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Name: Weld size differences between EC and AISC (CISC) codes
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"value": "<p>Under EN, the weld size is defined as the parameter <em>a,</em> which is <strong>the weld throat thickness</strong>.</p>\n<p>Under AISC (CISC), the weld size is defined as the parameter <em>z,</em> which is <strong>the weld leg size</strong>.</p>\n<p>You can simply calculate <em>a</em> from <em>z</em> and vice versa using the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem\">Pythagorean Theorem.</a></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e132c666-93e0-4b7f-9917-8ffc5a5dc770\" data-image-id=\"e132c666-93e0-4b7f-9917-8ffc5a5dc770\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/82cd97fe-7c32-4d7d-b803-1794a985529a/Weld_size.png\" data-asset-id=\"e132c666-93e0-4b7f-9917-8ffc5a5dc770\" data-image-id=\"e132c666-93e0-4b7f-9917-8ffc5a5dc770\" alt=\"Wels size\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>"
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"value": "<p>It's interesting how different approaches to the same structure we could find throughout the regions, companies, or even between different designers. While some would weld everything together without thinking about a single bolt, others would cut the structure into several parts and connect everything together with dozens of bolts. Both approaches to connecting the structural members have their pros and cons. </p>\n<p>Purely welded connections are stiffer than bolted connections and are thus considered to be safer or can reduce deflections. But then some experienced (meaning expensive) welder has to be somewhere on site, safely hanged in the space, often in inhospitable weather. The weld quality checks are sometimes not even possible, and the less precise work brings obviously higher material costs.</p>\n<p>The workshop welding on the other hand may be more precise, it also requires transporting to the site. And onsite welding is often expensive in implementation and over-usage of welding materials. Read on to learn which approach best suits your projects.</p>\n<p>You already know that IDEA StatiCa can help you calculate not only the stiffness of the weld connections but also estimate the costs of the connection depending on the weld type, etc. That is not something new under the sun. <a data-item-id=\"dc6882ef-317b-417a-b684-943901355f3d\" href=\"\">You can read one of our articles about the connection cost calculation</a>. </p>\n<p>But we also believe that connection designs should be as precise as possible while securing sufficient connection resistance. And one of our features can help you exactly with this. </p>\n<h2>Designing contact between column and base plate</h2>\n<p>Imagine you need to design a steel column welded to its base plate. The load must be transferred from the upper structure to the foundations. In certain countries, it is possible to include the contact between the column and its base plate when evaluating the compressive strength of the connection.</p>\n<p>In most standards, such as Eurocode, the load is assumed to flow through the welds only. Therefore, the welds must be designed so that they resist the full compressive force from the structure above. Nevertheless, you can imagine that there exists a certain contact between the base of the column and its baseplate even before these two are welded together.</p>\n<p>In some regions, the technical guides allow taking this contact into account when evaluating the compressive resistance. Of course, there are certain criteria to be fulfilled so that it is permitted to use this approach. Then, the contact brings an additional resistance to the compressive strength of the base weld which leads to a more economical design of the welds.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" data-image-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2a16ecdf-f660-47b6-bb32-9b9aeecf3314/6.png\" data-asset-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" data-image-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The <a data-item-id=\"68076977-c9aa-4fa5-b726-09433e204c2b\" href=\"\">model of the weld</a> will then be set to have high stiffness. Once it starts to yield (i.e. to deform plastically), the contact is activated and the compression is taken by the contact. This leads to significant values of the stress in the weld even if the contact is applied. However, importantly, the resistance of the weld in shear is not decreased. The weld is not checked in compression anymore as this is taken by the contact but the tension and shear are still assigned to the weld and the appropriate checks are conducted.</p>\n<p>Practically speaking, you will add a contact <strong>and</strong> a weld on the appropriate edges of the member (the column in this instance) at the same time. From the load transfer perspective, the contact will be effective in compression only while the welds will transfer shear and tension forces. Both operations are available under the “Weld or contact” manufacturing operation.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"29614fc0-aa03-499c-b343-7c518253d397\" data-image-id=\"29614fc0-aa03-499c-b343-7c518253d397\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d7f5114a-1fcd-4da4-9496-44a11d412653/1.png\" data-asset-id=\"29614fc0-aa03-499c-b343-7c518253d397\" data-image-id=\"29614fc0-aa03-499c-b343-7c518253d397\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>This is what you will see in IDEA StatiCa Connection:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>A red line representing the compressive contact is combined with a yellow line used to indicate the welds (when the transparent view is activated)</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9a6d9cfe-6a47-4004-ac16-16dc15eadf5d\" data-image-id=\"9a6d9cfe-6a47-4004-ac16-16dc15eadf5d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6af8d357-08a5-4696-bc89-3f5b3938463a/5.png\" data-asset-id=\"9a6d9cfe-6a47-4004-ac16-16dc15eadf5d\" data-image-id=\"9a6d9cfe-6a47-4004-ac16-16dc15eadf5d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>In the results and reports, a down-facing arrow has been added next to the rectangle symbol of the fillet weld</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"49e646c3-621b-4946-98c5-3330d6b697dc\" data-image-id=\"49e646c3-621b-4946-98c5-3330d6b697dc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/40b0ff4a-152f-4245-af7e-7424793620db/7.png\" data-asset-id=\"49e646c3-621b-4946-98c5-3330d6b697dc\" data-image-id=\"49e646c3-621b-4946-98c5-3330d6b697dc\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You can apply any type of fillet weld in combination with the contact (i.e. continuous, partial, or intermittent). Butt welds are not combined by their very nature.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"29ab325a-b8f5-4f92-93af-d4e9a10b81c8\" data-image-id=\"29ab325a-b8f5-4f92-93af-d4e9a10b81c8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d2b3e9c9-3586-4eeb-963a-70e24edca19c/4.png\" data-asset-id=\"29ab325a-b8f5-4f92-93af-d4e9a10b81c8\" data-image-id=\"29ab325a-b8f5-4f92-93af-d4e9a10b81c8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h3>Procedure limitations</h3>\n<p>The presented approach can be applied when the actual manufacturing operations are guaranteed: the edges of the welded member must be <strong>precisely</strong> <strong>machined </strong>so that there is <strong>no</strong> <strong>gap </strong>between the welded items. Due to these strict criteria, this procedure is limited to certain countries such as <a href=\"https://www.steel.org.au/getattachment/f68b3f37-530a-4316-8c4e-e2617a95b7de/Detailing-considerations-Design-Guide-7_bk745.pdf\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Netherlands</a> and the United Kingdom. We cannot stress enough that the responsibility for this criteria to be fulfilled remains with the engineer.</p>\n<h3>Discover more </h3>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"ddfe7eda-4125-461a-b0f1-90de133d5cc6\" href=\"\">The combination of the contact in compression</a> and a weld on the same edge of the steel plate is one of the new features in IDEA StatiCa version 22.1 released in October this year. See the full list of the new functionality in our <a data-item-id=\"8136efc3-3a87-48df-9cb2-890edbe4cfb2\" href=\"\">Release notes of IDEA StatiCa 22.1</a> for steel and concrete or watch a live presentation in our <a data-item-id=\"16d6512d-82ee-4689-823f-5998c9421d66\" href=\"\">What's new in IDEA StatiCa 22.1</a> release webinar.</p>\n<p><br>\n</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n6926922d_e5b2_01a0_9cbf_12aabef97d08\"></object>"
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"value": "<h2>Bolt model according to CBFEM</h2>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa has a unique method in its solver, the <a data-item-id=\"6e068636-6a02-5d0e-89ad-6dcff4e21151\" href=\"\">Component-based Finite Element Method (CBFEM)</a>. The bolt model used in CBFEM is described and verified to several steel design codes. The load resistance and deformation capacity are also compared to the main experimental research programs.</p>\n<p>In the Component-Based Finite Element Method (CBFEM), bolt with its behavior in tension, shear, and bearing is the component described by the dependent nonlinear springs. The bolt in tension is described by spring with its axial initial stiffness, design resistance, initialization of yielding, and deformation capacity. For the initialization of yielding and deformation capacity, it is assumed that plastic deformation occurs in the threaded part of the bolt shank only.</p>\n<p>In our Theoretical background, you can find <a data-item-id=\"c2cc67f3-4000-4959-a195-b28becf63f2a\" href=\"\">more information on how the CBFEM method describes and verifies bolts</a>. If you want to know a bit more about CBFEM in general, the full <a data-item-id=\"d4aa2923-a94a-4c40-8fd8-93608acbf893\" href=\"\">General theoretical background</a> is definitely the best place to start from.</p>\n<h2>Bolts according to design codes</h2>\n<p>Let's take a look at how CBFEM approaches bolts from the point of view of individual design codes. So far, IDEA StatiCa supports eight design codes where design and/or detailing of bolts and preloaded bolts are being solved. </p>\n<h3>Check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to Eurocode</h3>\n<p>The initial stiffness and design resistance of bolts in shear are in CBFEM modeled according to Cl. 3.6 and 6.3.2 in EN 1993-1-8. The spring representing bearing and tension has a bi-linear force-deformation behavior with an initial stiffness and design resistance according to Cl. 3.6 and 6.3.2 in EN 1993-1-8.</p>\n<p><strong>Detailing </strong></p>\n<p>Checks of bolts is performed if the option is selected in Code setup. Dimensions from bolt center to plate edges and between bolts are checked. Edge distance <em>e</em> = 1.2 and spacing between bolts <em>p</em> = 2.2 are recommended in Table 3.3 in EN 1993-1-8. Users can modify both values in the Code setup.</p>\n<h3>Check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to AISC</h3>\n<p>The forces in bolts are determined by finite element analysis. The tensile forces include prying forces. The bolt resistances are checked according to AISC 360 - Chapter J3.</p>\n<p><strong>Detailing </strong></p>\n<p>The minimum spacing between bolts and distance to the bolt center to an edge of a connected part is checked. The minimum spacing 2.66 times (editable in Code setup) the nominal bolt diameter between centers of bolts is checked according to AISC 360-16 – J.3.3. The minimum distance to the bolt center to an edge of a connected part is checked according to AISC 360-16 – J.3.4; the values are in Table J3.4 and J3.4M.</p>\n<h3>Check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to other standards</h3>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-cisc\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to CISC (Canada)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-chinese-standard\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to Chinese standard (GB)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-according-to-hong-kong-code\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Check of bolts according to Hong Kong Code (HKG)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-according-to-is-800\">Check of preloaded bolts according to IS 800 (India)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-sp\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to SP (Russia)</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/check-of-bolts-and-preloaded-bolts-according-to-as\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Check of bolts and preloaded bolts according to AS (Australia)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Bolt detailing </h2>\n<p><strong>How to set the distances</strong></p>\n<p>Edge distances used for bolt bearing resistance must be relevant for general plate geometries, plates with openings, cutouts, etc.</p>\n<p>The algorithm reads the real direction of the resulting shear force vector in a given bolt and then calculates the distances needed for the bearing check.</p>\n<p>The end (<em>e</em><sub>1</sub>) and edge (<em>e</em><sub>2</sub>) distances are determined by dividing the plate contour into three segments. The end segment is indicated by a 60° range in the direction of the force vector. The edge segments are defined by two 65° ranges perpendicular to the force vector. The shortest distance from a bolt to a relevant segment is then taken as an end, or an edge distance.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" data-image-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c166c28a-3f8f-4d50-99ba-857ed9b01e6c/Bolt%20bearing%20distances%201.png\" data-asset-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" data-image-id=\"206cf95d-3010-4d11-ab8a-aceb3f62bdc6\" alt=\"Bolt bearing distances (EN)\"></figure>\n<p>The spacing distances between bolt holes (<em>p</em><sub>1</sub>; <em>p</em><sub>2</sub>) are determined by virtually enlarging the surrounding bolt holes by a half of their diameter, then drawing two lines in direction and perpendicular to the shear force vector. The distances to the enlarged bolt holes that are intersected by these lines are then considered as <em>p</em><sub>1</sub> and <em>p</em><sub>2</sub> in the calculation.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" data-image-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b8152921-f220-412f-81de-8c8c83d7e2c2/Bolt%20bearing%20distances%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" data-image-id=\"15a106be-af4c-4966-ac50-a889863e1a5c\" alt=\"Bolt bearing distances (EN)\"></figure>\n<h2>Verification examples</h2>\n<p>We have prepared several verification examples to check the results in comparison with other computation methods.</p>\n<h4>EN</h4>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-connection-splices-in-shear\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bolted connection - Splices in shear</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-connection-interaction-of-shear-and-tension\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bolted connection - Interaction of shear and tension</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/haunched-joint-capacity-design\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Haunched joint – capacity design</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>AISC</h4>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-splice-connection\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bolted splice connection</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/bolted-flange-plate-moment-connection-lrfd\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bolted flange plate moment connection – LRFD</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/extended-moment-end-plate-connection-asd\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Extended moment end-plate connection – ASD</a></li>\n</ul>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n4ca72f7d_ade8_0141_ad6f_baebda5b563b\"></object>\n<h2>Patented technology for structural engineers</h2>\n<p>Do you know that our bolt model solution is a part of a U.S. patent? Read <a data-item-id=\"627bdc92-14f2-416a-b7ef-7df116ea3e73\" href=\"\">here</a> about our success story. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\" data-image-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a0abb5ad-7dba-4687-bfd8-e64fa9c03512/756213100-huge.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\" data-image-id=\"2546f7fb-18b9-4671-8e1b-238a6ec1b0e9\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Patent\"></figure>\n<h2> One bolt joint - our solution </h2>\n<p>Sometimes, the engineer needs to make a <strong>joint with one bolt only</strong>, especially if e.g. a hinge, a bracing, a rod, or a diagonal is expected. To model and calculate this kind of operation, you need to define a proper <strong>Model type</strong> of the member. More about it can be read <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/how-to-model-one-bolt-connection\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here</a>. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\" data-image-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/edfb27a5-88b9-4f39-ac2b-bd319f37ee29/Model%20type%200.png\" data-asset-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\" data-image-id=\"cca7ed64-cf29-48bd-bb61-96c49f4f1285\" alt=\"How to model one bolt connection (Model type)\"></figure>\n<h2>Bolts, welds, and stiffness of a joint</h2>\n<p>Both bolts and welds have their advantages and disadvantages. One of the important aspects when choosing a joint is its planned stiffness. In general, a bolted joint is never as rigid as a welded joint. If you choose a bolt connection, we recommend calculating the stiffness of such a connection and taking into account the resulting stiffness in the overall structure. You can read what such a calculation looks like and what it entails <a data-item-id=\"6726bbc6-1826-4c43-9253-b8f6e0ab39a9\" href=\"\">here</a>, or watch this <a data-item-id=\"ab4c1281-d0ce-5c97-95ef-3c369206d272\" href=\"\">video</a>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\" data-image-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d43f402a-8463-4e51-b040-bcbadaaab500/stiffness.png\" data-asset-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\" data-image-id=\"3ad5d43d-0568-4816-837a-543530a44c5c\" alt=\"stiffness\"></figure>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"untitled_content_item_a1697b4\"></object>"
