-4a39-bd2f-1e7fd4fca0cb\" data-image-id=\"986be1f1-4f26-4a39-bd2f-1e7fd4fca0cb\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>Limitation:</strong> Geometrical eccentricity – joint node is not in the central point.</p>\n<p><strong>Workaround:</strong> RFEM/RSTAB offers more ways of input of eccentricities. The eccentricity input using the Local x,y,z coordinates causes difficulties in transforming the data to IDEA StatiCa due to the variety of coordinate system options in RFEM/RSTAB. In case, please use the Global X,Y,Z coordinates eccentricity input instead.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c707e18d-6bfe-4597-81e6-7974ef0b48ec\" data-image-id=\"c707e18d-6bfe-4597-81e6-7974ef0b48ec\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f834b5e4-fd9a-49d8-bc96-af6be2e87686/Known%20limitations%20for%20RFEMRSTAB%2003.png\" data-asset-id=\"c707e18d-6bfe-4597-81e6-7974ef0b48ec\" data-image-id=\"c707e18d-6bfe-4597-81e6-7974ef0b48ec\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>Limitation:</strong> The object \"Joint\" is not supported for the data transfer, and it blocks importing the geometry and loads import of connections to Checkbot.</p>\n<p><strong>Workaround:</strong> Delete the \"Joint\" objects, recalculate the model, and import the connections.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2c19a0b5-7721-4d37-8f66-68144c455392\" data-image-id=\"2c19a0b5-7721-4d37-8f66-68144c455392\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b9551614-662f-4920-b5a1-3b25eb615043/Known%20limitations%20for%20RFEMRSTAB%205.png\" data-asset-id=\"2c19a0b5-7721-4d37-8f66-68144c455392\" data-image-id=\"2c19a0b5-7721-4d37-8f66-68144c455392\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>Limitation:</strong> Import of dynamic load cases and load combinations containing dynamic loads is not supported.</p>\n<p><strong>Workaround:</strong> Change the definition of the dynamic load cases in RFEM/RSTAB to standard load case with each direction of amplitudes separately or input the internal forces in IDEA StatiCa manually or using the XLS import.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"014e172e-315b-43b0-be69-869610fde527\" data-image-id=\"014e172e-315b-43b0-be69-869610fde527\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e9ef40d0-a0ad-4831-914e-6d66fe109750/Import%20of%20dynamic%20load%20cases%20from%20RFEMRSTAB%2001.png\" data-asset-id=\"014e172e-315b-43b0-be69-869610fde527\" data-image-id=\"014e172e-315b-43b0-be69-869610fde527\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>Limitation:</strong> Import of non-standard LCS is not supported.</p>\n<p><strong>Workaround:</strong> Use only supported settings of Local Axes xyz. </p>\n<p>See the figure: </p>\n<ul>\n <li>green = supported settings</li>\n <li>red = unsupported settings</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cb88c9e9-84ea-40d3-9a77-01b604a0aa79\" data-image-id=\"cb88c9e9-84ea-40d3-9a77-01b604a0aa79\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/15bb82e1-81e8-4fc2-99fc-47197e8b12a2/RFEM_Known_limitation_LCS.png\" data-asset-id=\"cb88c9e9-84ea-40d3-9a77-01b604a0aa79\" data-image-id=\"cb88c9e9-84ea-40d3-9a77-01b604a0aa79\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>Limitation of RFEM5/RSTAB8: </strong>Load cases assigned to various load groups for different Result Combinations.</p>\n<p>It means that in IDEA StatiCa each load case is assigned to only one load group for all combinations, while in Dlubal a load case can be assigned to a different group in different Result Combinations.</p>\n<p><strong>Workaround: </strong>For all Result Combinations, always assign load cases to the same load group. Alternatively, you can create exact combinations using \"Load Combinations\" tool. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8062f891-b118-4099-b0c8-d769ae073906\" data-image-id=\"8062f891-b118-4099-b0c8-d769ae073906\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/006edf4c-3a39-45e0-91ae-35fbedfcd857/Load%20groups_1.png\" data-asset-id=\"8062f891-b118-4099-b0c8-d769ae073906\" data-image-id=\"8062f891-b118-4099-b0c8-d769ae073906\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c73fc82a-a73c-4aac-8aed-b3842267f4be\" data-image-id=\"c73fc82a-a73c-4aac-8aed-b3842267f4be\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5d4a10fe-b64d-4af0-b109-fd62ba513ce0/Load%20groups_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"c73fc82a-a73c-4aac-8aed-b3842267f4be\" data-image-id=\"c73fc82a-a73c-4aac-8aed-b3842267f4be\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>Limitation of RFEM5/RSTAB8: </strong>The effects of all load cases with the same name (i.e. listed multiple times in the result combination) are added together with the corresponding coefficient in Checkbot. This can lead to doubling of certain load cases (e.g. 1*LC7 +1*LC7=2*LC7) and cancellation of other load cases in combination (e.g. 1*LC9 -1*LC9= 0*LC9)! </p>\n<p><strong>Workaround: </strong> Do not use the same load cases in the same Result Combination more than once in RFEM or RSTAB. If you want to use the load group in RFEM and RSTAB and assign the same load case to a Result Combination once with positive and once with negative sign, do this differently with 2 independent Result Combinations or Load Combinations. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5d1eb8d2-a1b0-491f-96db-7c73a5abe946\" data-image-id=\"5d1eb8d2-a1b0-491f-96db-7c73a5abe946\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b2093d2e-5d70-459f-8b46-cac34dcb0812/Load%20cases%20with%20the%20same%20name.png\" data-asset-id=\"5d1eb8d2-a1b0-491f-96db-7c73a5abe946\" data-image-id=\"5d1eb8d2-a1b0-491f-96db-7c73a5abe946\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>Limitation: </strong>Referencing other Result Combinations in Result Combinations is not supported for import into Checkbot. </p>\n<p><strong>Workaround: </strong>Add load cases to Result Combination instead of adding other Result Combination. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7f4f2489-78e8-410d-9db5-397764abde17\" data-image-id=\"7f4f2489-78e8-410d-9db5-397764abde17\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a5836832-109d-4023-881e-a20f4642c5da/Referencing%20RC%20to%20other%20RC.png\" data-asset-id=\"7f4f2489-78e8-410d-9db5-397764abde17\" data-image-id=\"7f4f2489-78e8-410d-9db5-397764abde17\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>Limitation:</strong> Internal forces are not imported into Checkbot if the corresponding result values are deactivated in the Result Table Manager.</p>\n<p><strong>Workaround: </strong>Open <strong>Results → Result Table Manager</strong> and activate the required values. Ensure that the following options are enabled:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Rows:</strong> Member starts, Internal points, Member ends</li>\n <li><strong>Columns:</strong> Internal forces, Internal moments</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4a9e576b-c9fc-49cc-803b-414716185f7c\" data-image-id=\"4a9e576b-c9fc-49cc-803b-414716185f7c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1bad7fd5-a6f1-4513-8469-80012602d7ff/RFEM%20-%20Result%20Table%20manager.png\" data-asset-id=\"4a9e576b-c9fc-49cc-803b-414716185f7c\" data-image-id=\"4a9e576b-c9fc-49cc-803b-414716185f7c\" alt=\"\"></figure>"
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"value": "<h2>Concrete BIM link limitations</h2>\n<p>The following outlines the current <strong>limitations and considerations</strong> when using the ETABS/SAP2000 BIM link with IDEA StatiCa Checkbot and Detail 2D, highlighting potential constraints, common issues, and recommended practices to ensure accurate analysis and design.</p>\n<h4>Limitation: Import</h4>\n<p>If an <strong>ETABS load case</strong> contains <strong>analysis steps</strong>, <strong>IDEA StatiCa Checkbot</strong> will not be able to consider all of them.</p>\n<ul>\n <ul>\n <li>It is recommended to separate stepped load cases into <strong>individual load cases</strong> before import.</li>\n </ul>\n</ul>\n<h4>Limitation: Sync functionality</h4>\n<p>When syncing the model, <strong>load combination types</strong> are <strong>reset</strong>.</p>\n<ul>\n <ul>\n <li>The user must reassign the correct load combination types after each synchronization.</li>\n </ul>\n</ul>\n<h4>Limitation: Detail element creation</h4>\n<p>The following limitations apply when creating a <strong>Detail</strong> in Checkbot:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Details can only be created for <strong>wall elements lying in the same plane. </strong></li>\n <li>If the selected elements are not coplanar, an error will occur, and a different set of members must be selected.