SteelConnection designLearning ModulesBoltsConnection

Learning Module: Bolts loaded in shear (EN)

This tutorial is intended for students. It aims to explain how shear forces are distributed between bolts and what checks are necessary for bolts loaded predominantly in shear. Hand calculations are compared to IDEA StatiCa Connection.

Introduction

Bolts are commonly used as fasteners connecting steel elements in assembly joints. They facilitate the rapid construction of steel structures. Contractors typically require all connections at the construction site to be bolted; in other words, field welding should be avoided despite the fact that bolted connections may be much more complicated than welded connections and require more material.

The aim of this learning module is to make students familiar with and confident when designing simple bolted connections through interaction with connection design software providing visual feedback. Students should be familiar with the basics of design according to Eurocode – for more information, refer e.g. ESDEP lecture notes.

Example: Bolts in shear

Calculate the load on bolts and check the maximum loaded bolt.

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Each plate transfers the same magnitude 100 kN / 2 = 50 kN." }, "content_2": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Content column 2", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "visibleinregion": { "name": "VisibleInRegion", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] }, "regions": { "name": "Region", "type": "taxonomy", "value": [], "taxonomyGroup": "region" }, "translation__translation_connector": { "name": "Translation Connector", "type": "taxonomy", "value": [], "taxonomyGroup": "languages" }, "translation__force_translation": { "name": "Force translation", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] }, "translation__last_translation": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Last translation", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "translation__ai_translated": { "name": "AI translated", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] } }, "system": { "codename": "lm_en__blis01_01", "collection": "default", "id": "28e2f019-25b2-4759-8815-383be4bb3b92", "language": "en-US", "lastModified": "2025-02-08T13:01:57.9677264Z", "name": "LM(EN):BLiS01-01", "sitemapLocations": [], "type": "widget_text_block", "workflowStep": "published", "workflow": "default" } }, { "elements": { "title": { "name": "Title", "type": "text", "value": "What is the shear force acting on each bolt?" }, "description": { "name": "Description", "type": "text", "value": "" }, "content_1": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [ { "codename": "long_bolted_and_welded_connections__aisc_", "linkId": "733a99e4-0146-41ab-8913-808ec37c533c", "urlSlug": "long-bolted-and-welded-connections-aisc", "type": "support_center_article" } ], "name": "Content column 1", "type": "rich_text", "value": "Each bolt transfers the same force, 100 kN / 2 bolts = 50 kN. \nNote that for long bolted connections (EN 1993-1-8 – 3.8), the shear force in bolts is not uniformly distributed, but the first and last bolts are loaded more than the bolts in the middle. Refer to <a data-item-id=\"733a99e4-0146-41ab-8913-808ec37c533c\" href=\"\">this article</a> for more information. This is why reduction factor \\(\\beta_{Lf}=1-\\frac{L_j-15d}{200d}\\le1.0\\) is used for long bolted connections." }, "content_2": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Content column 2", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "visibleinregion": { "name": "VisibleInRegion", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] }, "regions": { "name": "Region", "type": "taxonomy", "value": [], "taxonomyGroup": "region" }, "translation__translation_connector": { "name": "Translation Connector", "type": "taxonomy", "value": [], "taxonomyGroup": "languages" }, "translation__force_translation": { "name": "Force translation", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] }, "translation__last_translation": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Last translation", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "translation__ai_translated": { "name": "AI translated", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] } }, "system": { "codename": "lm_en__blis01_02", "collection": "default", "id": "ac812a5b-cb58-4147-a6e4-7e69cd88a44e", "language": "en-US", "lastModified": "2025-02-08T13:14:37.0060114Z", "name": "LM(EN):BLiS01-02", "sitemapLocations": [], "type": "widget_text_block", "workflowStep": "published", "workflow": "default" } }, { "elements": { "title": { "name": "Title", "type": "text", "value": "What is the force acting on one shear plane of one bolt?" }, "description": { "name": "Description", "type": "text", "value": "" }, "content_1": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Content column 1", "type": "rich_text", "value": "For each bolt, there are 2 shear planes. Every shear plane is loaded by 100 kN / 2 bolts / 2 shear planes = 25 kN." }, "content_2": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Content column 2", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "visibleinregion": { "name": "VisibleInRegion", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] }, "regions": { "name": "Region", "type": "taxonomy", "value": [], "taxonomyGroup": "region" }, "translation__translation_connector": { "name": "Translation Connector", "type": "taxonomy", "value": [], "taxonomyGroup": "languages" }, "translation__force_translation": { "name": "Force translation", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] }, "translation__last_translation": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Last translation", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "translation__ai_translated": { "name": "AI translated", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] } }, "system": { "codename": "lm_en__blis01_03", "collection": "default", "id": "400f9d92-e689-4166-8ce9-5c76d2cbbb42", "language": "en-US", "lastModified": "2025-02-08T13:06:57.1702102Z", "name": "LM(EN):BLiS01-03", "sitemapLocations": [], "type": "widget_text_block", "workflowStep": "published", "workflow": "default" } } ] }, "content_bottom": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Content after", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "visibleinregion": { "name": "VisibleInRegion", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] }, "regions": { "name": "Region", "type": "taxonomy", "value": [], "taxonomyGroup": "region" }, "translation__translation_connector": { "name": "Translation Connector", "type": "taxonomy", "value": [], "taxonomyGroup": "languages" }, "translation__force_translation": { "name": "Force translation", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] }, "translation__last_translation": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Last translation", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "translation__ai_translated": { "name": "AI translated", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] } }