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"value": "<h2>Weld model according to CBFEM</h2>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa has a unique method in its solver, the Component-based Finite Element Method (CBFEM). The weld model used in <a data-item-id=\"6e068636-6a02-5d0e-89ad-6dcff4e21151\" href=\"\">CBFEM</a> is described and verified to several steel design codes. The load resistance and deformation capacity are also compared to the main experimental research programs.</p>\n<p>There are several options on how to treat welds in numerical models. The large deformations make the mechanical analysis more complex and it is possible to use different mesh descriptions, different kinetic and kinematic variables, and constitutive models. Generally, different types of geometric 2D and 3D models and thereby finite elements with their applicability for different accuracy levels are used. The most often applied material model is the common rate-independent plasticity model based on <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Mises_yield_criterion\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">von Mises yield criterion</a>. Residual stress and deformation caused by welding are not assumed in the design model.</p>\n<p>The load is transmitted through force-deformation constraints based on the Lagrangian formulation to the opposite plate. The connection is called multi-point constraint (MPC) and relates the finite element nodes of one plate edge to another edge or surface. The finite element nodes are not connected directly. The advantage of this approach is the ability to connect meshes with different densities. The constraint allows to model midline surface of the connected plates with the offset, which respects the real weld configuration and throat thickness. The load distribution in the weld is derived from the MPC, so the stresses are calculated in the throat section. This is important for the stress distribution in the plate under the weld and for modeling of T-stubs.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\" data-image-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/0bd27c97-ebab-4887-9fc1-d9027cdf3df8/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Welds.png\" data-asset-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\" data-image-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection theoretical background for the advanced structural design of steel connections. Description of weld finite element. Structural design of welded connection.\"></figure>\n<p>In our Theoretical background, you can find <a data-item-id=\"68076977-c9aa-4fa5-b726-09433e204c2b\" href=\"\">more information on how the CBFEM method describes and verifies welds</a>.</p>\n<p>If you want to know a bit more about CBFEM in general, the full <a data-item-id=\"d4aa2923-a94a-4c40-8fd8-93608acbf893\" href=\"\">General theoretical background</a> is definitely the best place to start from.</p>\n<h2>Welds according to codes and standards</h2>\n<h3>Welds according to AISC</h3>\n<p>Fillet welds are checked according to AISC 360 - Chapter J2. The strength of CJP groove welds is assumed the same as the base metal and is not checked. As most of the IDEA Statica users are already used to, all values required for checks are printed in tables.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f9fa3bce-8f47-4f75-a081-ad507e953c2f\" data-image-id=\"f9fa3bce-8f47-4f75-a081-ad507e953c2f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d2437755-1175-479b-97e8-4b24262b7021/welds_check.png\" data-asset-id=\"f9fa3bce-8f47-4f75-a081-ad507e953c2f\" data-image-id=\"f9fa3bce-8f47-4f75-a081-ad507e953c2f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>When it comes to <strong>weld detailing</strong>, the minimal and maximal weld size and the sufficient length of the weld are checked. The maximal weld size is checked according to AISC 360-16 – J2. The minimal weld size is checked according to Table J2.4. A detailed description of the parameters can be found <a data-item-id=\"ffe45899-4875-4394-a9b5-bf87455fc52d\" href=\"\">in this article</a>. </p>\n<p>To give you peace of mind that your designs are complete and accurate, IDEA StatiCa results are being thoroughly tested and verified according to AISC requirements: </p>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"1cfcffb1-e431-5b5b-8443-ee54c95352b1\" href=\"\">Welded splice</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"1bd92fd0-aecf-58ba-88f1-818decf973c4\" href=\"\">All welded double-angle connection</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"ed81d3c1-f275-5cda-a7c7-6449e5c30312\" href=\"\">Simple weld</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"ee2fa588-af99-5602-a575-3e0bfd234c67\" href=\"\">Simple weld - LRFD</a> </li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/all?category=verification_example&label=aisc\">and some more</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Welds according to Eurocode</h3>\n<p>Fillet welds are checked according to EN 1993-1-8. In this case, the engineer's concern is the design resistance and weld utilization. </p>\n<p>The plastic redistribution in welds is used to automatically avoid the stress singularities in weld elements, to redistribute the stress further along the weld length. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6e157615-f2aa-4114-a7f9-b88331f68286\" data-image-id=\"6e157615-f2aa-4114-a7f9-b88331f68286\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a0f463d1-7875-431b-81ee-82ea9151b974/stress_in_weld.png\" data-asset-id=\"6e157615-f2aa-4114-a7f9-b88331f68286\" data-image-id=\"6e157615-f2aa-4114-a7f9-b88331f68286\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>It is also important to be aware of the premise, the strength of butt welds is assumed the same as the base metal and is not checked. </p>\n<p>To read more about the <a data-item-id=\"df238e7d-f2f3-4b2a-beec-3b7e8f11651e\" href=\"\">weld check according to Eurocode</a>, our Theoretical background can be of help again. </p>\n<p><strong>Verifications of welded connections according to Eurocode</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"ebf3225a-7603-4d57-9370-040e27c3f66f\" href=\"\">Fillet weld in lap joint</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"44fdfc71-52f9-459d-abb7-7fa4a9d7066d\" href=\"\">Fillet weld in fin plate joint</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"104ffb3c-62ca-4dd9-8107-23b3fcc189e5\" href=\"\">Fillet weld in angle plate joint</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"9452524f-95da-45b1-80ed-3494014278af\" href=\"\">Welded portal frame eaves moment connection</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/search?q=weld&category=verification_example&label=eurocode\">and many more</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Welds according to other codes</h3>\n<p>Most of you already know, IDEA Statica enables you to check steel connections according to eight national codes and standards so far. Except for the above-mentioned AISC and Eurocode, here is, how welds are treated by CBFEM in the remaining codes: </p>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"cb00295b-bfcf-4c0f-8743-8532e311ca7b\" href=\"\">Weld check according to CISC (Canada)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"538b8bcb-f287-4259-b4e2-787c9792c367\" href=\"\">Weld check according to AS (Australia)</a> + <a data-item-id=\"0f650241-104b-4d76-acdc-d1c36de7aa20\" href=\"\">Weld detailing</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"dad4f217-a192-41c1-bd71-6b540978346e\" href=\"\">Weld check according to SP (Russia)</a> + <a data-item-id=\"da3851cf-a0e4-4a56-a74e-92980edcb861\" href=\"\">Weld detailing</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"0e848bd9-17f2-4448-83de-33c5b19bbde8\" href=\"\">Weld check according to GB (China)</a> + <a data-item-id=\"d3ac46ce-2b78-4cec-b1b5-ca4ef2fb51e7\" href=\"\">Weld detailing</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"e301fcc8-cc43-42a4-8480-8a72357cd91f\" href=\"\">Weld check according to HKG (Hong Kong)</a> + <a data-item-id=\"749477a9-b9d6-4808-913c-21603f384d8e\" href=\"\">Weld detailing</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"5d152fe4-3e0b-4905-b4d2-56dd1e255416\" href=\"\">Weld check according to IS (India)</a> + <a data-item-id=\"3a55bcb9-6742-4915-b914-65903449fa9d\" href=\"\">Weld detailing</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Weld transmission in BIM links</h2>\n<p>When modeling a steel connection in CAD software with IDEA StatiCa BIM links, there used to be a few weak spots when it came to welds. The new IDEA StatiCa version 20.1, released in October 2020, brought several improvements to ease the engineer's life and speed up the design process. </p>\n<h3>Export of recommended welds</h3>\n<p>Sometimes, during the modeling process in CAD software, a few welds might be omitted or not imported correctly. For such situations, there is now an option to add recommended welds. When you choose this option, a check for potentially missing welds is performed. Such welds are then added and imported along with the rest of the components. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" data-image-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e38caf39-0947-4aff-be81-7d3eb57ada99/Screenshot%202020-10-05%20122254.png\" data-asset-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" data-image-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" alt=\"Export of recommended welds\"></figure>\n<h3>Missing weld check</h3>\n<p>To avoid <a data-item-id=\"9831da0e-b8f1-415e-9654-03ffa0408086\" href=\"\">singularity on your connection</a>, once the connection is transferred to IDEA StatiCa, it is good to check if there are not any missing welds in the joint. For this purpose, we have added another useful tool to automatically help the user to find non-welded parts of the connection. This feature identifies and lists all the relevant plates and plate edges and allows the missing welds to be added.</p>\n<p>You can enter this functionality by the right-mouse click on Operations in the tree of entities on the right side of the scene.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" data-image-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/12b10280-2125-44a3-b60e-6031f87a3e03/Missing%20welds.png\" data-asset-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" data-image-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" alt=\"Check of missing welds\"></figure>\n<h2>Summary</h2>\n<p>Connection design in IDEA StatiCa contains a verified CBFEM model of welds that allows code checks, realistic stress redistribution, and connecting plates with meshes of different densities. The validity of results is shown on a set of examples for each design code. The finite element model is being generated automatically, which is a great advantage to general FEM programs. Recently, several improvements were added to speed up the connection import process from CAD software.</p>\n<p>Welds are a great way to assemble steel connections but engineers need an accurate and fast tool for their design and code-check. That is why to use IDEA StatiCa in your projects. </p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n2a3bd364_53ec_01d9_4480_103be7b196bf\"></object>\n<p>If you want to improve your connection design skills, why not try our <a data-item-id=\"3e6d7716-0c0c-4aa5-b3f1-bbc0bededcbc\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Campus</a> online training?</p>"
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"value": "<h2>Theoretical Background</h2>\n<p>Read the essential information about the weld model in our Theoretical Background. The general part describes the computational model itself:</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/general-theoretical-background#Welded_connections_analysis\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Theoretical Background: Welded connections analysis</a></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\" data-image-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a62801a2-1d6a-4743-8627-e232e90e69d9/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Plate%20model%20and%20mesh%20convergence%201200%20x%20630.png\" data-asset-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\" data-image-id=\"455c8fb8-27c8-4c3e-ab28-341376c03fa3\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection theoretical background for the advanced structural design of steel connections. Description of weld finite element. Structural design of welded connection.\"></figure>\n<p>Specific parts of the Theoretical Background for each of the supported national standards:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"df238e7d-f2f3-4b2a-beec-3b7e8f11651e\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (EN)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"6a4c43f3-4910-44fa-9a88-a9f70967f647\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (AISC)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"cb00295b-bfcf-4c0f-8743-8532e311ca7b\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (CISC)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"538b8bcb-f287-4259-b4e2-787c9792c367\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (AS)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"5d152fe4-3e0b-4905-b4d2-56dd1e255416\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (IS)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"e301fcc8-cc43-42a4-8480-8a72357cd91f\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (HKG)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"0e848bd9-17f2-4448-83de-33c5b19bbde8\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (GB)</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"dad4f217-a192-41c1-bd71-6b540978346e\" href=\"\">Code-check of welds (SP)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>You can find a clear demo of how the stress develops during the loading as well as the distribution of the stress along the long welds is discussed in the <a data-item-id=\"1bfd3251-61f8-5fec-b5a4-08d1a6fe5b5f\" href=\"\">How are welds modeled in IDEA StatiCa</a> article.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\" data-image-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9e3dc390-df9d-4ee5-a959-7c4cfa9aca3b/welds_distr.png\" data-asset-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\" data-image-id=\"8c940183-360c-484a-ab14-dcfdcfbbd29b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Also, the welds and welded connections are discussed in our blog post articles <a data-item-id=\"de840e15-4e8e-4a27-8715-b8f27e643682\" href=\"\">Welded steel connections – to worry or not to worry?</a> and <a data-item-id=\"3caa8db0-05d2-4ae4-9175-763a14f01252\" href=\"\">Reduce weld costs by enhanced fabrication</a> (where a combination of the load transfer through a weld and contact in compression is discussed).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" data-image-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2a16ecdf-f660-47b6-bb32-9b9aeecf3314/6.png\" data-asset-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" data-image-id=\"eb79d5c6-d879-4afb-a5c1-5df03982810a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Weld size and length</h2>\n<p>There are different ways how the size of the weld is defined, depending on the region. Read the <a data-item-id=\"8af403c6-c098-56ce-96ee-3daaeaf4639e\" href=\"\">Weld size and length</a> article to find out, how IDEA StatiCa defines the weld size or in case you need to know the exact length of the weld:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\" data-image-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/67cc32f0-0506-4cdf-9637-0bc86dfefa54/Weld%20size.png\" data-asset-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\" data-image-id=\"291e03d6-32ca-40af-903f-3620de689301\" alt=\"Weld size and length\"></figure>\n<h2>Verifications</h2>\n<p>In our Support Center, you can find many verification studies describing the performance of different welded connection models as well as comparisons to laboratory tests.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/search?category=verification_example&q=weld\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verification studies on models with welds</a></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\" data-image-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/47ea3d3f-dff3-49c7-8e5f-5abab34e343d/04-1-fig7.png\" data-asset-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\" data-image-id=\"5acc5b19-3a08-4b30-8dca-6793bcfd19a7\" alt=\"Fillet weld\"></figure>\n<h2>Updates in versions</h2>\n<p>The following features are part of our release notes of IDEA StatiCa and may be related to the welds. Read more about the features in the dedicated articles under the links:</p>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"c1adb56e-c715-4213-b637-bc94b8f84def\" href=\"\"><strong>Check of missing welds</strong></a><strong> </strong>(version 20.1)</p>\n<p>We have added another useful tool to automatically help the user to find non-welded parts of the connection: the utility to analyze a connection model for potentially missing welds. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" data-image-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/12b10280-2125-44a3-b60e-6031f87a3e03/Missing%20welds.png\" data-asset-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" data-image-id=\"450a4d6a-d571-4297-a195-63e33fdd30bc\" alt=\"Check of missing welds\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"d38299a4-0ea1-44c0-bf31-c2b61ad0d63b\" href=\"\"><strong>Import of recommended welds</strong></a> (version 20.1)</p>\n<p>When importing a connection from CAD software, there is now an option to add recommended welds. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" data-image-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e38caf39-0947-4aff-be81-7d3eb57ada99/Screenshot%202020-10-05%20122254.png\" data-asset-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" data-image-id=\"66cc6cf4-0454-4973-80d1-c036df7af58d\" alt=\"Export of recommended welds\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"040fcb75-d544-4d75-bc49-182d150177d7\" href=\"\"><strong>Upgraded model of butt welds</strong></a> (version 20.1)</p>\n<p>The size of butt welds was corrected for edge-to-surface butt welds. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\" data-image-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/20b7b61e-2508-4f74-9c1e-355619627e82/Butt%20welds%20upgraded%20model.png\" data-asset-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\" data-image-id=\"401d916b-5fa2-4561-9051-9a6544652cea\" alt=\"Butt welds upgraded model\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"6a1966e1-7905-4ced-a002-c8f568072d4c\" href=\"\"><strong>Weld checks specifics as per Eurocode (EN) and Indian Standard (IS)</strong></a><strong> </strong>(version 21.1)</p>\n<p>To comply with the standards and to provide safety of the design, the strength value considered in the code check of welds is newly calculated from the strength value of the parent steel for EN and IS standards and the weld material itself.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\" data-image-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/59c4504e-b3b9-4dc2-8b14-4f121a23e1c3/Welds1.png\" data-asset-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\" data-image-id=\"5062c6bd-0e2b-4f50-817b-0540cb5d686d\" alt=\"Weld checks specifics as per Eurocode (EN) and Indian Standard (IS)\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"ddfe7eda-4125-461a-b0f1-90de133d5cc6\" href=\"\"><strong>Combining weld and contact operations</strong></a><strong> </strong>(version 22.1)</p>\n<p>Since version 22.1, the weld and contact operations can be combined.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" data-image-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4dd4d3e4-77f0-4c14-9801-e9183f26cca6/WaC.png\" data-asset-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" data-image-id=\"e5be481f-5e66-43a8-8573-fdbc4d74a541\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"102a323e-f663-4c3a-8a1e-1c95edec23c6\" href=\"\"><strong>Plate and weld clash check</strong></a><strong> </strong>(version 22.1)</p>\n<p>Plates, and parts of the model can be positioned in a way that collides with the other plates and members. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\" data-image-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d631a548-e7ca-4f84-a3c1-5c0207280cc0/clash3.png\" data-asset-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\" data-image-id=\"b2f8fc0a-893b-4d9a-8648-092ef3a5e88b\" alt=\"Plate clash warning\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"d0b2eca2-e40d-4ac8-bf4e-d2d0f8e09fbf\" href=\"\"><strong>Check welds of welded sections</strong></a><strong> </strong>(version 23.0)</p>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa can check the longitudinal welds of members with welded cross-sections now.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\" data-image-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b60903c8-dc26-4604-bc81-96d35d003afb/Welded-sections%200.png\" data-asset-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\" data-image-id=\"388ba76a-be74-4fed-b0bb-9d7000ba1cad\" alt=\"Check welds of welded sections\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>Improved weld check visualization</strong></a> (version 23.0)</p>\n<p>Weld checking using a finite element method differs from traditional design calculations. In traditional calculations, small eccentricities, deformations, torsions, Poisson coefficient, etc. may be neglected.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\" data-image-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/172ca452-c56d-40ca-afc4-9dc406734d70/weldchecktable.png\" data-asset-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\" data-image-id=\"8f86157e-4555-4525-aff0-fb388b0d718f\" alt=\"Weld check table\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"5f4c7d1f-5145-4fa0-a9bf-535808187857\" href=\"\"><strong>Detailing improvements for bolts and welds in Eurocode</strong></a> (version 23.0)</p>\n<p>The Detailing check in IDEA StatiCa Connection is improved. Engineers may have a better overview of the design and code-check of bolts and welds thanks to thorough information and recommendations according to Eurocode provided in Check tables as well as in the Report.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\" data-image-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9e0a6490-1e33-44fa-ab30-1247a201de0f/Detailing%20improvements_main%20image.png\" data-asset-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\" data-image-id=\"6dca1495-d3ba-4128-84fc-1b5d279d3440\" alt=\"Detailing improvements for bolts and welds in Eurocode\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>User-defined welding electrodes</strong></a> (version 23.1)</p>\n<p>Weld material is an editable item in the <a data-item-id=\"898f72ce-7360-54a8-95b1-9b26a8d16346\" href=\"\">MPRL (Material and Product Range Library)</a>. This means you can define the welding electrodes independently on a steel grade of connected plates.</p>\n<p>To add a user-defined welding material, go to the tab <strong>Materials</strong>, add a <strong>Weld </strong>material, and <strong>Edit</strong> its properties.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\" data-image-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/13eae981-ca17-401d-b1c8-7da0416d207e/Welds%20-%20autodesign%2C%20input%2C%20warnings%2C%20visualization1.png\" data-asset-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\" data-image-id=\"552c02a6-a54a-4149-83e2-d0c17d78561f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>General weld highlighted in the 3D scene</strong></a> (version 23.1)</p>\n<p>There is a simple improvement in the 3D scene of the Connection app for better orientation, especially in bigger connection models imported via BIM links from CAD applications.</p>\n<p>When a <strong>General weld or contact operation</strong> is selected, the weld in the 3D scene is highlighted in orange (by default).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\" data-image-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ae2aa532-e36b-4125-a8b6-80015ebb8df3/Welds%20-%20autodesign%2C%20input%2C%20warnings%2C%20visualization10.png\" data-asset-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\" data-image-id=\"c1e8146a-47c2-4147-9c75-5ae4e738622d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b4706514-8348-4710-918e-fd6b6e80c5f5\" href=\"\"><strong>Warning for electrodes stronger than plates</strong></a> (version 23.1)</p>\n<p>When the <a data-item-id=\"5f4c7d1f-5145-4fa0-a9bf-535808187857\" href=\"\"><strong>Detailing</strong> <strong>check</strong></a><strong> </strong>is activated in the <strong>Code setup</strong> of the Connection app, users get a warning if a welding electrode material is stronger than the welded plates. This helps to ensure design safety standards.</p>\n<p>This applies to Eurocode (EN) and Indian standard (IS), which contain clauses defining that weld strength is determined by the smaller ultimate strength of connected plates and requirements that the added material of welding electrodes must be stronger than the parent material (EN 1993-1-8 – 4.5.3.2 and IS 800:2007 - 10.5.7.1.1).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\" data-image-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e467c86d-22ea-47de-b048-7c2265a63cda/Welds%20-%20autodesign%2C%20input%2C%20warnings%2C%20visualization11.png\" data-asset-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\" data-image-id=\"bab985b6-6e6b-48eb-bff9-63acd1d8f859\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"139d124d-d3e0-463d-979a-86ae271d3e81\" href=\"\"><strong>Warnings for welds and bolts connecting the same plates</strong></a> (version 23.1)</p>\n<p>Connection design combining welds and bolts or bolts and preloaded bolts is unsafe and not allowed by codes. The Connection application automatically informs you if such a workflow is used in a project to ensure proper, safe design.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\" data-image-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f7b68cff-d260-4f8a-8ab2-048893e63b39/Bolts%20and%20welds_warning%20message.png\" data-asset-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\" data-image-id=\"1cbe1a11-db46-4da7-ab2b-2f541984db0a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"0248496a-4acc-4b33-8842-4afe0bd9e802\" href=\"\"><strong>Autodesign of welds to ductility/full-strength/overstrength</strong></a> (version 24.0)</p>\n<p>Automatic weld sizing removes the tedious and time-consuming manual input and check of each weld. With the automating algorithm, IDEA StatiCa provides faster modeling and absolutely safe design of welded connections.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\" data-image-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/202ed4a2-278b-466c-b2d2-47023adfa727/Weld%20sizing%20to%20ductility1.png\" data-asset-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\" data-image-id=\"69d70cd1-f9f7-47d5-8b4d-8226620d5ec9\" alt=\"Weld sizing to ductility\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b5fdc985-c8bd-41af-abf8-d6722fc84d43\" href=\"\"><strong>Automatic weld sizing to capacity estimation</strong></a> (version 24.0)</p>\n<p>Automatic weld sizing addresses the challenge of manually adjusting each weld size, which is both tedious and time-consuming. By automating this, IDEA StatiCa significantly helps you speed up the design process and fosters more consistent weld designs across projects.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\" data-image-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/139beb9e-2e4e-4581-8a6b-e076578371d0/Weld%20sizing%20to%20capacity%20estimation1.png\" data-asset-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\" data-image-id=\"0b97f49e-f205-43ee-b5de-00b203e18a3a\" alt=\"Weld sizing to capacity estimation\"></figure>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"d65d8320-3860-4fbc-984c-a73163766798\" href=\"\"><strong>Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) groove welds</strong></a><strong> </strong>(version 24.0, 24.1, 25.0)</p>\n<p>The integration of partial joint penetration groove welds, or partial joint penetration butt welds, or simply PJP welds in IDEA StatiCa Connection addresses the specific requirements set for PJP butt welds, distinct from those for fillet welds.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\" data-image-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d8a95f95-4aa5-4b9e-9b51-d58130c4afab/Partial%20Joint%20Penetration%20%28PJP%29%20groove%20weld.png\" data-asset-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\" data-image-id=\"d6fde932-e78a-4406-835a-8ff0ea82666c\" alt=\"Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) groove weld\"></figure>\n<p>The size of a partial penetration weld is taken into analysis with the same value as inputted. IDEA StatiCa applies no adjustments, such as reduction of the nominal weld size - this is on the user side before the input.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\" data-image-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1dd7c48e-f81a-4570-a239-8aa1a096c24d/Partial%20Joint%20Penetration%20%28PJP%29%20groove%20welds%2018.png\" data-asset-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\" data-image-id=\"4a731e96-e34c-4966-ad18-956f693bdf7d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>Warnings related to weld elements (version 24.1)</strong></p>\n<p>There are two types of warnings embedded:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>'Weld type changed to Butt weld due to edge-to-edge connection' (change of weld type caused by modeling action)</li>\n <li>'Weld was not created due to geometry restrictions' (covering situations when inaccuracies in geometry cause unsuccessful weld creation)</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b69964d5-581d-4184-bddd-80b58f80a902\" href=\"\"><strong>Regional improvements (version 25.0)</strong></a></p>\n<p>For local engineers, version 25.0 offers several improvements like PJP welds in Eurocode, implementation of the new ACI and not just for US engineers, anchoring checks for Chinese standard, differentiation of UK and US terminology, and more.</p>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"39838f72-2f1e-4385-9393-952efa63dc20\" href=\"\"><strong>Weld spreading area (version 25.0)</strong></a></p>\n<p>The weld spreading area is slightly changed in version 25.0. In the following article, it is clearly explained how the distribution of forces works from one plate to another through welds now.</p>\n<p>The weld spreading area differs greatly between butt welds and fillet welds. The spreading area from the plate edge to another plate surface is defined according to the following figure:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\" data-image-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c15a1435-db8f-4d2a-84e1-51a0e516a84b/Weld%20spreading%20area%20v25.png\" data-asset-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\" data-image-id=\"c98458a8-ce28-4e04-b397-4caa3bbe7d66\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The force coming from the edge plate is then distributed into the nodes of the surface plate based on the vicinity of the node to the weld spreading area.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\" data-image-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7ab584c9-fd6e-4489-969d-fd851e41008e/Weld%20spreading%20area%20-%20nodal%20forces.png\" data-asset-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\" data-image-id=\"99fa11e5-36be-46c2-9621-b7f333b81639\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>What does the change in version 25.0 entail?</p>\n<ul>\n <li>The spreading area was decreased for butt welds</li>\n <li>The spreading area of fillet welds now more accurately reflects the fillet weld size</li>\n <li>The thickness of the surface plate is now irrelevant for the weld spreading area</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Why were the changes made?</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Recently, we ran a <a data-item-id=\"7f29d59b-f37a-45fe-abf2-4bc19bc48be4\" href=\"\">joint project</a> with <a href=\"https://www.uc.pt/en/\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">University of Coimbra</a> and <a href=\"https://isise.net/\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ISISE</a>. The project goal was to create a series of numerical models in <a href=\"https://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/abaqus\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Abaqus</a> (general finite element software package with solid finite elements) and compare the results to IDEA StatiCa Connection (shell finite elements). The focus is on welded beam-to-column moment connections. The comparison shows that:\n <ul>\n <li>The results of rolled columns without a significant compressive force in the column are in good agreement </li>\n <li>The results of butt-welded columns are slightly unconservative (by 5.8 %). This is why this change – reduction of weld spreading area for butt welds – is made.</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\" data-image-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/577d9983-9802-49ac-b805-f267c33c2280/AbaqusCoimbra.png\" data-asset-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\" data-image-id=\"5de940cd-26fb-4fb3-893d-5ed36e92b164\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\" data-image-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/66a85600-5ee6-4108-8dc2-36a915e7e09f/Contemplated%20geometries.png\" data-asset-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\" data-image-id=\"39492685-bd8a-4093-b540-660750c99c2f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Webinars and videos</h2>\n<p>In the past, we have held several webinars on the modeling of welded connections. You can find inspiration in the following recordings:</p>\n<h4>Welds & Bolts in IDEA StatiCa (AISC)</h4>\n<p>The <a data-item-id=\"b8ee28ec-bc18-4a92-8c48-5e922b160899\" href=\"\">webinar session</a> covers the theory behind bolts and welds and how they are modeled in IDEA StatiCa. Also, the operations of these two components will be detailed and some tips. Finally, the interpretation of the results will be explained and the formulas used to check that they meet AISC requirements.