</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Limitation: Detail Export</h4>\n<p>When exporting a Detail, the following limitations apply (a warning will be displayed in Checkbot when relevant):</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Out-of-plane uniform loads</strong> applied to 2D members are <strong>not transferred</strong> to <strong>Detail 2D</strong>.</li>\n <li><strong>2D members</strong> will <strong>not be merged</strong> if they have <strong>different thicknesses</strong>, <strong>materials</strong>, or <strong>in-plane loading values</strong>.\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Out-of-plane loading</strong> cannot be exported. A warning will appear if the <strong>total edge loading</strong> for a load case exceeds <strong>±1 kN</strong>.</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n <li><strong>Non-vertical 2D members</strong> should <strong>not</strong> be transferred to <strong>Detail 2D; </strong>the application is not suitable for such members. </li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Common issues with the workflow</h4>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Concentrated point loads</strong> may cause <strong>nonlinear analysis failure</strong>. Add a <a data-item-id=\"5a121972-f384-4f14-8788-9da298e1aae1\" href=\"\"><strong>transfer device</strong></a> (e.g., bearing plate) to distribute the load.</li>\n <li>A coarse <strong>ETABS or SAP2000 mesh</strong> (typical for global models) may cause <strong>stress peaks</strong> and produce <strong>unrealistic concentrated forces</strong> in both value and position for reinforcement design.\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Recommendation:</strong> Modify the mesh to 100 mm x 100 mm of imported wall elements.</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n <li>A coarse mesh can also cause <strong>significant in-plane moments</strong> that cannot be accurately captured in IDEA StatiCa.\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Recommendation:</strong> Set the <strong>out-of-plane stiffness</strong> of imported wall elements to a <strong>low value</strong> so that the surrounding structural elements in the global model can appropriately <strong>carry and transfer out-of-plane forces</strong>.</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n <li>If an <strong>edge point load</strong> creates <strong>tension on the edge</strong> (e.g., from lateral load), nonlinear analysis may fail.\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Recommendation: </strong>Move the point load slightly <strong>inward</strong> to ensure proper <a data-item-id=\"38cbe005-0e1e-4d75-ae8a-2ef9dcee4c2b\" href=\"\">concrete engagement</a>. </li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c533eb01-322a-4b8e-9531-d917fb9f2082\" data-image-id=\"c533eb01-322a-4b8e-9531-d917fb9f2082\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ded8d739-bd8a-4880-815b-3d278cc6b9a7/load%20move.png\" data-asset-id=\"c533eb01-322a-4b8e-9531-d917fb9f2082\" data-image-id=\"c533eb01-322a-4b8e-9531-d917fb9f2082\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Steel BIM link limitations</h2>\n<p>The link now works for a wide variety of connections/joints. However, please take into account the yet unsupported functionality:</p>\n<h4>Limitation: Loads import</h4>\n<p>We do not support the import of load-combination which contains load-combination adding other than linear.</p>\n<p>We do not support referencing of a load-combination inside another load combination. </p>\n<h4>Limitation: How to run SAP2000 and ETABS links with IDEA StatiCa 22.1. </h4>\n<p><strong>Problematic versions:</strong> </p>\n<ul>\n <li>SAP2000 24.1.0 </li>\n <li>ETABS 20.3.0 </li>\n</ul>\n<p> <strong>Problem description:</strong> </p>\n<p>The new patch of SAP2000 24.1.0 does not work with the latest IDEA 22.1. Once you start Checkbot from the menu, it looks like this, and nothing can be done/clicked. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"952a50d0-4bcb-4da9-a249-64112b714fcb\" data-image-id=\"952a50d0-4bcb-4da9-a249-64112b714fcb\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a6fb4216-01d1-4c7e-91de-ce1ad9968ccf/etabs0.png\" data-asset-id=\"952a50d0-4bcb-4da9-a249-64112b714fcb\" data-image-id=\"952a50d0-4bcb-4da9-a249-64112b714fcb\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>Solution:</strong> </p>\n<p>This goes for SAP2000 and ETABS as well (latest versions). The workaround is to: </p>\n<p>1. Locate the config file (either <em>SAP2000.exe.config</em> or <em>ETABS.exe.config</em>) in </p>\n<p>C:\\Program Files\\Computers and Structures\\SAP2000 24\\ </p>\n<p>or </p>\n<p>C:\\Program Files\\Computers and Structures\\ETABS 20\\ </p>\n<p>2. Delete the following lines from the bottom of the file and save it (requires admin rights). </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e3d1e189-4148-4548-9eb0-a1a9a09d900f\" data-image-id=\"e3d1e189-4148-4548-9eb0-a1a9a09d900f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3da4a27c-a34c-4708-8164-20593541de7e/etabs1.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"e3d1e189-4148-4548-9eb0-a1a9a09d900f\" data-image-id=\"e3d1e189-4148-4548-9eb0-a1a9a09d900f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Alternatively, copy the file to the desktop, edit it there, and copy it back to the original folder. </p>\n<p>This is what the file should look like (its bottom part) after the assembly binding is properly deleted: </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"015a328c-c736-4be2-b068-1e968b966b66\" data-image-id=\"015a328c-c736-4be2-b068-1e968b966b66\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/98c74a44-cf45-4532-9071-a040edabaa15/etabs2.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"015a328c-c736-4be2-b068-1e968b966b66\" data-image-id=\"015a328c-c736-4be2-b068-1e968b966b66\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>3. Then, it is possible to run Checkbot.</p>\n<h4>Limitation: Equilibrium</h4>\n<p>To ensure the equilibrium in the nodes, please set the End Length Offsets to 0:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b5147f2a-9c4e-4578-a0a1-3c1de6f1fe23\" data-image-id=\"b5147f2a-9c4e-4578-a0a1-3c1de6f1fe23\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e90174a4-eedc-43a7-9af5-a7d920c1b516/assign1.png\" data-asset-id=\"b5147f2a-9c4e-4578-a0a1-3c1de6f1fe23\" data-image-id=\"b5147f2a-9c4e-4578-a0a1-3c1de6f1fe23\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"973087e2-e132-4450-a14c-284bde238f7d\" data-image-id=\"973087e2-e132-4450-a14c-284bde238f7d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1c50e3d3-f0ef-4c98-b06c-a6e203c393ea/assign2.png\" data-asset-id=\"973087e2-e132-4450-a14c-284bde238f7d\" data-image-id=\"973087e2-e132-4450-a14c-284bde238f7d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>Limitation: Sign convention for internal forces</h4>\n<p>Due to different sign conventions in ETABS and in Checkbot, the internal forces are displayed differently. The load effects are applied correctly, but the internal forces may be displayed with the opposite sign and be drawn on the other side of the beam.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5c74685b-7a5b-462f-b8e0-7c93060d9c2f\" data-image-id=\"5c74685b-7a5b-462f-b8e0-7c93060d9c2f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/abe68214-ea1d-434c-a2c5-a471c46699c4/ETABS_TAB1.png\" data-asset-id=\"5c74685b-7a5b-462f-b8e0-7c93060d9c2f\" data-image-id=\"5c74685b-7a5b-462f-b8e0-7c93060d9c2f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"77469575-cfd0-4513-9c1f-0f609f1eb6ab\" data-image-id=\"77469575-cfd0-4513-9c1f-0f609f1eb6ab\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ec051e0a-d5bb-4bab-9174-3512299eca0b/ETABS_TAB2.png\" data-asset-id=\"77469575-cfd0-4513-9c1f-0f609f1eb6ab\" data-image-id=\"77469575-cfd0-4513-9c1f-0f609f1eb6ab\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>Limitation: More versions of SAP2000 or ETABS installed on the computer</h4>\n<p>ETABS and SAP2000 API uses COM library, which needs to be registered in registry. When you install new version, during the installation COM for this version is registered automatically. So when you then try to run the Checkbot link for older version, it doesn't work. </p>\n<p>If you want to switch between those two versions, you have to:</p>\n<p>1) Run as administrator the \"UnregisterSAP2000.exe\" or \"UnregisterETABS.exe\" in the folder with newer version.</p>\n<p>2) Then Run as administrator the \"RegisterSAP2000.exe\" or \"RegisterETABS.exe\" in the folder with the older version.</p>\n<p><br></p>"
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