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Name: Release notes IDEA StatiCa Concrete 20.1 - Introduction
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"value": "<p>The new version of IDEA StatiCa is here! We bring another batch of new features and improvements to enhance the design of your concrete projects. No matter how complex is your concrete project, IDEA StatiCa delivers:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Complete code-checks</li>\n <li>Advanced analysis types</li>\n <li>The unlimited topology of cross-sections and reinforcement layout</li>\n <li>All 2D concrete details</li>\n <li>Reports that get the project done</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Our users currently do this through separate applications - Detail, RCS, and Beam. We are thrilled to introduce you to a brand new application in IDEA StatiCa Concrete - <strong>Member</strong>. It will unify all the design and code-checks of all reinforced concrete members in one place, integrated into your FEA software. Member will be available in BETA for all users with any concrete license of IDEA StatiCa.</p>\n<p>Besides this whole new app, you can find improvements in our code-checking engines:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Partially loaded areas</li>\n <li>Fatigue check</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Next to that, we prepared some improvements on the <strong>IDEA StatiCa licensing</strong> to enable you flexible and comfortable license management. </p>\n<p>We hope you will enjoy all our new features and improvements and would love to hear your feedback anytime. </p>\n<p>Calculate yesterday’s estimates!</p>"
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"value": "<p>Release 20.1 brings a new application for Concrete design - Concrete Member BETA. Model, reinforce, and code-check a critical concrete member in minutes. </p>\n<h2>Geometry</h2>\n<p>Thanks to our new application, the user can easily design and assess spatial reinforced concrete structures consisted of 1-D elements, <strong>beams</strong> and <strong>columns</strong>. In the future, it will be possible to analyze structural 3-D members of any topology.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d1af910f-dd63-4e10-a160-680ff55b49a6\" data-image-id=\"d1af910f-dd63-4e10-a160-680ff55b49a6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c0124ac5-cca4-4c47-a02d-376dd381631a/Geometry.png\" data-asset-id=\"d1af910f-dd63-4e10-a160-680ff55b49a6\" data-image-id=\"d1af910f-dd63-4e10-a160-680ff55b49a6\" alt=\"Geometry of concrete member\"></figure>\n<h2>Load</h2>\n<p>The load can be applied in the direction of any member axis via the line load. Endpoints of related members can be subjected to point forces (and moments) that represent nodal forces obtained from global analysis.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b9f3b0d7-f70c-444e-a7d0-15beb1cca1cc\" data-image-id=\"b9f3b0d7-f70c-444e-a7d0-15beb1cca1cc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b7dd3740-550b-4ac9-b959-204d964e5125/loads.png\" data-asset-id=\"b9f3b0d7-f70c-444e-a7d0-15beb1cca1cc\" data-image-id=\"b9f3b0d7-f70c-444e-a7d0-15beb1cca1cc\" alt=\"Line load on concrete member\"></figure>\n<h2>Reinforcement</h2>\n<p>Using our well-known dialog, the user can design longitudinal reinforcement and stirrups in each member. The predefined templates can speed up the whole process of reinforcement design. Every group of longitudinal reinforcement, as well as stirrups, can be easily edited in the Property window. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"efb2f9f7-ed60-4132-b0f6-3ae453d5f6eb\" data-image-id=\"efb2f9f7-ed60-4132-b0f6-3ae453d5f6eb\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/050aeadb-b26a-493f-b420-d4e379e08a4c/Reinforcement%20editor.png\" data-asset-id=\"efb2f9f7-ed60-4132-b0f6-3ae453d5f6eb\" data-image-id=\"efb2f9f7-ed60-4132-b0f6-3ae453d5f6eb\" alt=\"Reinforcement editor in concrete member\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>You can define several reinforcement zones along the length of the member and create a complicated reinforcement layout including <strong>various spacing of the stirrups</strong> and <strong>longitudinal reinforcing bars lengths</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5f1641eb-3368-44c5-8c6b-d169a502e69a\" data-image-id=\"5f1641eb-3368-44c5-8c6b-d169a502e69a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/da0294c2-e1c9-49f1-93cb-efc1c6a249af/reinforcement.png\" data-asset-id=\"5f1641eb-3368-44c5-8c6b-d169a502e69a\" data-image-id=\"5f1641eb-3368-44c5-8c6b-d169a502e69a\" alt=\"reinforcement layout\"></figure>\n<h2>Analysis </h2>\n<p>Several different analysis types will be available for one structural model. Currently, only <strong>Linear analysis</strong> can be performed, but other types of analysis will be implemented in the following releases. </p>\n<p>Four types of analyses will be available to analyze concrete members. Now, a <strong>linear analysis</strong> can be run in Concrete Member Beta, the other three types of analyses are in development or in the stage of their final tunning. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ef02ea2f-eb2c-407c-8792-3389c290973a\" data-image-id=\"ef02ea2f-eb2c-407c-8792-3389c290973a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/8d0fb810-fec0-4e46-bcdf-d1717695093c/analysis.png\" data-asset-id=\"ef02ea2f-eb2c-407c-8792-3389c290973a\" data-image-id=\"ef02ea2f-eb2c-407c-8792-3389c290973a\" alt=\"four analysis in IDEA StatiCA: linear analysis, GMNA, CSFM 2D, CSFM 3D\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<ul>\n <li>Linear analysis (LA): implemented in Concrete Member Beta</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b4dcc2b5-67ee-4eea-af28-d6ae214ff1c7\" data-image-id=\"b4dcc2b5-67ee-4eea-af28-d6ae214ff1c7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d312cd32-5d17-47c9-8ca2-9a7ace46a38b/linear%20analysis.png\" data-asset-id=\"b4dcc2b5-67ee-4eea-af28-d6ae214ff1c7\" data-image-id=\"b4dcc2b5-67ee-4eea-af28-d6ae214ff1c7\" alt=\"linear analysis in concrete member\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<ul>\n <li>Geometrically and materially non-linear analysis, including thermal analysis (GMNA): in development</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1df6bc15-e233-4ff9-8381-65342c2eb4c6\" data-image-id=\"1df6bc15-e233-4ff9-8381-65342c2eb4c6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/69989318-5ed5-4f91-9ce5-a535f0e94857/GMNA.png\" data-asset-id=\"1df6bc15-e233-4ff9-8381-65342c2eb4c6\" data-image-id=\"1df6bc15-e233-4ff9-8381-65342c2eb4c6\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<ul>\n <li>Compatible stress field method 2D (CSFM 2D): developed/improving (CSFM is available in IDEA StatiCa Detail)</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bce6d4bc-f477-4a5c-a494-9a11b23430aa\" data-image-id=\"bce6d4bc-f477-4a5c-a494-9a11b23430aa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/fafdfe0b-ef04-4243-9ee9-b0fba3f4f4a5/CSFM2D.png\" data-asset-id=\"bce6d4bc-f477-4a5c-a494-9a11b23430aa\" data-image-id=\"bce6d4bc-f477-4a5c-a494-9a11b23430aa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<ul>\n <li>Compatible stress field method 3D (CSFM 3D): in development</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"719adb70-3ab9-4e1d-9943-af558f4cf2e4\" data-image-id=\"719adb70-3ab9-4e1d-9943-af558f4cf2e4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/fb1739f5-67b0-44d8-ad91-35bb500dc05e/CSFM3D.png\" data-asset-id=\"719adb70-3ab9-4e1d-9943-af558f4cf2e4\" data-image-id=\"719adb70-3ab9-4e1d-9943-af558f4cf2e4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<h2>Section check </h2>\n<p>After linear analysis, the user can run a detailed section check using the application RCS, which automatically chooses the most utilized sections on analyzed members and assess them.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2bebe845-288a-45c4-ae7d-3cdd7938f72a\" data-image-id=\"2bebe845-288a-45c4-ae7d-3cdd7938f72a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/dbb35596-824d-42bc-9b77-7dcd0e4af5bf/section%20check.png\" data-asset-id=\"2bebe845-288a-45c4-ae7d-3cdd7938f72a\" data-image-id=\"2bebe845-288a-45c4-ae7d-3cdd7938f72a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Available in <strong>Expert </strong>and <strong>Enhanced </strong>edition.</p>"
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"value": "<h2>Reinforcement in Partially Loaded Area</h2>\n<p>You can design the reinforcement in the partially loaded area in a more effective way since version 20.1. The reinforcing bars are part of the CSFM model, and the bond between concrete and bars is treated as perfect. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3ab51e56-2e14-40b7-9f70-7ee929f7adeb\" data-image-id=\"3ab51e56-2e14-40b7-9f70-7ee929f7adeb\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f589881a-d9fc-4105-a625-e64020697db3/Partially%20loaded%20areas-reinf.