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n638c5345_fccd_016e_9e22_78511c4aee78\"></object>\n<h4>Understanding the weld results for Eurocode</h4>\n<p>The detailed table with results can be seen in all formulas, even with values. Directional stresses are provided too. The utilization of the weld is eminent. But overall utilization Utc is calculated from the capacity of the whole weld. Check how it’s working.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"db27997f_5f2c_0190_f326_366390069bd6\"></object>\n<h4>Can we find a match in weld stress to my hand calculations?</h4>\n<p>The stress in a weld is calculated in the main directions according to the EC and the results are provided in the results tabs. Though the analysis in IDEA StatiCa Connection is based on CBFEM, in simple cases, the stress can be compared to hand calculations to verify the resulting values.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n63023176_3295_0199_0aee_b79c4f0acd2d\"></object>\n<h4>Setting fillet welds along with an SHS web and a plate surface</h4>\n<p>Hollow sections and mainly the curved corners of their cross-sections are sometimes tricky to deal with regarding welding etc. See how to properly set a simple fillet weld on both sides of an SHS member, along with its corners that have to be connected to a surface of a plate.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n7dd0835d_34ec_0188_3513_fe397f6f40a8\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n05147820_d01e_015e_f3ca_579309c85ef7\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>There exist several options for how to treat welds in numerical models. The large deformations make the mechanical analysis more complex, and it is possible to use different mesh descriptions, different kinetic and kinematic variables, and constitutive models. The different types of geometric 2D and 3D models and thereby finite elements with their applicability for different accuracy levels are generally used. The most often used material model is the common rate-independent plasticity model based on the von Mises yield criterion. Two approaches that are used for welds are described. Residual stress and deformation caused by welding are not assumed in the design model.</p>\n<p>The load is transmitted through force-deformation constraints based on the Lagrangian formulation to the opposite plate. The connection is called multi-point constraint (MPC) and relates the finite element nodes of one plate edge to another. The finite element nodes are not connected directly. The advantage of this approach is the ability to connect meshes with different densities. The constraint allows modeling the midline surface of the connected plates with the offset, which respects the real weld configuration and throat thickness. The load distribution in the weld is derived from the MPC, so the stresses are calculated in the throat section. This is important for the stress distribution in the plate under the weld and for modeling of T-stubs.</p>\n<h4>Plastic stress redistribution in welds</h4>\n<p>The model with only multi-point constraints does not respect the stiffness of the weld, and the stress distribution is conservative. Stress peaks that appear at the end of plate edges, in corners, and rounding, govern the resistance along the whole length of the weld. To eliminate the effect, a special elastoplastic element is added between the plates. The element respects the weld throat thickness, position, and orientation. The equivalent weld solid is inserted with the corresponding weld dimensions. The nonlinear material analysis is applied, and elastoplastic behavior in equivalent weld solid is determined. The plasticity state is controlled by stresses in the weld throat section. The stress peaks are redistributed along the longer part of the weld length.</p>\n<p>The elastoplastic model of welds gives real values of stress, and there is no need to average or interpolate the stress. Calculated values at the most stressed weld element are used directly for checks of the weld component. This way, there is no need to reduce the resistance of multi-oriented welds, welds to unstiffened flanges, or long welds.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\" data-image-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/0bd27c97-ebab-4887-9fc1-d9027cdf3df8/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Welds.png\" data-asset-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\" data-image-id=\"4a260917-112f-4e2a-9d28-8da1b16a76df\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection theoretical background for the advanced structural design of steel connections. Description of weld finite element. Structural design of welded connection.\"></figure>\n<p><em>Constraint between weld element and mesh nodes</em></p>\n<p>General welds, while using plastic redistribution, can be set as continuous, partial, and intermittent. Continuous welds are over the whole length of the edge, partial allows users to set offsets from both sides of the edge, and intermittent welds can be additionally set with a set length and a gap.</p>"
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"value": "<p>The standard penalty method is recommended for modeling contact between plates. If penetration of a node into an opposite contact surface is detected, penalty stiffness is added between the node and the opposite plate. The penalty stiffness is controlled by a heuristic algorithm during the nonlinear iteration to get a better convergence. The solver automatically detects the penetration point and solves the contact force distribution between the penetrated node and nodes on the opposite plate. It allows the creation of contact between different meshes, as shown. The advantage of the penalty method is the automatic assembly of the model. The contact between the plates has a major impact on the redistribution of forces in connection.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\" data-image-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c1c19e97-c73b-4e5c-b40e-1655f9e9d1d3/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Contacts%20between%20plates.png\" data-asset-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\" data-image-id=\"636a0d8a-150f-43a6-89a2-fc32d594385b\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection theoretical background for the advanced structural design of steel connections. Description of contacts and their application in CBFEM. Structural design of welded and bolted steel connections.\"></figure>\n<p><em>An example of separation of plates in contact between the web and flanges of two overlapped Z sections purlins</em></p>\n<p>It is possible to add contact between</p>\n<ul>\n <li>two surfaces,</li>\n <li>two edges,</li>\n <li>edge and surface.</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\" data-image-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/02e3e1c2-223a-4a9f-800d-935e7b3dac76/edge-to-edge-contact.png\" data-asset-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\" data-image-id=\"8ec0bea6-f990-4e43-81bf-a34c76e6dc74\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>An example of edge-to-edge contact between the seat and the end plate</em></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\" data-image-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/02d6ce4a-86b1-4eac-9525-c59772b520e3/edge-to-surface-contact.png\" data-asset-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\" data-image-id=\"e47c299b-4acd-4b1f-bfa6-ef1fd1d972ca\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>An example of edge-to-surface contact between the lower flange of the beam and the column flange</em></p>\n<p>The <a data-item-id=\"22ff0f4a-a6f0-4086-bc4c-ed49f4aa86e2\" href=\"\">stresses in contacts</a> may be visualized, and the values are shown in the check table of plates. However, the contact stresses are only informative and are not used in any check. Also, the through-thickness stress of shell elements is not considered. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\" data-image-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3762ca8b-a140-47c8-a32e-3e2db2d6ca4d/contacts.png\" data-asset-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\" data-image-id=\"c159e0e3-13d4-46a1-8c23-e93ae0d81678\" alt=\"\"></figure>"
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"value": "<p>Increase in number of elements provides more precise results but at the cost of higher computational demand.</p>\n<h4>Plate model</h4>\n<p>Shell elements are recommended for modeling of plates in the FEA of structural connection. 4-node quadrangle shell elements with nodes at its corners are applied. Six degrees of freedom are considered in each node: 3 translations (<em>u</em><sub>x</sub>, <em>u</em><sub>y</sub>, <em>u</em><sub>z</sub>) and 3 rotations (<em>φ</em><sub>x</sub>, <em>φ</em><sub>y</sub>, <em>φ</em><sub>z</sub>). Deformations of the element are divided into the membrane and the flexural components.</p>\n<p>The formulation of the membrane behavior is based on the work by Ibrahimbegovic (1990). Rotations perpendicular to the plane of the element are considered. Complete 3D formulation of the element is provided. The out-of-plane shear deformations are considered in the formulation of the flexural behavior of an element based on Mindlin hypothesis. Our inhouse stabilised variant of Mindlin quad plate element with constat shear deforamtion along edge are applied. The elements are inspired by MITC4 elements; see Dvorkin (1984). The shell is divided into five integration layers through thickness of the plate at each integration point and plastic behavior is analyzed in each point. It is called Gauss–Lobatto integration. The nonlinear elastic-plastic stage of material is analyzed in each layer based on the known strains. Only the maximum stresses and strains of all layers are shown.</p>\n<h4>Mesh convergence</h4>\n<p>There are some criteria for the mesh generation in the connection model. The connection check should be independent of the element size. Mesh generation on a separate plate is problem-free. Attention should be paid to complex geometries such as stiffened panels, T-stubs, and base plates. The sensitivity analysis considering mesh discretization should be performed for complicated geometries.</p>\n<p>All plates of a beam cross-section have a common division into elements. The size of generated finite elements is limited. The minimal element size is set to 10 mm and the maximal element size to 50 mm (can be set in Code setup). Meshes on flanges and webs are independent of each other. The default number of finite elements is set to 8 elements per cross-section height as shown in the following figure. The user can modify the default values in Code setup.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"56b04327-298f-4d82-9f7d-0c066664772c\" data-image-id=\"56b04327-298f-4d82-9f7d-0c066664772c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/82635179-c288-44ba-bf8d-c12b80a32766/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Plate%20model%20and%20mesh%20convergence.png\" data-asset-id=\"56b04327-298f-4d82-9f7d-0c066664772c\" data-image-id=\"56b04327-298f-4d82-9f7d-0c066664772c\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection theoretical background for the advanced structural design of steel connections. Structural design of welded and bolted steel connections. Description of shell elements used in CBFEM and mesh convergence.\"></figure>\n<p><em>The mesh on a beam with constraints between the web and the flange plate</em></p>\n<p>The mesh of the end plates is separate and independent of other connection parts. Default finite element size is set to 16 elements per cross-section height as shown in the figure.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8d24be01-1329-41ea-8233-9de761728436\" data-image-id=\"8d24be01-1329-41ea-8233-9de761728436\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7f71beb4-9fd6-4517-b069-6905b8176a8a/plate_mesh.png\" data-asset-id=\"8d24be01-1329-41ea-8233-9de761728436\" data-image-id=\"8d24be01-1329-41ea-8233-9de761728436\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>The mesh on an end plate with 7 elements along its width</em></p>\n<p>The following example of a beam to column joint shows the influence of mesh size on the moment resistance. An open section beam IPE 220 is connected to an open section column HEA 200 and loaded by a bending moment as shown in the following figure. The critical component is the column panel in shear. The number of the finite elements along the cross-section height varies from 4 to 40 and the results are compared. Dashed lines are representing the 5%, 10%, and 15% difference. It is recommended to subdivide the cross-section height into 8 elements.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d7f4071e-0e80-460f-8d61-f7e271cbb6a0\" data-image-id=\"d7f4071e-0e80-460f-8d61-f7e271cbb6a0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d5bcfb21-1bf5-4c38-9d34-8e4ffe398738/beam_to_column.png\" data-asset-id=\"d7f4071e-0e80-460f-8d61-f7e271cbb6a0\" data-image-id=\"d7f4071e-0e80-460f-8d61-f7e271cbb6a0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>A beam to column joint model and plastic strains at ultimate limit state</em></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"80bf0274-5a14-4471-90af-93f56fc0a914\" data-image-id=\"80bf0274-5a14-4471-90af-93f56fc0a914\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/601738d5-2a76-4d40-97f7-722342d6d256/mesh_influence.png\" data-asset-id=\"80bf0274-5a14-4471-90af-93f56fc0a914\" data-image-id=\"80bf0274-5a14-4471-90af-93f56fc0a914\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>The influence of the number of elements on the moment resistance</em></p>\n<p>The mesh sensitivity study of a slender compressed stiffener of column web panel is presented. The number of elements along the width of the stiffener varies from 4 to 20. The first buckling mode and the influence of a number of elements on the buckling resistance and critical load are shown in the following figure. The difference of 5% and 10% is displayed. It is recommended to use 8 elements along the stiffener width.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"79630fed-3e60-44f9-bd9c-c9d2d47ffaf8\" data-image-id=\"79630fed-3e60-44f9-bd9c-c9d2d47ffaf8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c6c4099f-4691-4820-8691-8335303b111e/buckling_mesh.png\" data-asset-id=\"79630fed-3e60-44f9-bd9c-c9d2d47ffaf8\" data-image-id=\"79630fed-3e60-44f9-bd9c-c9d2d47ffaf8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>The first buckling mode and the influence of number of elements along the stiffener on the moment resistance</em></p>\n<p>The mesh sensitivity study of a T-stub in tension is presented. Half of the flange width is subdivided into 8 to 40 elements, and the minimal element size is set to 1 mm. The influence of the number of elements on the T-stub resistance is shown in the following figure. The dashed lines are representing the 5%, 10%, and 15% difference. It is recommended to use 16 elements on the half of the flange width.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bd5d475b-5787-403f-886a-685e33f1be9d\" data-image-id=\"bd5d475b-5787-403f-886a-685e33f1be9d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/05531827-8853-4859-ac6a-0de511100185/T-stub-mesh.png\" data-asset-id=\"bd5d475b-5787-403f-886a-685e33f1be9d\" data-image-id=\"bd5d475b-5787-403f-886a-685e33f1be9d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>The influence of the number of elements on the T-stub resistance</em></p>"