{ "title": { "name": "Headline", "type": "text", "value": "" }, "description": { "name": "Description", "type": "text", "value": "" }, "content_top": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Content before", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "collapsible_items": { "name": "Collapsible items", "type": "modular_content", "value": [ "lm_en__blis02_01", "lm_en__blis_02_02" ], "linkedItems": [ { "elements": { "title": { "name": "Title", "type": "text", "value": "What is the force acting on the most-loaded bolt?" }, "description": { "name": "Description", "type": "text", "value": "" }, "content_1": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Content column 1", "type": "rich_text", "value": "We can estimate the force acting on the most-loaded bolt by calculating reduction factor \\(\\beta_{Lf}\\), although it is not possible to clearly determine the force in each bolt. The resistance of the bolt remains the same, but the load varies. The bolt group can safely transfer the force:\n\\[F_{v,Rd} = \\beta_{Lf} \\cdot N \\cdot \\frac{n \\cdot \\alpha_v \\cdot f_{ub} \\cdot A}{\\gamma_{M2}}\\]\nwhere:\n<ul>\n <li>\\(\\beta_{Lf} = 1-\\frac{L_j-15d}{200d}=1-\\frac{420-15\\cdot 20}{200\\cdot 20}=0.97\\) – reduction factor for long bolted connections</li>\n <li>\\(N\\) – number of bolts</li>\n <li>\\(n\\) – number of shear planes</li>\n</ul>\nThe load acting on the first bolt assuming the uniform force distribution would be \\(\\frac{F}{N} = \\frac{100 \\textrm{ kN}}{7} = 14.29\\textrm{ kN}\\), and \\(7.14 \\textrm{ kN}\\) per each shear plane.\nWe may assume the force in the first bolt is higher, probably close to \\(\\frac{14.29\\textrm{ kN}}{\\beta_{Lf}}=14.72\\textrm{ kN}\\), i.e., \\(7.36\\textrm{ kN}\\) at one shear plane." }, "content_2": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Content column 2", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "visibleinregion": { "name": "VisibleInRegion", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] }, "regions": { "name": "Region", "type": "taxonomy", "value": [], "taxonomyGroup": "region" }, "translation__translation_connector": { "name": "Translation Connector", "type": "taxonomy", "value": [], "taxonomyGroup": "languages" }, "translation__force_translation": { "name": "Force translation", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] }, "translation__last_translation": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Last translation", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "translation__ai_translated": { "name": "AI translated", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] } }, "system": { "codename": "lm_en__blis02_01", "collection": "default", "id": "912a8661-4753-4065-bc76-af7a3626a6bb", "language": "en-US", "lastModified": "2025-02-08T17:22:39.8015399Z", "name": "LM(EN)-BLiS02-01", "sitemapLocations": [], "type": "widget_text_block", "workflowStep": "published", "workflow": "default" } }, { "elements": { "title": { "name": "Title", "type": "text", "value": "Compare your estimated force with IDEA StatiCa results" }, "description": { "name": "Description", "type": "text", "value": "" }, "content_1": { "images": [ { "description": null, "imageId": "5d4e8b15-c30c-4d5d-b487-45fdcfb64147", "url": "https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/54d3f0d8-8751-421b-82f9-d3b38e0ad82e/LM%28EN%29-Bolts%20Loaded%20in%20Shear%20-%2004.png", "height": 