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"3ab51e56-2e14-40b7-9f70-7ee929f7adeb\" data-image-id=\"3ab51e56-2e14-40b7-9f70-7ee929f7adeb\" alt=\"partially loaded areas with reinforcement\"></figure>\n<h2>About Partially Loaded Area</h2>\n<p>This feature is suitable mainly for precast and bridge structural engineers who are dealing with significant reactions in the bearings or concentrated prestressed forces from the tendons in the beams. The benefit is hidden beyond non - conservative design, saving material and money.</p>\n<p>We have figured out how to deal with triaxial stress in partially loaded areas. In these areas crushing of concrete is allowed, and the resistance of concrete in compression can be raised due to transverse confinement according to valid standards (Eurocode). The increase of the resistance can be up to 3 times the cylinder strength of concrete.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b72f7533-5eae-4ccc-8386-af616f712ff6\" data-image-id=\"b72f7533-5eae-4ccc-8386-af616f712ff6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/25769cf9-c38a-4738-860c-948de6a17400/Partially%20loaded%20area%201.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"b72f7533-5eae-4ccc-8386-af616f712ff6\" data-image-id=\"b72f7533-5eae-4ccc-8386-af616f712ff6\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The partially loaded area can be found on every structure. Some typical examples are bridge diaphragms with an area above the bearings, areas under the anchor, or concentrated load on the edge of the wall. Partially loaded areas are designed according to the requirements of the Eurocode and simultaneously are restrained by model geometry (openings, thickness, edges, abrupt change of cross-section).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"db666445-daab-4bbd-8f4c-dd0917b61eba\" data-image-id=\"db666445-daab-4bbd-8f4c-dd0917b61eba\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/88696c5a-2fa2-4f08-b3d7-2ae565699c02/Partially%20loaded%20area%202.png\" data-asset-id=\"db666445-daab-4bbd-8f4c-dd0917b61eba\" data-image-id=\"db666445-daab-4bbd-8f4c-dd0917b61eba\" alt=\"Triaxial stress is covered by new feature, which artificially increase the area of the cone and cover this effect.\"></figure>\n<p>The increase of concrete resistance can be considered if the confinement is kept. Due to this condition, reinforcement bars are automatically added to pass the condition regarding confinement and Eurocode provision.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"802e353e-22eb-4418-a1c6-c7c47e4f890c\" data-image-id=\"802e353e-22eb-4418-a1c6-c7c47e4f890c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7fecad0b-e34f-415a-86ce-0b5ddf1b674c/Partially%20loaded%20area%20cone.png\" data-asset-id=\"802e353e-22eb-4418-a1c6-c7c47e4f890c\" data-image-id=\"802e353e-22eb-4418-a1c6-c7c47e4f890c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>This functionality guarantees that models are getting converge and simultaneously comply with design criteria for valid standards (Eurocode). The implemented method is independent of the finite element mesh. <strong>The bearing capacity is increased with</strong> the <strong>changing of the concrete area. The consequence of this state is constant stress along with the height of a cone. </strong>Dispersed fictitious struts affect artificially the stiffness of the cone and correctly redistribute the transverse stress, which appears in this area. The density of each dispersed strut is increased to the direction of the applied load.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"62cc432f-b87c-4de2-b8ca-afd16981510a\" data-image-id=\"62cc432f-b87c-4de2-b8ca-afd16981510a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2a98ab65-1aab-4c54-839b-25a89481479e/Dispersed%20fictitious%20struts.png\" data-asset-id=\"62cc432f-b87c-4de2-b8ca-afd16981510a\" data-image-id=\"62cc432f-b87c-4de2-b8ca-afd16981510a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Known limitations come out from the standards valid in Eurocode.</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Cones cannot coincide</li>\n <li>The area A<sub>c1</sub> and A<sub>c0 </sub>lie on the resultant of the acting force</li>\n</ul>\n<p><br></p>"