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"value": "<h2>1 New project</h2>\n<p>Let’s launch the <a data-item-id=\"b0a659df-8f92-4d1f-abb6-2efa02bad946\" href=\"\"><strong>IDEA StatiCa Connection</strong></a> application (<a data-item-id=\"0dff6482-3e17-4ca2-bb66-b4abc6a8dde4\" href=\"\">download the newest version</a>). Create a new project by selecting a template closest to the required design and fill the name and the description of the project. After choosing the required properties, confirm by <strong>Create project</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1d8ac5cb-4d4b-4cc0-887f-5dc706648d9a\" data-image-id=\"1d8ac5cb-4d4b-4cc0-887f-5dc706648d9a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/8cb395ad-c839-4c43-b496-41e8e8876258/Template%20selection.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"1d8ac5cb-4d4b-4cc0-887f-5dc706648d9a\" data-image-id=\"1d8ac5cb-4d4b-4cc0-887f-5dc706648d9a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Since we are using the AISC code, set the <strong>imperial units</strong> (see <a data-item-id=\"832da2a8-6d89-4598-84c5-dfc30515c634\" href=\"\">How to change the system of units</a>).</p>\n<h2>2 Geometry</h2>\n<p>Start with the modification of the joint geometry. Right-click on the web of the continuous beam opens the context menu with all available actions for the beams. Use the <strong>Plus</strong> button to add a new cross-section.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2dcf590d-cc84-467a-b6ec-0e869d2822b2\" data-image-id=\"2dcf590d-cc84-467a-b6ec-0e869d2822b2\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/58ab5ab3-a453-4dbc-ac9c-c2df4ddaa406/add%20member%20B%20section.png\" data-asset-id=\"2dcf590d-cc84-467a-b6ec-0e869d2822b2\" data-image-id=\"2dcf590d-cc84-467a-b6ec-0e869d2822b2\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Choose the I profile, the W(AISC 15.0) category, and <strong>W8X31</strong> cross-section.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"45318f72-c176-485a-8361-d089b5fd15c2\" data-image-id=\"45318f72-c176-485a-8361-d089b5fd15c2\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4ccecb48-f2a5-46ad-a177-1a528ba33f41/member%20B%20new%20section.png\" data-asset-id=\"45318f72-c176-485a-8361-d089b5fd15c2\" data-image-id=\"45318f72-c176-485a-8361-d089b5fd15c2\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Proceed with the change of cross-section on the perpendicular member. Select member B1 under the tree of entities and click on the plus icon for the cross-section. Select the <strong>HSS3X3X.188</strong> cross-section with the correct library shown below. Ensure that the new HSS cross-section also has the correct material selected.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a76ba69b-dad6-4557-a111-df7951b3765d\" data-image-id=\"a76ba69b-dad6-4557-a111-df7951b3765d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3a17175f-df2f-4f59-b868-0b1d37bde30d/member%20B1%20new%20section.png\" data-asset-id=\"a76ba69b-dad6-4557-a111-df7951b3765d\" data-image-id=\"a76ba69b-dad6-4557-a111-df7951b3765d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3a26f3d8-8719-43c5-ae83-5ff2b4c32a67\" data-image-id=\"3a26f3d8-8719-43c5-ae83-5ff2b4c32a67\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ab13ae46-c89c-49b5-ad75-f5b46327e75e/member%20B1%20new%20material.png\" data-asset-id=\"3a26f3d8-8719-43c5-ae83-5ff2b4c32a67\" data-image-id=\"3a26f3d8-8719-43c5-ae83-5ff2b4c32a67\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Now you can adjust the properties of the beam B1 with a squared cross-section. Follow the picture below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1ff7717a-8e2c-4282-8c85-05d1223657e7\" data-image-id=\"1ff7717a-8e2c-4282-8c85-05d1223657e7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e94d3b63-4016-484e-8d55-92ecd2f8b01b/member%20B1%20new%20properties.png\" data-asset-id=\"1ff7717a-8e2c-4282-8c85-05d1223657e7\" data-image-id=\"1ff7717a-8e2c-4282-8c85-05d1223657e7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Read more about the Model type and Forces in parameters in <a data-item-id=\"ac982d36-e45a-5d9f-93f8-344206647dc4\" href=\"\">How to model a single bolt connection (Model type)</a> and <a data-item-id=\"a25875d5-40c2-5ae8-8919-18016fad28ff\" href=\"\">How to define correct load position (Forces in)</a> articles.</p>\n<h2>3 Load effects</h2>\n<p>Let’s continue with the <a data-item-id=\"3eca9f92-b870-40f1-b11b-dd1ba61acb5a\" href=\"\">Load effects</a>. Turn off <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/equilibrium-and-supporting-member\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Loads in equilibrium</a> in the upper ribbon. By turning Loads in equilibrium off, the continuous bearing member B is supported on both ends and loads are not defined on the bearing member (unbalanced forces table is removed and not checked). Input the <strong>–15 kip</strong> normal force in the tab for member B1.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"856da55b-63c1-4823-8621-4e704be4b5bf\" data-image-id=\"856da55b-63c1-4823-8621-4e704be4b5bf\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/76221209-bdb3-4ba5-bbcc-c32f15f83a97/load%20effects.png\" data-asset-id=\"856da55b-63c1-4823-8621-4e704be4b5bf\" data-image-id=\"856da55b-63c1-4823-8621-4e704be4b5bf\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>4 Design</h2>\n<p>Now define the manufacturing operation. Click on the <strong>Operation </strong>icon on the upper ribbon to open the manufacturing operations window. From the available operations, choose the <strong>Connecting plate</strong> operation and proceed with choosing the desired bolt assembly, <strong>A490 5/8</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9862e9f0-afc3-46b2-a3dc-3681da2e17f5\" data-image-id=\"9862e9f0-afc3-46b2-a3dc-3681da2e17f5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/102193b0-1df6-4067-8505-95fec3956ba3/Connecting%20plate%20operation.png\" data-asset-id=\"9862e9f0-afc3-46b2-a3dc-3681da2e17f5\" data-image-id=\"9862e9f0-afc3-46b2-a3dc-3681da2e17f5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Now define the properties of the connecting plate. Follow the values in the picture below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"18137ae9-d775-4e94-8568-461cb9ca1499\" data-image-id=\"18137ae9-d775-4e94-8568-461cb9ca1499\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b20999e5-cbab-48e3-8ab0-5f8e3863c4b1/Connecting%20plate%20operation%20properties.png\" data-asset-id=\"18137ae9-d775-4e94-8568-461cb9ca1499\" data-image-id=\"18137ae9-d775-4e94-8568-461cb9ca1499\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>5 Calculation and Check</h2>\n<p>Now you can switch to the <strong>Check</strong> tab at the top of the ribbon and then start the calculation of <a data-item-id=\"7264c6af-2992-4866-b1e4-b8ca79ab1c57\" href=\"\"><strong>Buckling analysis</strong></a> under the <strong>Calculation</strong> command button.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"749920f8-5e59-4811-a779-c249ae644c2a\" data-image-id=\"749920f8-5e59-4811-a779-c249ae644c2a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/65cb7ace-e33b-4f3d-90d4-4a4ae899cdb6/buckling%20analysis%201.png\" data-asset-id=\"749920f8-5e59-4811-a779-c249ae644c2a\" data-image-id=\"749920f8-5e59-4811-a779-c249ae644c2a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>When the analysis is finished, turn on the <strong>Buckling shape</strong>, <strong>Mesh</strong>, and <strong>Deformed</strong> view. A table of critical buckling factors is provided in the tab Buckling.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7b4d89db-db1b-4092-a4e4-5c743c7734fe\" data-image-id=\"7b4d89db-db1b-4092-a4e4-5c743c7734fe\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a3a5a4b5-bf71-4574-81a7-3220851caffd/buckling%20analysis%201%20results.png\" data-asset-id=\"7b4d89db-db1b-4092-a4e4-5c743c7734fe\" data-image-id=\"7b4d89db-db1b-4092-a4e4-5c743c7734fe\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>By clicking on each row in the tab of <strong>critical buckling factors</strong>, you can browse the deformed shapes in the 3D window and analyze them visually. The critical buckling factor can be compared with the code requirements. </p>\n<p><strong>How to read buckling results?</strong></p>\n<p>To understand the results of the analysis, please read the recommended documents, such as the <a href=\"#Steel_joint_buckling_analysis\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Theoretical Background</a> or <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/buckling-analysis-according-to-aisc\">Buckling analysis according to AISC</a> article.</p>\n<p>When observing the deformed shape and buckling factors, identify where the buckling is happening: </p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Global buckling</strong>: affecting the stability of the joint</li>\n <li><strong>Local buckling:</strong> not affecting the stability of the joint but influencing the plates in other parts of the connection</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Usually, buckling can be considered safe in case of critical buckling factor values greater than 13 for global buckling and 3 for local buckling. Since this is a case of <strong>global buckling</strong> and the buckling factor is lower than 13, the recommendations are next: </p>\n<ul>\n <li>Strengthen the connection and recalculate the buckling analysis to ensure the critical buckling factor is higher than 13,</li>\n <li>or use a different analysis or approach to ensure the buckling is not dangerous for the designed connection.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>6 Strengthen the connection</h2>\n<p>Go back to the <strong>Design </strong>tab and change the following inputs in CPL1 Operation: </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a8a466c3-f821-4be5-95bb-35a56392d026\" data-image-id=\"a8a466c3-f821-4be5-95bb-35a56392d026\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d6512af2-9884-4175-9a00-aa26eaf8e4bf/Connecting%20plate%20operation%20properties%20updated%20V2.png\" data-asset-id=\"a8a466c3-f821-4be5-95bb-35a56392d026\" data-image-id=\"a8a466c3-f821-4be5-95bb-35a56392d026\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Go to the <strong>Check </strong>tab and click on <strong>Calculate </strong>dropdown menu and select <strong>Stress/strain - Buckling</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"10606a84-99d1-493e-9159-b296dd93d279\" data-image-id=\"10606a84-99d1-493e-9159-b296dd93d279\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/53859852-bcb6-4e24-9642-87fb7189d95a/buckling%20analysis%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"10606a84-99d1-493e-9159-b296dd93d279\" data-image-id=\"10606a84-99d1-493e-9159-b296dd93d279\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Review buckling shapes and factors. 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"value": "<h2>1 New project</h2>\n<p>Start with launching the <a data-item-id=\"b0a659df-8f92-4d1f-abb6-2efa02bad946\" href=\"\"><strong>IDEA StatiCa Connection</strong></a>. Create a new project by selecting the template closest to the required design, fill the name and the description of the project. After choosing the required properties, confirm by <strong>Create blank design</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b005bcc7-5f0a-4669-9081-68ad385bfcb8\" data-image-id=\"b005bcc7-5f0a-4669-9081-68ad385bfcb8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1ddcd8e8-3ec8-496e-b950-16451ac9ecd4/tutorial%20-%20Tubular%203D%20frame%20%28AISC%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"b005bcc7-5f0a-4669-9081-68ad385bfcb8\" data-image-id=\"b005bcc7-5f0a-4669-9081-68ad385bfcb8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Since you work under the AISC code, set the <strong>imperial units</strong> (see <a data-item-id=\"832da2a8-6d89-4598-84c5-dfc30515c634\" href=\"\">How to change the system of units</a>).</p>\n<h2>2 Geometry</h2>\n<p>Start with a modification of the joint geometry. <strong>Select member CH </strong>and click the \"+\" icon to open the Cross-Section Navigator. Choose the Circular hollow section profile and<strong> </strong>select <strong>HSS12.75X.500</strong> cross-section along with the corresponding library.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ffc92c48-a6b1-466c-bcfb-6628ac2ccd9d\" data-image-id=\"ffc92c48-a6b1-466c-bcfb-6628ac2ccd9d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3338c0c7-cd49-40ff-9ef9-7bdc18fadbf6/CH%20new%20cross%20section.png\" data-asset-id=\"ffc92c48-a6b1-466c-bcfb-6628ac2ccd9d\" data-image-id=\"ffc92c48-a6b1-466c-bcfb-6628ac2ccd9d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The member CH properties must be adjusted, follow the image below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2cd71c35-5ae1-4ceb-8004-f686ff7c07ae\" data-image-id=\"2cd71c35-5ae1-4ceb-8004-f686ff7c07ae\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f9d76514-744c-4263-b1aa-3ab0e8867ba0/CH%20parameter%20adjustment.png\" data-asset-id=\"2cd71c35-5ae1-4ceb-8004-f686ff7c07ae\" data-image-id=\"2cd71c35-5ae1-4ceb-8004-f686ff7c07ae\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Take advantage of the prepared member to copy its properties, under the tree of the entities, <strong>right-click</strong> member CH and select <strong>Copy</strong> command.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e7bceb75-8cfa-4f5a-b7c9-5e26e5b09cba\" data-image-id=\"e7bceb75-8cfa-4f5a-b7c9-5e26e5b09cba\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/04226ab6-4323-4fe1-991a-69ab94336133/CH%20copy.png\" data-asset-id=\"e7bceb75-8cfa-4f5a-b7c9-5e26e5b09cba\" data-image-id=\"e7bceb75-8cfa-4f5a-b7c9-5e26e5b09cba\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Adjust the properties of member M4 following the image below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"fa57a96f-d40f-4de4-9bef-ae646c9ae391\" data-image-id=\"fa57a96f-d40f-4de4-9bef-ae646c9ae391\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/573665ea-b788-4814-a927-7e7ee6e86ddb/M4%20parameters.png\" data-asset-id=\"fa57a96f-d40f-4de4-9bef-ae646c9ae391\" data-image-id=\"fa57a96f-d40f-4de4-9bef-ae646c9ae391\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Proceed with the change of cross-section on the diagonal member D1. In this case, the cross-section <strong>HSS6.625X0.375</strong> has already been defined in the template. Choose the <strong>first </strong>cross-section from the dropdown menu and adjust the properties as shown below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8065d5a3-9eef-4fbd-adf0-4cee6eba3de9\" data-image-id=\"8065d5a3-9eef-4fbd-adf0-4cee6eba3de9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/dbaffa89-9164-4d01-862d-428d816185f0/D1%20parameter%20adjustments.png\" data-asset-id=\"8065d5a3-9eef-4fbd-adf0-4cee6eba3de9\" data-image-id=\"8065d5a3-9eef-4fbd-adf0-4cee6eba3de9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Proceed to the second diagonal member D2 and change the properties following the image below. The new cross-section is <strong>HSS10.75X.375.</strong></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bcfdf023-2a7c-47eb-9927-f61340b3771d\" data-image-id=\"bcfdf023-2a7c-47eb-9927-f61340b3771d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/529817cc-7a3c-4a0a-82b5-44940ec05ecb/D2%20parameters.png\" data-asset-id=\"bcfdf023-2a7c-47eb-9927-f61340b3771d\" data-image-id=\"bcfdf023-2a7c-47eb-9927-f61340b3771d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Now you have to add another member, click the <strong>Member</strong> option at the top ribbon. Change the direction and cross-section for the new member as shown in the image below. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1f1334ba-633e-44c4-be94-71b14f46ca6e\" data-image-id=\"1f1334ba-633e-44c4-be94-71b14f46ca6e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/0184228a-70c2-4491-bafc-05e189824c10/M5%20parameters.png\" data-asset-id=\"1f1334ba-633e-44c4-be94-71b14f46ca6e\" data-image-id=\"1f1334ba-633e-44c4-be94-71b14f46ca6e\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>3 Load effects</h2>\n<p>You can continue with the <a data-item-id=\"3eca9f92-b870-40f1-b11b-dd1ba61acb5a\" href=\"\">Load effects</a>. One load effect was automatically added by the wizard. You will input all internal forces into the table. You should not forget to turn on the <a data-item-id=\"f32270b7-97ff-5d81-94b7-35e6b51c7dde\" href=\"\">Loads in equilibrium command</a> in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3e0dc638-fb5d-44c1-83b1-ffc5f5d6e323\" data-image-id=\"3e0dc638-fb5d-44c1-83b1-ffc5f5d6e323\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e110e23d-7cb6-4a9e-a6fc-2b9c6f101374/Load%20effects.png\" data-asset-id=\"3e0dc638-fb5d-44c1-83b1-ffc5f5d6e323\" data-image-id=\"3e0dc638-fb5d-44c1-83b1-ffc5f5d6e323\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>4 Design</h2>\n<p>You have to define the right manufacturing operation. Start with selecting the <strong>Operation</strong> feature at the top ribbon. The Manufacturing operations window will open with all available operations. Select the <strong>Plate to plate</strong> operation and adjust the properties as shown in the following image.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"17fe9a04-7bf0-4f1a-b1c3-e825681f3df1\" data-image-id=\"17fe9a04-7bf0-4f1a-b1c3-e825681f3df1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3bc373e1-7b62-4b23-9ba0-c8e51336e5d8/Plate%20to%20plate%20bolt%20selection.png\" data-asset-id=\"17fe9a04-7bf0-4f1a-b1c3-e825681f3df1\" data-image-id=\"17fe9a04-7bf0-4f1a-b1c3-e825681f3df1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"912d75ec-eb82-4861-8a5d-f884f0692bba\" data-image-id=\"912d75ec-eb82-4861-8a5d-f884f0692bba\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e37ecf95-5fe1-4b91-96af-f95a6e2e8d30/Plate%20to%20Plate%20parameters.png\" data-asset-id=\"912d75ec-eb82-4861-8a5d-f884f0692bba\" data-image-id=\"912d75ec-eb82-4861-8a5d-f884f0692bba\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Now, connect the other members by the <strong>Cut</strong> manufacturing operations. Add a new operation through the <strong>Operation </strong>feature at the top ribbon to cut member D2. Change the properties of the operation CUT1 following the image below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2a0af4e9-be87-4b21-a912-a622bce330e5\" data-image-id=\"2a0af4e9-be87-4b21-a912-a622bce330e5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/08f5778a-dc4c-4881-9b61-8903fbef35a7/D2%20Cut%20parameters.png\" data-asset-id=\"2a0af4e9-be87-4b21-a912-a622bce330e5\" data-image-id=\"2a0af4e9-be87-4b21-a912-a622bce330e5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Take advantage of the already defined operation, <strong>right-click</strong> on operation CUT1 and select <strong>Copy</strong> command.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6177e2dd-2da6-4ca7-8396-bd0ea864dec1\" data-image-id=\"6177e2dd-2da6-4ca7-8396-bd0ea864dec1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5b8f761a-9188-4e43-bfee-4129f0d3348c/Cut1%20copy.png\" data-asset-id=\"6177e2dd-2da6-4ca7-8396-bd0ea864dec1\" data-image-id=\"6177e2dd-2da6-4ca7-8396-bd0ea864dec1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Change the properties of CUT2 operation following the image below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b4d089fb-0cf2-47cc-ad12-74a127fb7e10\" data-image-id=\"b4d089fb-0cf2-47cc-ad12-74a127fb7e10\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/cc8dcb4d-fe47-49d2-912e-0fbcae56d469/Cut2%20parameters.png\" data-asset-id=\"b4d089fb-0cf2-47cc-ad12-74a127fb7e10\" data-image-id=\"b4d089fb-0cf2-47cc-ad12-74a127fb7e10\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Copy the CUT2 manufacturing operation and change the properties of the CUT3 manufacturing operation following the image below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d54d0d10-64fa-4183-b452-368db2073256\" data-image-id=\"d54d0d10-64fa-4183-b452-368db2073256\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/db5d78dd-ff58-4cc3-9c9f-3507f9b3ef4a/Cut3%20parameters.png\" data-asset-id=\"d54d0d10-64fa-4183-b452-368db2073256\" data-image-id=\"d54d0d10-64fa-4183-b452-368db2073256\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The last step in the design of the joint is the last copy of the CUT3. Change the properties of the CUT4 following the image below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"88916c6c-91fe-4b4c-9a9a-9badb1d65925\" data-image-id=\"88916c6c-91fe-4b4c-9a9a-9badb1d65925\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/cd7e05f6-cd4f-4f6b-b9ad-601dcaa8ac4d/Cut4%20parameters.png\" data-asset-id=\"88916c6c-91fe-4b4c-9a9a-9badb1d65925\" data-image-id=\"88916c6c-91fe-4b4c-9a9a-9badb1d65925\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>5 Calculation and Check</h2>\n<p>You can calculate the analysis right in the Design tab by the Calculate command.