933, "width": 989 } ], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Content column 1", "type": "rich_text", "value": "The most loaded bolt is B7, which is indeed located at the beginning of the bolt group. The load acting at each shear plane is 9 kN, i.e., 18 kN at bolt B7. This is more than the estimated 14.72 kN. It seems IDEA StatiCa provides a more conservative bolt force distribution; however, it may change with consecutive loading due to nonlinear calculation and nonlinear load-deformation diagram of the bolt in shear.\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5d4e8b15-c30c-4d5d-b487-45fdcfb64147\" data-image-id=\"5d4e8b15-c30c-4d5d-b487-45fdcfb64147\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/54d3f0d8-8751-421b-82f9-d3b38e0ad82e/LM%28EN%29-Bolts%20Loaded%20in%20Shear%20-%2004.png\" data-asset-id=\"5d4e8b15-c30c-4d5d-b487-45fdcfb64147\" data-image-id=\"5d4e8b15-c30c-4d5d-b487-45fdcfb64147\" alt=\"\"></figure>" }, "content_2": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Content column 2", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "visibleinregion": { "name": "VisibleInRegion", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] }, "regions": { "name": "Region", "type": "taxonomy", "value": [], "taxonomyGroup": "region" }, "translation__translation_connector": { "name": "Translation Connector", "type": "taxonomy", "value": [], "taxonomyGroup": "languages" }, "translation__force_translation": { "name": "Force translation", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] }, "translation__last_translation": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Last translation", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "translation__ai_translated": { "name": "AI translated", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] } }, "system": { "codename": "lm_en__blis_02_02", "collection": "default", "id": "7e8e099b-214f-48cd-82e4-a1564da3a3b4", "language": "en-US", "lastModified": "2025-02-08T17:29:05.65082Z", "name": "LM(EN)-BLiS-02-02", "sitemapLocations": [], "type": "widget_text_block", "workflowStep": "published", "workflow": "default" } } ] }, "content_bottom": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Content after", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "visibleinregion": { "name": "VisibleInRegion", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] }, "regions": { "name": "Region", "type": "taxonomy", "value": [], "taxonomyGroup": "region" }, "translation__translation_connector": { "name": "Translation Connector", "type": "taxonomy", "value": [], "taxonomyGroup": "languages" }, "translation__force_translation": { "name": "Force translation", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] }, "translation__last_translation": { "images": [], "linkedItemCodenames": [], "linkedItems": [], "links": [], "name": "Last translation", "type": "rich_text", "value": " " }, "translation__ai_translated": { "name": "AI translated", "type": "multiple_choice", "value": [] } }

Learning Module: Bolts loaded in shear (EN)

Introduction

Example: Bolts in shear

Geometry

Solution

Virtual Lab – Bolts in Shear

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