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"value": "<h2>Wall</h2>\n<p>The wall is the most general entity that can be defined in your model. There are various cases for which you can use this detail. Now, it's time to explain how. </p>\n<p>First, let's talk about the shape of the element. The wall's shape can be defined as:</p>\n<ul>\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Rectangular</strong> </li>\n </ul>\n</ul>\n<p>Using this option, all you need to do is to set the element's width, height, thickness, and, if necessary, offset in X direction related to the top left and right corner.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b151040d-4d6d-4e20-a297-670e3af4cd71\" data-image-id=\"b151040d-4d6d-4e20-a297-670e3af4cd71\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ac646772-fed5-4840-b262-a991fa509a69/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_rectangular.png\" data-asset-id=\"b151040d-4d6d-4e20-a297-670e3af4cd71\" data-image-id=\"b151040d-4d6d-4e20-a297-670e3af4cd71\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Polygon</strong></li>\n </ul>\n</ul>\n<p>If you need a more complex topology, the Polygon shape is the way. The geometry can be defined by selecting the Edit shape button in the data window, and then in the wizard using coordinates in X and Z directions related to the global coordinate system. You can add new rows, or delete the existing ones using the right-click into the coordinates table.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9a09f87a-31c4-4c32-a44d-2b30d868869d\" data-image-id=\"9a09f87a-31c4-4c32-a44d-2b30d868869d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e0275f69-8357-43ba-9450-059d706dff03/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_polygon.png\" data-asset-id=\"9a09f87a-31c4-4c32-a44d-2b30d868869d\" data-image-id=\"9a09f87a-31c4-4c32-a44d-2b30d868869d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Import DXF</strong> </li>\n </ul>\n</ul>\n<p>In case of having a complex shape of the structure or already finished drawings, you can use the import from the DXF file functionality to have the geometry defined quickly. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d33c995d-190c-43f5-9dfb-589a025b24b7\" data-image-id=\"d33c995d-190c-43f5-9dfb-589a025b24b7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bbd926e9-959c-4818-b415-41974097b044/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_DXF1.png\" data-asset-id=\"d33c995d-190c-43f5-9dfb-589a025b24b7\" data-image-id=\"d33c995d-190c-43f5-9dfb-589a025b24b7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Simply click on the Import DXF button, pick the file from your storage, and start selecting the structure's outline. It can be done by choosing the lines individually in the main graphic window, or just a single line and then clicking the Consecutive button from the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b6fe80b6-3a1d-434b-a35e-4635c8362f1c\" data-image-id=\"b6fe80b6-3a1d-434b-a35e-4635c8362f1c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1b2da944-b95d-4d91-8505-211030166867/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_DXF2.png\" data-asset-id=\"b6fe80b6-3a1d-434b-a35e-4635c8362f1c\" data-image-id=\"b6fe80b6-3a1d-434b-a35e-4635c8362f1c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>In the wizard, you can use the full potential of the functionalities in the top ribbon - it is possible to change the units, distinguish three planes - XY, XZ, and YZ in which the drawing is done, set some tolerance and discretization of curved lines, entities numbers, and add openings directly. On top of that, when you make a mistake, you can undo the steps, and clear the selection.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"bc162bb5-9685-4cba-b26b-60417fccf05b\" data-image-id=\"bc162bb5-9685-4cba-b26b-60417fccf05b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7282d9d1-51b6-4bb6-b73c-82c5aef23010/QRC-D_03%20Wall_shape_DXF3.png\" data-asset-id=\"bc162bb5-9685-4cba-b26b-60417fccf05b\" data-image-id=\"bc162bb5-9685-4cba-b26b-60417fccf05b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Moreover, you can even import the geometry together with the reinforcement!</p>\n<p>Now, let's sum up the most important information you need to know for proper wall element definition.</p>\n<ul>\n <li>All types of <a data-item-id=\"5a121972-f384-4f14-8788-9da298e1aae1\" href=\"\"><strong>supports</strong></a> and <strong>transfer devices</strong> can be used for this geometry type.</li>\n <li>It is not possible to add a <a data-item-id=\"aa1a5fc8-a069-4196-9c2e-cde472068193\" href=\"\"><strong>trimmed end</strong></a> of the wall, the structure must be defined as a whole. </li>\n <li>All types of <strong>openings</strong> can be applied.