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0b020b42-55ed-4b1c-aad7-36d7989b9ea4\" data-image-id=\"0b020b42-55ed-4b1c-aad7-36d7989b9ea4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/8db774aa-3284-4e23-8db8-5db3c2dd2228/Calculate%20model.png\" data-asset-id=\"0b020b42-55ed-4b1c-aad7-36d7989b9ea4\" data-image-id=\"0b020b42-55ed-4b1c-aad7-36d7989b9ea4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>After a while, the results summary will appear in the left top corner of the 3D scene, and the Overall check model view is set. You can quickly fine-tune the model in case we are not satisfied.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8de2bd3d-7d20-4de5-8182-16ed4824eeda\" data-image-id=\"8de2bd3d-7d20-4de5-8182-16ed4824eeda\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c6cd106b-0008-48fa-9ee4-67536f084e7d/Analysis%20results.png\" data-asset-id=\"8de2bd3d-7d20-4de5-8182-16ed4824eeda\" data-image-id=\"8de2bd3d-7d20-4de5-8182-16ed4824eeda\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You will choose the Check tab and turn on the <a data-item-id=\"860ec761-ea54-58b4-b6d2-d42dc086669c\" href=\"\"><strong>Equivalent stress</strong></a>, <a data-item-id=\"fcc089b1-0e09-54a4-ae44-a27fcdf9cdab\" href=\"\"><strong>Mesh</strong></a>, and <a data-item-id=\"b50c7a03-8544-59ce-922d-dbb93967f7bc\" href=\"\"><strong>Deformed model</strong></a> view. You can explore the detailed results for the <a data-item-id=\"941f9e04-d36c-4496-83f3-1db7df9bbcee\" href=\"\"><strong>Bolts</strong></a> also, let’s expand the results for the bolt B7.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"dfe0ca36-ef56-4590-b7bd-64420e27374c\" data-image-id=\"dfe0ca36-ef56-4590-b7bd-64420e27374c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bbb64c3a-834e-4394-b152-a0c888d3cef9/check%20tab.png\" data-asset-id=\"dfe0ca36-ef56-4590-b7bd-64420e27374c\" data-image-id=\"dfe0ca36-ef56-4590-b7bd-64420e27374c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>6 Report</h2>\n<p>At last, go to the tab <strong>Report.</strong> IDEA StatiCa offers a fully customizable report to print out or save in an editable format.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3f6c802e-a0da-464e-ae05-e82ae5b21260\" data-image-id=\"3f6c802e-a0da-464e-ae05-e82ae5b21260\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9e3aac25-395e-4309-be4b-d8bfc5e41a2c/report.png\" data-asset-id=\"3f6c802e-a0da-464e-ae05-e82ae5b21260\" data-image-id=\"3f6c802e-a0da-464e-ae05-e82ae5b21260\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You have designed, optimized, and code-checked a structural steel joint according to AISC.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"connection_tutorial___tubular_3d_frame__aisc_\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"campus_cta\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"ac77457b_1aa1_0195_99e6_997843a1d6ea\"></object>"
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"value": "<h2>1 New project</h2>\n<p>Start with launching the <a data-item-id=\"b0a659df-8f92-4d1f-abb6-2efa02bad946\" href=\"\"><strong>IDEA StatiCa Connection</strong></a>. Create a new project by selecting the template closest to the required design, fill the name and the description of the project. After choosing the required properties, confirm by <strong>Create project</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"510a48a9-e207-478d-af76-925ed4484c48\" data-image-id=\"510a48a9-e207-478d-af76-925ed4484c48\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5b5a15fb-0213-4fbc-b774-dd866ea938c7/Template%20selection.png\" data-asset-id=\"510a48a9-e207-478d-af76-925ed4484c48\" data-image-id=\"510a48a9-e207-478d-af76-925ed4484c48\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Since you work under the AISC code, set the <strong>imperial units</strong> (see <a data-item-id=\"832da2a8-6d89-4598-84c5-dfc30515c634\" href=\"\">How to change the system of units</a>).</p>\n<h2>2 Geometry</h2>\n<p>Two beams were automatically added. Change the cross-section of member B1 to a welded “I section” and define the <a data-item-id=\"376528a7-312a-52ea-b8a0-d2f726dd9f62\" href=\"\">cross-section</a> dimensions (height, flange thickness and width, thickness of the web, <a data-item-id=\"d0b2eca2-e40d-4ac8-bf4e-d2d0f8e09fbf\" href=\"\">fillet welds between the plates</a>).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cb4ce99a-4f66-414a-a9ad-eea68756f05f\" data-image-id=\"cb4ce99a-4f66-414a-a9ad-eea68756f05f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/84f50955-9145-4896-9347-ba98982551e2/new%20cross-section.png\" data-asset-id=\"cb4ce99a-4f66-414a-a9ad-eea68756f05f\" data-image-id=\"cb4ce99a-4f66-414a-a9ad-eea68756f05f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Steel material for the new cross-section:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"28a79cdd-ee6f-4b46-b73b-f65820da6529\" data-image-id=\"28a79cdd-ee6f-4b46-b73b-f65820da6529\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d9fb725d-bbc5-4199-b51f-8f0de89338e6/new%20cross-section%20material.png\" data-asset-id=\"28a79cdd-ee6f-4b46-b73b-f65820da6529\" data-image-id=\"28a79cdd-ee6f-4b46-b73b-f65820da6529\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Then for member B2, set the same cross-section from the drop-down menu.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"74ba940d-d234-4393-a8cf-4eaf621e992e\" data-image-id=\"74ba940d-d234-4393-a8cf-4eaf621e992e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1e2d18c9-10e1-474f-a962-c749eed9f524/B2%20cross-section.png\" data-asset-id=\"74ba940d-d234-4393-a8cf-4eaf621e992e\" data-image-id=\"74ba940d-d234-4393-a8cf-4eaf621e992e\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>3 Load effects</h2>\n<p>Continue with the <a data-item-id=\"0a4c97f6-c58f-5ef2-8fe4-89943e9c4fdb\" href=\"\">Load effects</a>. One load effect was automatically added.<a data-item-id=\"da6f80aa-abfd-4e64-b691-1dc7ea8e3d4c\" href=\"\"> Loads in equilibrium</a> option is active. Input the values of internal forces into the chart. More load cases can be added. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"64b09f39-e1f5-4828-9ca6-ecc194e285db\" data-image-id=\"64b09f39-e1f5-4828-9ca6-ecc194e285db\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6ea00431-bef2-4219-a2be-84d8c9550c5b/load%20effects.png\" data-asset-id=\"64b09f39-e1f5-4828-9ca6-ecc194e285db\" data-image-id=\"64b09f39-e1f5-4828-9ca6-ecc194e285db\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>4 Design</h2>\n<p>Before modifying the connection, Right-click on <strong>Operations (P)</strong> and select \"Explode\".</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0ba86b0c-67d6-422f-b093-075477af05b4\" data-image-id=\"0ba86b0c-67d6-422f-b093-075477af05b4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9f21aea3-383b-4a83-af07-3e8405c736e7/explode.png\" data-asset-id=\"0ba86b0c-67d6-422f-b093-075477af05b4\" data-image-id=\"0ba86b0c-67d6-422f-b093-075477af05b4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Manufacturing operation “<a data-item-id=\"278db41e-0396-4c78-b6d1-5357392c4f5d\" href=\"\">Plate to plate</a>” was automatically added. Modify its geometrical parameters, change the <a data-item-id=\"2a640f70-d538-48bf-a941-2835e5d7370f\" href=\"\">bolt</a> properties and <a data-item-id=\"6a4c43f3-4910-44fa-9a88-a9f70967f647\" href=\"\">weld</a> properties. Ensure that the web has double sided fillet weld, while the flanges have PJP welds. More operations can be added.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"56344379-65e6-4453-96f4-26aa719aba4e\" data-image-id=\"56344379-65e6-4453-96f4-26aa719aba4e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/079d6d61-eaa9-4e46-b748-042b6519c131/Plate%20to%20plate%20parameters.png\" data-asset-id=\"56344379-65e6-4453-96f4-26aa719aba4e\" data-image-id=\"56344379-65e6-4453-96f4-26aa719aba4e\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>5 Calculation and Check</h2>\n<p>Start the analysis by clicking <strong>Calculate</strong> in the ribbon. The analysis model is automatically generated, the calculation based on <a data-item-id=\"06158daa-1491-4e83-ac34-4964bd5a3c63\" href=\"\">CBFEM</a> is performed, and we can see the Overall check displayed together with basic values of check results.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9d8b3b0a-c35e-4b05-8d57-2a39d69bfd02\" data-image-id=\"9d8b3b0a-c35e-4b05-8d57-2a39d69bfd02\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/0b1c952b-eeaf-4188-94f6-c04f7d343898/stress-strain%20results.png\" data-asset-id=\"9d8b3b0a-c35e-4b05-8d57-2a39d69bfd02\" data-image-id=\"9d8b3b0a-c35e-4b05-8d57-2a39d69bfd02\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Go to the display tab <strong>Check,</strong> and there activate <a data-item-id=\"41ccda74-0464-45a8-8e3f-7418a1cf8bc2\" href=\"\"><strong>Strain check</strong></a><strong>, </strong><a data-item-id=\"2c07f751-2638-5e69-a888-4cb8307741b0\" href=\"\"><strong>Bolt forces</strong></a><strong>, </strong><a data-item-id=\"fcc089b1-0e09-54a4-ae44-a27fcdf9cdab\" href=\"\"><strong>Mesh</strong></a> and <a data-item-id=\"b50c7a03-8544-59ce-922d-dbb93967f7bc\" href=\"\"><strong>Deformed</strong></a> from the ribbon to get a full picture of what is happening in the joint. Open the tab <strong>Bolts</strong> to see that there are some bolts with very low utilization. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"212dd763-812d-4d3c-9c20-15c6b5d3373a\" data-image-id=\"212dd763-812d-4d3c-9c20-15c6b5d3373a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5df650be-e3d3-4998-a11e-75d7d1771a9d/check%20tab%20results.png\" data-asset-id=\"212dd763-812d-4d3c-9c20-15c6b5d3373a\" data-image-id=\"212dd763-812d-4d3c-9c20-15c6b5d3373a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You can look at the bolt code-check equations in the expanded menu.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"fa9ca0a2-b6dd-4781-af72-9090b9ebfa1d\" data-image-id=\"fa9ca0a2-b6dd-4781-af72-9090b9ebfa1d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e7f2163c-741e-4814-a95e-b982b26f2a92/Bolt%20check%20results.png\" data-asset-id=\"fa9ca0a2-b6dd-4781-af72-9090b9ebfa1d\" data-image-id=\"fa9ca0a2-b6dd-4781-af72-9090b9ebfa1d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Review the weld tab and review the code calculations of welds: </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d0cf8a0a-98e8-41d3-99db-c856a46c5711\" data-image-id=\"d0cf8a0a-98e8-41d3-99db-c856a46c5711\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/445b1651-64c8-4507-b1cb-9668981e369c/Weld%20check%20results.png\" data-asset-id=\"d0cf8a0a-98e8-41d3-99db-c856a46c5711\" data-image-id=\"d0cf8a0a-98e8-41d3-99db-c856a46c5711\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>6 Optimization</h2>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"aa5365b6-eee0-41ad-8f98-c3f4843f90b0\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Connection</a> provides an easy way of joint design optimization. It was pointed out that the utilization ratio of some bolts is almost zero. You can remove them and make the design more economical. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"fe7b5e4d-64ed-493d-ab3d-d81665f2eec6\" data-image-id=\"fe7b5e4d-64ed-493d-ab3d-d81665f2eec6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e75b47f9-5db8-4de6-96cd-727e2fbf7f83/Bolt%20check.png\" data-asset-id=\"fe7b5e4d-64ed-493d-ab3d-d81665f2eec6\" data-image-id=\"fe7b5e4d-64ed-493d-ab3d-d81665f2eec6\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>Right-click</strong> on the connecting plate and select <strong>Editor</strong>. Click <strong>Explode. </strong>Choose and remove bolts 5, 7, 9, 11, 17, 19, 21 and 23 by clicking <strong>Delete. </strong>Repeat the process until you delete the mentioned bolts and finally click <strong>Apply</strong> and <strong>OK</strong>. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b00dbcf5-611c-41ab-a770-909e8321147b\" data-image-id=\"b00dbcf5-611c-41ab-a770-909e8321147b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e538f9a5-3622-490c-9a29-f5556155954f/plate%20editor.png\" data-asset-id=\"b00dbcf5-611c-41ab-a770-909e8321147b\" data-image-id=\"b00dbcf5-611c-41ab-a770-909e8321147b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Then, run the <strong>Calculation</strong> again and check the updated results. The new design passes all the checks, and we saved 1/3 of the originally designed bolts.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b19ed088-a64b-47cb-ad64-4fe493a65b4d\" data-image-id=\"b19ed088-a64b-47cb-ad64-4fe493a65b4d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a80b648a-1595-4ed0-a8db-1312bc5be5fa/stress-strain%20results%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"b19ed088-a64b-47cb-ad64-4fe493a65b4d\" data-image-id=\"b19ed088-a64b-47cb-ad64-4fe493a65b4d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>7 Report</h2>\n<p>To include a section view with details of the connection, right-click over the plate and select <strong>Create section</strong>:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f4790704-98ff-4c90-8fa4-8ca4720795dc\" data-image-id=\"f4790704-98ff-4c90-8fa4-8ca4720795dc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6c56678c-53fc-4c34-bd1e-9f1002918c44/create%20section.png\" data-asset-id=\"f4790704-98ff-4c90-8fa4-8ca4720795dc\" data-image-id=\"f4790704-98ff-4c90-8fa4-8ca4720795dc\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Then click on <strong>New Picture</strong>, modify the name, and click <strong>OK</strong>. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4c0235ea-988f-4548-a13f-e9cd82e51552\" data-image-id=\"4c0235ea-988f-4548-a13f-e9cd82e51552\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4ef49a20-a7e8-402b-ab57-a1af00a62f03/New%20picture.png\" data-asset-id=\"4c0235ea-988f-4548-a13f-e9cd82e51552\" data-image-id=\"4c0235ea-988f-4548-a13f-e9cd82e51552\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>At last, go to the tab <strong>Report</strong>. IDEA StatiCa offers a fully customizable report to print out or save in an editable format. To include the section picture select the next icon and Bill of materials to generate a drawing of the plate-to-plate detail:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5cb8907f-63bc-4aff-8b40-50dfe3b47ffa\" data-image-id=\"5cb8907f-63bc-4aff-8b40-50dfe3b47ffa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6dae19a1-3fcc-43b0-bcbc-6a19d318e431/project%20item%20settings.png\" data-asset-id=\"5cb8907f-63bc-4aff-8b40-50dfe3b47ffa\" data-image-id=\"5cb8907f-63bc-4aff-8b40-50dfe3b47ffa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Click on the <strong>Generate</strong> to create the detailed report:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ff190974-7c1e-40a4-b1a5-18bdd8a7851e\" data-image-id=\"ff190974-7c1e-40a4-b1a5-18bdd8a7851e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7f26bad8-a601-4f3e-980f-6b3b8d74129e/generate%20report.png\" data-asset-id=\"ff190974-7c1e-40a4-b1a5-18bdd8a7851e\" data-image-id=\"ff190974-7c1e-40a4-b1a5-18bdd8a7851e\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c81c81db-23f2-492d-a6ac-d9ab816da9bb\" data-image-id=\"c81c81db-23f2-492d-a6ac-d9ab816da9bb\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/88e5b7a1-e4a8-45ac-ad04-485c3348187e/report.png\" data-asset-id=\"c81c81db-23f2-492d-a6ac-d9ab816da9bb\" data-image-id=\"c81c81db-23f2-492d-a6ac-d9ab816da9bb\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e3f73115-9ddf-4841-a2bd-cf5da9a5ecf6\" data-image-id=\"e3f73115-9ddf-4841-a2bd-cf5da9a5ecf6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/8ba0035c-6f5e-4355-9560-d257ecdda7ed/report%20template.png\" data-asset-id=\"e3f73115-9ddf-4841-a2bd-cf5da9a5ecf6\" data-image-id=\"e3f73115-9ddf-4841-a2bd-cf5da9a5ecf6\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You have designed, optimized, and code-checked a structural steel joint according to AISC.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"bolted_plate_to_plate__aisc_\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"campus_cta\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n3fed65eb_eabf_0187_1450_2bb17cf15f30\"></object>"
