Introduction
This article is dedicated to the simulation via the CSFM of the load-deformation response of three out of seven cantilever wall-type bridge pier experiments performed by Bimschas (2010) and Hannewald et al. (2013). These experiments were conducted under a vertical constant load, combined with a cyclic (but quasi-static) horizontal force. The design and detailing of the specimens was similar to that of existing bridge piers with seismic deficiencies. Specimens VK1, VK3 and VK6 were selected for analysis with the CSFM. These specimens had different amounts of flexural reinforcement and shear slenderness (achieved by varying the height of the walls). It should be noted that the CSFM just aims at describing the envelope of the cyclic response (so-called “backbone”) using a monotonic model.
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Name: Detail Verification Kaufmann's Book: Definition of failure modes
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"value": "<p>In order to compare the observed failure modes in the experiments with those predicted by the CSFM, the failure modes are classified as follows: flexural (F), shear (S) and anchorage (A). It should be noted that none of the experiments covered in this chapter exhibited an anchorage failure. Table 6.1 defines different failure subtypes depending on whether flexural and shear fail-ures are triggered by failure of the concrete or of the reinforcement. While yielding of the reinforcement does not represent a material failure, this is included as a failure subtype in combination with concrete crushing due to the importance of distinguishing concrete crushing failures without reinforcement yielding (very brittle) from those happening after the yielding of the reinforcement (which can exhibit a certain deformation capacity). </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"dd3585bb-26d7-4a93-be15-b6a60c876894\" data-image-id=\"dd3585bb-26d7-4a93-be15-b6a60c876894\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/155fc75e-18c6-4735-8ae6-149671308a59/Four-point%20bending%20tests%20on%20T-beams_6%201.png\" data-asset-id=\"dd3585bb-26d7-4a93-be15-b6a60c876894\" data-image-id=\"dd3585bb-26d7-4a93-be15-b6a60c876894\" alt=\"\"></figure>"
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