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"value": "<h3>Bolts</h3>\n<p>In the Component-Based Finite Element Method (CBFEM), the bolt with its behavior in tension, shear, and bearing is the component described by the dependent nonlinear springs. Bolt assembly consists of bolt, washer, and nut and is simulated by a nonlinear spring, rigid body elements and gap elements.</p>\n<h4>Bolt in tension</h4>\n<p>The bolt in tension is described by spring with its initial axial stiffness, design resistance, initialization of yielding, and deformation capacity. The initial axial stiffness is derived analytically in the guideline VDI2230 and in Agerskov (1976).</p>\n<p>\\[D_{Lb} =\\frac{L_s+0.4d_b}{EA_{s}}+ \\frac{0.85d_b}{EA_{t}}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[A_{pp}=\\frac{0.75D_H(L_w-D_H)}{D_{W1}^2-D_{W2}^2}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[A_{P1}=\\frac{\\pi}{4}(D_H^2-D_{W1}^2)\\]</p>\n<p>\\[A_{P2}=\\frac{1}{2}(D_{W2}^2-D_H^2)\\tan^{-1}A_{pp}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[A_P=A_{P1}+A_{P2}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[D_{LW}=\\frac{L_W}{EA_P}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[k=\\frac{1}{D_{LB}+D_{LW}}\\]</p>\n<p>where:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>\\(d_b\\) – bolt diameter</li>\n <li>\\(D_H\\) – bolt head diameter</li>\n <li>\\(D_{W1}\\) – washer inner diameter</li>\n <li>\\(D_{W2}\\) – washer outer diameter</li>\n <li>\\(L_W\\) – sum of washer thicknesses</li>\n <li>\\(L_s\\) – bolt grip length</li>\n <li>\\(A_{s}\\) – bolt gross area</li>\n <li>\\(A_{t}\\) – bolt tensile stress area</li>\n <li>\\(E\\) – Young's modulus of elasticity</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The model corresponds to experimental data; see Gödrich et al. (2014). For the initialization of yielding and deformation capacity, it is assumed that plastic deformation occurs in the threaded part of the bolt shank only.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"acc623fd-ee60-4959-8227-ec855f72a150\" data-image-id=\"acc623fd-ee60-4959-8227-ec855f72a150\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6984c02e-b380-4b92-aca1-9712291cf94b/Structural%20design%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20-%20Bolts%20and%20preloaded%20bolts.png\" data-asset-id=\"acc623fd-ee60-4959-8227-ec855f72a150\" data-image-id=\"acc623fd-ee60-4959-8227-ec855f72a150\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection theoretical background for the structural design of steel connections. Bolts and preloaded bolts, shear resistance, and behavior in tensile-shear interaction. Structural design of welded and bolted connections.\"></figure>\n<p><em>Force-deformation diagram for the bearing of the plate</em></p>\n<p>The force-deformation diagram is constructed using the following equations:</p>\n<p>Plastic stiffness:</p>\n<p>\\[ k_t = c_1 k \\]</p>\n<p>Force at the elastic limit:</p>\n<p>\\[ F_{t,el} = \\frac{F_{t,Rd}}{c_1 c_2 - c_1 +1} \\]</p>\n<p>Deformation at elastic limit:</p>\n<p>\\[ u_{el} = \\frac{ F_{t,el} }{k} \\]</p>\n<p>Deformation at plastic limit:</p>\n<p>\\[ u_{t,Rd} = c_2 u_{el} \\]</p>\n<p>\\[ c_1 = \\frac{f_{ub} - f_{yb}}{\\frac{1}{4} A E - f_{yb}} \\]</p>\n<p>\\[ c_2 = \\frac{AE}{4 f_{yb}} \\]</p>\n<p>where:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>\\(F_{t,Rd}\\) – bolt design resistance in tension</li>\n <li>\\(f_{yb}\\) – bolt yield strength</li>\n <li>\\(f_{ub}\\) – bolt ultimate strength</li>\n <li>\\(A\\) – elongation after fracture</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Bolt in shear</h4>\n<p>Only the compression force is transferred from the bolt shank to the plate in the bolt hole. It is modeled by interpolation links between the shank nodes and holes edge nodes. The deformation stiffness of the shell element modeling the plates distributes the forces between the bolts and simulates the adequate bearing of the plate.</p>\n<p>Bolt holes are considered as standard (default) or slotted (can be set in plate editor). Bolts in standard holes can transfer shear force in all directions, bolts in slotted holes have one direction excluded and can move in this selected direction freely.</p>\n<p>The initial stiffness and the design resistance of a bolt in shear is defined by following formulas:</p>\n<p>\\[k_{el}=\\frac{1}{\\frac{1}{k_{11}}+\\frac{1}{k_{12}}}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[k_{11} = \\frac{8d_b^2f_{ub}}{d_{M16}}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[k_{12}=12k_td_bf_{up}\\]</p>\n<p>\\[k_t=\\min \\left ( 2.5,\\, \\frac{1.5t_{min}}{d_{M16}} \\right ) \\]</p>\n<p>\\[k_{pl}=\\frac{k_{el}}{1000}\\]</p>\n<p>where:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>\\(d_b\\) – bolt diameter</li>\n <li>\\(f_{ub}\\) – bolt ultimate strength</li>\n <li>\\(d_{M16}=16 \\textrm{ mm}\\) – diameter of the reference bolt M16</li>\n <li>\\(f_{up}\\) – ultimate strength of the connected plate</li>\n <li>\\(t_{min}\\) – minimum thickness of the connected plate </li>\n</ul>\n<p>The spring representing the bolt in shear has bi-linear force deformation behavior. Initialization of yielding is expected at:</p>\n<p>\\[F_{V,el}=0.999 F_{V,Rd}\\]</p>\n<p>Deformation capacity is considered as:</p>\n<p>\\[\\delta_{pl}=\\delta_{el}\\]</p>\n<p>where:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>\\(F_{V,el}\\) – bolt in shear elastic resistance</li>\n <li>\\(F_{V,Rd}\\) – bolt in shear resistance</li>\n <li>\\(\\delta_{el}\\) – bolt in shear elastic deformation</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Interaction between tension and shear</h4>\n<p>Interaction of the axial and the shear force can be introduced directly in the analysis model. The distribution of forces reflects the reality better (see enclosed diagram). Bolts with a high tensile force take less shear force and vice versa.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ee6f8f98-26d7-46f8-9051-4032b2a043c8\" data-image-id=\"ee6f8f98-26d7-46f8-9051-4032b2a043c8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/8137accf-c8f2-4c63-8715-52ef53e2748f/EC-bolt_interaction.png\" data-asset-id=\"ee6f8f98-26d7-46f8-9051-4032b2a043c8\" data-image-id=\"ee6f8f98-26d7-46f8-9051-4032b2a043c8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Example of the interaction of axial and shear force (EC)</em></p>\n<h3>Preloaded bolts</h3>\n<p>Preloaded bolts are used in cases when minimization of deformation is needed. The tension model of a bolt is the same as for standard bolts. The shear force is not transferred via bearing but via friction between gripped plates.</p>\n<p>The design slip resistance of a preloaded bolt is affected by an applied tensile force.</p>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"b0a659df-8f92-4d1f-abb6-2efa02bad946\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Connection</a> checks the pre-slipping limit state of preloaded bolts. If there is a slipping effect, bolts do not satisfy the check. Then the post-slipping limit state should be checked as a standard bearing check of bolts where bolt holes are loaded in bearing and bolts in shear.</p>\n<p>The user can decide which limit state will be checked. Either it is resistance to major slip or post-slipping state in shear of bolts. Both checks on one bolt are not combined in one solution. It is assumed that the bolt has a standard behavior after a major slip and can be checked by the standard bearing procedure.</p>\n<p>The moment load of connection has a small influence on the shear capacity. Nevertheless, a friction check on each bolt simply is solved separately. This check is implemented in FEM component of the bolt. There is no information in a general way on whether the external tension load of each bolt is from the bending moment or from the tension load of the connection.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2bfd95f4-5286-4ebc-9b3d-8e0fd58a01d4\" data-image-id=\"2bfd95f4-5286-4ebc-9b3d-8e0fd58a01d4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/944820ec-480b-40ff-a171-0a4df2168b13/bolts_bearing.png\" data-asset-id=\"2bfd95f4-5286-4ebc-9b3d-8e0fd58a01d4\" data-image-id=\"2bfd95f4-5286-4ebc-9b3d-8e0fd58a01d4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Stress distribution in standard shear bolt connection</em></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"cd47edfc-388b-4726-bf51-d1061e981840\" data-image-id=\"cd47edfc-388b-4726-bf51-d1061e981840\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ccb7c437-2a67-438e-978c-310f790b5abc/bolts_friction.png\" data-asset-id=\"cd47edfc-388b-4726-bf51-d1061e981840\" data-image-id=\"cd47edfc-388b-4726-bf51-d1061e981840\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Stress distribution in slip-resistant shear bolt connection</em></p>"
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"value": "<p>The anchor bolt is modeled with similar procedures as the structural bolts. The bolt is fixed on one side of the concrete block. Its length, <em>L</em><sub>b</sub>, used for bolt stiffness calculation, is taken as a sum of half of the nut thickness, washer thickness, <em>t</em><sub>w</sub>, base plate thickness, <em>t</em><sub>bp</sub>, grout or gap thickness, <em>t</em><sub>g</sub>, and free the length embedded in concrete which is expected as 8<em>d</em> where <em>d</em> is a bolt diameter. Factor 8 is editable in the Code setup. This value is in accordance with the Component Method (EN1993-1-8); the free length embedded in concrete can be modified in Code setup. The stiffness in tension is calculated as <em>k</em> = <em>E</em> <em>A</em><sub>s</sub> / <em>L</em><sub>b</sub>. The load-deformation diagram of the anchor bolt is shown in the following figure. The values according to ISO 898:2009 are summarized in the table and in the formulas below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"170f71ad-dae9-42f3-b349-cd42b4df4e08\" data-image-id=\"170f71ad-dae9-42f3-b349-cd42b4df4e08\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/10228509-19b1-4d24-993c-c16c2bbc1f1b/anchor_stiffness.png\" data-asset-id=\"170f71ad-dae9-42f3-b349-cd42b4df4e08\" data-image-id=\"170f71ad-dae9-42f3-b349-cd42b4df4e08\" alt=\"IDEA StatiCa Connection theoretical background for the advanced structural design of steel connections. Description of anchor bolts and their stiffness including anchors with stand-off. Structural design of welded and bolted connections.\"></figure>\n<p><em>Load–deformation diagram of the anchor bolt</em></p>\n<p>\\[ F_{t,el}=\\frac{F_{t,Rd}}{c_1 c_2 - c_1 + 1} \\]</p>\n<p>\\[ k_t = c_1 k; \\qquad c_1 = \\frac{R_m - R_e}{\\left ( \\frac{1}{4} A - \\frac{R_e}{E} \\right )E} \\]</p>\n<p>\\[ u_{el} = \\frac{F_{t,el}}{k}; \\qquad u_{t,Rd} = c_2 u_{el}; \\qquad c_2 = \\frac{AE}{4R_e} \\]</p>\n<p>where:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><em>A</em> – elongation</li>\n <li><em>E</em> – Young's modulus of elasticity</li>\n <li><em>F</em><sub>t,Rd</sub> – steel tensile resistance of the anchor</li>\n <li><em>R</em><sub>m</sub> – ultimate (tensile) strength</li>\n <li><em>R</em><sub>e</sub> – yield strength</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The stiffness of the anchor bolt in shear is taken as the stiffness of the structural bolt in shear.</p>\n<h4>Anchor bolts with stand-off</h4>\n<p>Anchors with stand-off can be checked as a construction stage before the column base is grouted or as a permanent state. Anchor with stand-off is designed as a bar element loaded by shear force, bending moment, and compressive or tensile force. The anchor is fixed on both sides; one side is 0.5×<em>d</em> below the concrete level, the other side is in the middle of the thickness of the plate. The buckling length is conservatively assumed as twice the length of the bar element. Plastic section modulus is used. The forces in anchor with stand-off are determined using finite element analysis. The bending moment is dependent on the stiffness ratio of anchors and base plate.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ce23a6f9-f3d2-4a77-98b6-4da922746e32\" data-image-id=\"ce23a6f9-f3d2-4a77-98b6-4da922746e32\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b9b077b4-3ece-4813-9fc1-7d46a2814653/stand-off_anchors.png\" data-asset-id=\"ce23a6f9-f3d2-4a77-98b6-4da922746e32\" data-image-id=\"ce23a6f9-f3d2-4a77-98b6-4da922746e32\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Anchors with stand-off – determination of lever arm and buckling lengths; stiff anchors are safe assumption</em></p>"
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"value": "<h2>1 New project</h2>\n<p>Start by launching the <a data-item-id=\"b0a659df-8f92-4d1f-abb6-2efa02bad946\" href=\"\"><strong>IDEA StatiCa Connection</strong></a><strong> </strong>and <a data-asset-id=\"bfa4cb1d-2461-4e94-bcb1-672539c98ab2\" href=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ada662e0-a779-4864-bf3b-02d8d255f2f2/Joint%20design%20resistance%20%28AISC%29.ideaCon\">open the project file</a> for this tutorial.</p>\n<p>Since the tutorial involves the AISC code, make sure to set <strong>imperial units </strong>(see <a data-item-id=\"832da2a8-6d89-4598-84c5-dfc30515c634\" href=\"\">How to change the system of units</a>).</p>\n<h2>2 Check</h2>\n<p>Start the analysis of the first connection CON1 by clicking <strong>Calculate</strong> in the ribbon. The analysis model is automatically generated, and the calculation is performed.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"4d4d62cc-f3e2-4041-a97a-478162ffef30\" data-image-id=\"4d4d62cc-f3e2-4041-a97a-478162ffef30\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7dd825c1-fbe1-408f-b95e-2e40c1b78b47/Calculate%20Stress%20strain.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"4d4d62cc-f3e2-4041-a97a-478162ffef30\" data-image-id=\"4d4d62cc-f3e2-4041-a97a-478162ffef30\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The user can see the overall summary check and a quick traffic light showcasing the utilization ratio for all components.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"598b9f36-95e4-4355-b70d-34750f3d1e35\" data-image-id=\"598b9f36-95e4-4355-b70d-34750f3d1e35\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/49359e8b-ddd6-4df9-8b0b-a147aa0af7b3/Stress%20strain%20traffic%20light.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"598b9f36-95e4-4355-b70d-34750f3d1e35\" data-image-id=\"598b9f36-95e4-4355-b70d-34750f3d1e35\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>3 Joint design resistance</h2>\n<p><strong>Copy</strong> the project item first to save the previous work and change the analysis type to <strong>DR</strong> (Joint design resistance) for Connection 2. This has already been done in the attached file, so the user may just change to CON2.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3f431524-7d95-499a-bb33-30a188e9185d\" data-image-id=\"3f431524-7d95-499a-bb33-30a188e9185d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/cf5cdab0-b549-4251-9e53-37bef6960371/Copy%20and%20DR.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"3f431524-7d95-499a-bb33-30a188e9185d\" data-image-id=\"3f431524-7d95-499a-bb33-30a188e9185d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Now the user can calculate the Joint design resistance analysis by <strong>Calculate</strong> command in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a511f6f4-698d-41e8-91e4-51e3b19a5069\" data-image-id=\"a511f6f4-698d-41e8-91e4-51e3b19a5069\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4115d876-ca44-4259-9506-c725373cac5f/Calculate%20DR.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"a511f6f4-698d-41e8-91e4-51e3b19a5069\" data-image-id=\"a511f6f4-698d-41e8-91e4-51e3b19a5069\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>4 Check</h2>\n<p>Let’s proceed to the Check tab and <a data-item-id=\"b295d2cd-5434-4e6b-86ef-e03799cfdbcb\" href=\"\">Joint design resistance</a> tab in the result tables. The application gives us the factoring percentage of the load to reach joint design resistance. The figure for the percentage increment load to strain dependence is also provided. The values of the Design load and Design <a data-item-id=\"b295d2cd-5434-4e6b-86ef-e03799cfdbcb\" href=\"\">resistance</a> are provided to visualize the results.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"938681ec-3227-45d2-9d76-1040f2a5c2ee\" data-image-id=\"938681ec-3227-45d2-9d76-1040f2a5c2ee\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/cb88ea7f-686e-4e05-a05a-de4bf5c638f2/DR%20results.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"938681ec-3227-45d2-9d76-1040f2a5c2ee\" data-image-id=\"938681ec-3227-45d2-9d76-1040f2a5c2ee\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>We have designed, code-checked, and calculated the joint design resistance of the connection according to AISC.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"connection_tutorial___joint_design_resistance__ais\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"campus_cta\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n8d6a0b20_73b5_0112_496c_b0e2c6519bf4\"></object>"
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Fill in the name, select the steel grade <strong>S355</strong>,<strong> </strong>design code <strong>Eurocode</strong>, and <strong>Create project</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7a513728-e51b-4ee1-923d-c68aa9833506\" data-image-id=\"7a513728-e51b-4ee1-923d-c68aa9833506\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5b756020-9ced-4887-b35d-549ff91964e5/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2001.png\" data-asset-id=\"7a513728-e51b-4ee1-923d-c68aa9833506\" data-image-id=\"7a513728-e51b-4ee1-923d-c68aa9833506\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>2 Geometry</h2>\n<p>We will start with a definition of the custom cross-section built-up of three different sections.</p>\n<p>Right-click on the vertical member <strong>C </strong>and<strong> </strong>open the context menu with available actions. Use the <strong>Plus</strong> button to add a new cross-section.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2d59f913-fee2-4d22-9f00-1db8c7918c0d\" data-image-id=\"2d59f913-fee2-4d22-9f00-1db8c7918c0d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e988310f-ebec-4941-bafc-d6d6afdb2a2d/2.png\" data-asset-id=\"2d59f913-fee2-4d22-9f00-1db8c7918c0d\" data-image-id=\"2d59f913-fee2-4d22-9f00-1db8c7918c0d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Go to the tab <strong>Welded, Composed,</strong> and select the <strong>General steel cross-section</strong> to add a user-defined shape.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7cd228b4-3a13-432c-a6e7-d534db0c214f\" data-image-id=\"7cd228b4-3a13-432c-a6e7-d534db0c214f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5fbdd682-7b0a-4982-b905-c1d7975e1d39/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2003.png\" data-asset-id=\"7cd228b4-3a13-432c-a6e7-d534db0c214f\" data-image-id=\"7cd228b4-3a13-432c-a6e7-d534db0c214f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>In the <strong>Cross-section editor</strong>, start by adding a new<strong> I-section</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e22e8114-2c49-49fc-aa31-e56ca36df2c1\" data-image-id=\"e22e8114-2c49-49fc-aa31-e56ca36df2c1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9f5bbdfd-2ca2-4807-8767-7b2f74786ea6/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2004.png\" data-asset-id=\"e22e8114-2c49-49fc-aa31-e56ca36df2c1\" data-image-id=\"e22e8114-2c49-49fc-aa31-e56ca36df2c1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3cb2fd28-42d7-48e7-b0ba-ff80acf8d912\" data-image-id=\"3cb2fd28-42d7-48e7-b0ba-ff80acf8d912\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bf83c5ed-8463-4a89-a59b-458078273d45/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2005.png\" data-asset-id=\"3cb2fd28-42d7-48e7-b0ba-ff80acf8d912\" data-image-id=\"3cb2fd28-42d7-48e7-b0ba-ff80acf8d912\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>And switch the preselected profile to <strong>IPE270</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6afe76f0-84c9-40b4-bc31-bff6e3df3eb5\" data-image-id=\"6afe76f0-84c9-40b4-bc31-bff6e3df3eb5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e2522baa-d0cc-45f9-a864-9f7c2a67d4f7/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2006.png\" data-asset-id=\"6afe76f0-84c9-40b4-bc31-bff6e3df3eb5\" data-image-id=\"6afe76f0-84c9-40b4-bc31-bff6e3df3eb5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Then click <strong>New </strong>to add another section and select <strong>Sections T (I-cut)</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1f3dedda-9175-4e43-a996-f52e842b7e21\" data-image-id=\"1f3dedda-9175-4e43-a996-f52e842b7e21\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/33b62b4d-f758-4619-8b11-9146d2504b67/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2007.png\" data-asset-id=\"1f3dedda-9175-4e43-a996-f52e842b7e21\" data-image-id=\"1f3dedda-9175-4e43-a996-f52e842b7e21\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>For the <strong>Shape </strong>select <strong>IPE270 </strong>from the cross-section library and input <strong>120 mm </strong>for the<strong> Height </strong>and confirm<strong> OK</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2d35a8a1-b28b-4c08-943f-ab62b08a0d97\" data-image-id=\"2d35a8a1-b28b-4c08-943f-ab62b08a0d97\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/de0e86d0-9d8b-4de9-9d7a-341fe8f1fc2e/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2008.png\" data-asset-id=\"2d35a8a1-b28b-4c08-943f-ab62b08a0d97\" data-image-id=\"2d35a8a1-b28b-4c08-943f-ab62b08a0d97\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Now position the T section by selecting the proper <strong>Master component</strong>, <strong>Master point</strong> and <strong>Insert point </strong>and input rotation <strong>Rx1</strong> of <strong>90°</strong> and shift in the <strong>z</strong> direction of <strong>3.3 mm</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2164f68d-a5ab-4ba5-b475-8cf2c5ea9d82\" data-image-id=\"2164f68d-a5ab-4ba5-b475-8cf2c5ea9d82\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bc89ae89-55ce-4b0a-9137-0fc2f52e4da5/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2009.png\" data-asset-id=\"2164f68d-a5ab-4ba5-b475-8cf2c5ea9d82\" data-image-id=\"2164f68d-a5ab-4ba5-b475-8cf2c5ea9d82\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Make a <strong>Copy </strong>of this section part, edit the rotation <strong>Rx1 </strong>to <strong>-90°, </strong>and close the editor with the <strong>OK </strong>button.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b4d61790-7e75-4ca0-99e7-6e77d98f6ffa\" data-image-id=\"b4d61790-7e75-4ca0-99e7-6e77d98f6ffa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7b1d1b69-f293-4ba5-8240-7cdd3cd7130c/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2010.png\" data-asset-id=\"b4d61790-7e75-4ca0-99e7-6e77d98f6ffa\" data-image-id=\"b4d61790-7e75-4ca0-99e7-6e77d98f6ffa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>More about the general cross-section editor in the article <a data-item-id=\"a93fbea4-d814-5dcb-aa9e-35315063cb88\" href=\"\">How to create and use a custom cross-section</a>.</p>\n<h2>3 Load effects</h2>\n<p>Adjust the values of<strong> </strong>the <strong>load effect LE1</strong> accordingly.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9bd874dd-1d48-46ba-9978-57c2a1766bed\" data-image-id=\"9bd874dd-1d48-46ba-9978-57c2a1766bed\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3fe24e9d-4800-41f6-995b-9fb2c3e3ed99/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2011.png\" data-asset-id=\"9bd874dd-1d48-46ba-9978-57c2a1766bed\" data-image-id=\"9bd874dd-1d48-46ba-9978-57c2a1766bed\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>4 Design</h2>\n<p>Set connected beams to a <strong>profile IPE240</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"75696949-e850-4cfd-901b-8bc26a785941\" data-image-id=\"75696949-e850-4cfd-901b-8bc26a785941\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/52e90116-65b7-44ae-b985-d919a4cf355a/3.png\" data-asset-id=\"75696949-e850-4cfd-901b-8bc26a785941\" data-image-id=\"75696949-e850-4cfd-901b-8bc26a785941\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Adjust the parameters of <strong>Operations</strong>, turn off stiffeners. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b28eca3b-860c-46f7-9d57-9d4fb1a21d8c\" data-image-id=\"b28eca3b-860c-46f7-9d57-9d4fb1a21d8c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/0deae9f1-88dc-4d45-a246-3028916438ed/1.png\" data-asset-id=\"b28eca3b-860c-46f7-9d57-9d4fb1a21d8c\" data-image-id=\"b28eca3b-860c-46f7-9d57-9d4fb1a21d8c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2> 5 Calculation and Check</h2>\n<p>Select the project item <strong>CON1 </strong>and switch the analysis type to<strong> Stiffness analysis </strong>(<strong>ST</strong>).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f59058fa-508c-4645-ac18-61e4407836e4\" data-image-id=\"f59058fa-508c-4645-ac18-61e4407836e4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1196f9c6-be5c-4be7-a7c2-287b4de9f31e/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2014.png\" data-asset-id=\"f59058fa-508c-4645-ac18-61e4407836e4\" data-image-id=\"f59058fa-508c-4645-ac18-61e4407836e4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Check that member <strong>B2 </strong>is set as the <strong>Analysed member </strong>(underlined in the list of members and displayed in member properties) or set it analyzed member via the right-click menu. Then run the <strong>Calculation</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1db5049f-5912-47cf-9723-2d7192d9bd85\" data-image-id=\"1db5049f-5912-47cf-9723-2d7192d9bd85\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/660a4cca-e00b-4bc5-bc1a-116f27d8ac29/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2015.png\" data-asset-id=\"1db5049f-5912-47cf-9723-2d7192d9bd85\" data-image-id=\"1db5049f-5912-47cf-9723-2d7192d9bd85\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Go to the tab <strong>Check </strong>and turn on the <strong>Plastic strain</strong>, <strong>Bolt forces</strong>, <strong>Mesh </strong>and <strong>Deformed </strong>to see the behavior of the connection. In the tab Rotational stiffness we can read the <strong>class </strong>as <strong>Semi-rigid</strong> and the value of the Initial rotational stiffness <strong>Sj,ini</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0fcaf5aa-cfaf-4927-8d35-914a90da4984\" data-image-id=\"0fcaf5aa-cfaf-4927-8d35-914a90da4984\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a1d88b42-1875-4d21-8917-6f753db9142b/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2016.png\" data-asset-id=\"0fcaf5aa-cfaf-4927-8d35-914a90da4984\" data-image-id=\"0fcaf5aa-cfaf-4927-8d35-914a90da4984\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Note: For further understanding of the “</em><em><strong>Theoretical length for My, Mz</strong></em><em>” and the results, see the </em><a data-item-id=\"4597d16d-e951-52fc-940a-382698f2fd03\" href=\"\"><em>Stiffness analysis</em></a><em> article and the </em><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center/general-theoretical-background#Stiffness_analysis_and_deformation_capacity_of_steel_joints\" data-new-window=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Theoretical Background</em></a><em> chapter </em><em><strong>Stiffness analysis and deformation capacity of steel joints</strong></em><em>.</em></p>\n<h2>6 Optimization of the connection</h2>\n<p>Go back to the tab <strong>Design </strong>to optimize the connection to achieve rigid connection.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f3418355-c0bc-4790-ab5e-20da7756eac3\" data-image-id=\"f3418355-c0bc-4790-ab5e-20da7756eac3\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/0f23422c-64b5-4a78-a530-e6bac030fb43/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2017.png\" data-asset-id=\"f3418355-c0bc-4790-ab5e-20da7756eac3\" data-image-id=\"f3418355-c0bc-4790-ab5e-20da7756eac3\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Click on <strong>Operations </strong>and <strong>Explode </strong>the template to separate operations (<strong>EP1 and STIFF1</strong>).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c535369e-1b65-41ce-ae03-70745febd468\" data-image-id=\"c535369e-1b65-41ce-ae03-70745febd468\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/23f44fdf-3f2a-48d1-b831-45a9754812a4/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2018.png\" data-asset-id=\"c535369e-1b65-41ce-ae03-70745febd468\" data-image-id=\"c535369e-1b65-41ce-ae03-70745febd468\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Make sure that the s<strong>tiffener operation </strong>is deactivated, and adjust thickness, dimensions and position of bolts of the <strong>end plate EP1</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"058da95a-e8fc-4e0e-acce-97ca1496341f\" data-image-id=\"058da95a-e8fc-4e0e-acce-97ca1496341f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/0c89fb3e-cea4-4c5a-96c6-0ea8e82113e4/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2019.png\" data-asset-id=\"058da95a-e8fc-4e0e-acce-97ca1496341f\" data-image-id=\"058da95a-e8fc-4e0e-acce-97ca1496341f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>And add a new operation <strong>Widener</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"23b63768-1d63-4e62-9d20-4c031fb45c5d\" data-image-id=\"23b63768-1d63-4e62-9d20-4c031fb45c5d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b3128af7-36e0-42a9-88c8-93b4868884e3/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2020.png\" data-asset-id=\"23b63768-1d63-4e62-9d20-4c031fb45c5d\" data-image-id=\"23b63768-1d63-4e62-9d20-4c031fb45c5d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>S</strong>witch the <strong>Related to</strong> item to <strong>Plate </strong>(plate <strong>EP1a</strong> is selected automatically),<strong> </strong>and input <strong>150 mm</strong> for both <strong>Width </strong>and <strong>Depth</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"df8c8717-949f-44d6-97c4-ad2c476ca025\" data-image-id=\"df8c8717-949f-44d6-97c4-ad2c476ca025\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/0759af56-cf0c-48aa-8e2b-2f34d571316a/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2021.png\" data-asset-id=\"df8c8717-949f-44d6-97c4-ad2c476ca025\" data-image-id=\"df8c8717-949f-44d6-97c4-ad2c476ca025\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Calculate the stiffness analysis again, and in the <strong>Check </strong>tab see the <strong>class </strong>became <strong>Rigid</strong> and the higher value of the Initial rotational stiffness <strong>Sj,ini</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"26475752-ec4b-44c7-97b4-d7b455b64fd0\" data-image-id=\"26475752-ec4b-44c7-97b4-d7b455b64fd0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/cc628205-9a7f-4475-8a34-de6f0521648b/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2022.png\" data-asset-id=\"26475752-ec4b-44c7-97b4-d7b455b64fd0\" data-image-id=\"26475752-ec4b-44c7-97b4-d7b455b64fd0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>7 Report</h2>\n<p>As the last step, go to the tab <strong>Report</strong>. IDEA StatiCa offers a fully customizable report to print out or save in an editable format.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e5b84b21-2d73-41aa-8456-2f4d5eea89a8\" data-image-id=\"e5b84b21-2d73-41aa-8456-2f4d5eea89a8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/40bc9612-34ba-497c-b5a1-b6335f133458/Stiffness%20analysis%20of%20a%20steel%20connection%20%28EN%29%2023.png\" data-asset-id=\"e5b84b21-2d73-41aa-8456-2f4d5eea89a8\" data-image-id=\"e5b84b21-2d73-41aa-8456-2f4d5eea89a8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You have designed and code-checked a structural steel joint according to Eurocode (EN).</p>\n<h2>8 Explanation videos</h2>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"ab6cc080_3c3f_01c2_75bc_8adc3bc66617\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n9588b2a9_3f40_01ee_810d_68a86f0779a9\"></object>\n<p>For more information read the <a data-item-id=\"d4aa2923-a94a-4c40-8fd8-93608acbf893\" href=\"\">Theoretical background</a>.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"e9ec8573_4a26_010d_1aad_224dafb6eca2\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"campus_cta\"></object>"
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"value": "<h2>Introduction to the CBFEM method</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#general-introduction\">General introduction for the structural design of steel connections</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Steel-connection-material-model\">Steel connection material model</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Plate-model-and-mesh-convergence\">Plate model and mesh convergence</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Contacts-between-steel-connection-plates\">Contacts between steel connection plates</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Welded connections analysis\">Welded connections analysis</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Bolts and preloaded bolts connections\">Bolts and preloaded bolts connections</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Anchor_bolts\">Anchor bolts</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Structural model of a concrete block\">Structural model of a concrete block</a></p>\n<h2>Analysis model of IDEA StatiCa</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#Steel joint analysis model\">Steel joint analysis model</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Node equilibrium in the 3D FEM model\">Node equilibrium in the 3D FEM model</a><a href=\"#Equilibrium_in_node\"><br>\n</a><a href=\"#Internal forces in the steel connections\">Internal forces in the steel connections</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Strength analysis of steel joints\">Strength analysis of steel joints</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Stiffness analysis and deformation capacity of steel joints\">Stiffness analysis and deformation capacity of steel joints</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Steel connection capacity design\">Steel connection capacity design</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Steel connection design resistance\">Steel connection design resistance</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Steel joint buckling analysis\">Steel joint buckling analysis</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Analysis convergence of complex steel connection models\">Analysis convergence of complex steel connection models</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Steel-to-timber connections\">Steel-to-timber connections</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Thin-walled steel members\">Thin-walled steel members</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Lateral-torsional restraint in structural design\">Lateral-torsional restraint in structural design</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Steel joints of hollow section cross-section members\">Steel joints of hollow section cross-section members</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Fatigue_analysis_type_in_structural_design\">Fatigue analysis type in structural design</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Fire-design\">Fire design</a><br>\n<a href=\"#Weld-sizing\">Weld sizing</a></p>\n<h2>Specifications for national codes</h2>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"13cc5bee-7ec7-422b-8dbe-8a57ef0073a9\" href=\"\">Check of components according to EN (Eurocode)</a><br>\n<a data-item-id=\"39660a09-9d6b-596f-acab-dbef59ebd019\" href=\"\">Check of components according to AISC (American standards)</a><br>\n<a data-item-id=\"ccb0dd69-3047-537c-9214-82c29d42a56a\" href=\"\">Check of components according to CISC (Canadian standards)</a><br>\n<a data-item-id=\"93b8c5be-e359-5cf8-a004-7b0ebf0553e7\" href=\"\">Check of components according to AS (Australian standards)</a><br>\n<a 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}Weld length
If you need to know the exact length of a weld, go to the Check tab once the calculation has been performed. The length of the weld is related to the central line of the tube.
You can also find all welds sizes and lengths in Report, under the Bill of Materials (BOM).