</li>\n <li>And last but not least, the wall entity must have a constant <strong>thickness</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The whole model can be made up of several separate elements. The software will automatically connect them. The joint between the walls must be free of gaps. Moreover, it is possible to define different thicknesses for each wall element used in the project. See the example in the image below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"025d3df2-ffe0-4c71-9bde-f5837421ae1a\" data-image-id=\"025d3df2-ffe0-4c71-9bde-f5837421ae1a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3ce7dc88-9f5e-4dfe-b64d-11dc718b63d7/RC-D_03_01.png\" data-asset-id=\"025d3df2-ffe0-4c71-9bde-f5837421ae1a\" data-image-id=\"025d3df2-ffe0-4c71-9bde-f5837421ae1a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Beam</h2>\n<p>This element can be used for various types of beams. It is up to you whether you need to model and analyze the whole beam or just want to focus on a specific area - discontinuity region using the trimmed end option.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9bd9525d-f0b9-477c-97b6-b7d1ab6365a3\" data-image-id=\"9bd9525d-f0b9-477c-97b6-b7d1ab6365a3\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/87a7e44f-524e-4533-b313-482d7ac74b91/QRC-D_03%20Beam_whole%20beam.png\" data-asset-id=\"9bd9525d-f0b9-477c-97b6-b7d1ab6365a3\" data-image-id=\"9bd9525d-f0b9-477c-97b6-b7d1ab6365a3\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Example of a whole saddle beam with openings</em></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Let's say you have already designed and checked the reinforcement in the B-regions, and you want to focus on the discontinuity regions of the beam only, so you won't spend additional time modeling the whole beam. No problem! In this case, it is recommended to model the trimmed beam.</p>\n<p>The beam can be trimmed at:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Beginning</strong></li>\n <li><strong>End</strong></li>\n <li>Or <strong>both</strong> the beginning and end at the same time</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"99f9f30d-cc57-4dea-981c-f8d76092acbc\" data-image-id=\"99f9f30d-cc57-4dea-981c-f8d76092acbc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3e601d9e-4dd4-4bfb-aa41-0f8aff99588e/QRC-D_03%20Beam_trimmed%20end.png\" data-asset-id=\"99f9f30d-cc57-4dea-981c-f8d76092acbc\" data-image-id=\"99f9f30d-cc57-4dea-981c-f8d76092acbc\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Example of a beam with the trimmed end</em></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>When modeling a beam, you can select one of the pre-defined <a data-item-id=\"5cff133b-460c-4bf2-94c2-3957a7b88e47\" href=\"\">cross-sections</a> from the library.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"55bb8184-6fc9-4567-81af-fca818c4f5b7\" data-image-id=\"55bb8184-6fc9-4567-81af-fca818c4f5b7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/98d2b093-7fb0-45e5-853e-2acc3873864b/QRC-D_03%20Beam_cross-sections.png\" data-asset-id=\"55bb8184-6fc9-4567-81af-fca818c4f5b7\" data-image-id=\"55bb8184-6fc9-4567-81af-fca818c4f5b7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The beam is defined as a 2D element. The cross-section of the beam is used only to set the proper thicknesses. </p>\n<p>Let's check the summary for beam elements:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>All types of <a data-item-id=\"50ed723b-9b87-4870-a69f-e05b5a8a8150\" href=\"\"><strong>supports</strong></a> and <strong>transfer devices</strong> can be used for this geometry type.</li>\n <li>The beam can be <a data-item-id=\"7e9198c1-d161-5c59-9e9b-aed2c2a00408\" href=\"\"><strong>trimmed</strong></a><strong> </strong>at the beginning, end, or both the beginning and end. </li>\n <li>All types of <strong>openings</strong> can be applied.</li>\n <li>The structure can have <strong>haunches</strong> - just select the checkbox in the data window and set the parameters.</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d721402b-14ac-4807-aef2-f668dd9f3166\" data-image-id=\"d721402b-14ac-4807-aef2-f668dd9f3166\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/04bf59e2-fa45-49eb-b136-7ad3e7c88be3/RC-D_03_02.png\" data-asset-id=\"d721402b-14ac-4807-aef2-f668dd9f3166\" data-image-id=\"d721402b-14ac-4807-aef2-f668dd9f3166\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Knee joint</h2>\n<p>A knee joint is a type of frame joint - basically the most commonly used D-region. Sometimes, they can be underestimated in the design. However, it is important to pay attention to them. And it can be easy when you have a powerful tool such as the IDEA StatiCa Detail application. </p>\n<p>What's important to know?</p>\n<ul>\n <li>As in the beam element case, also the knee joint is defined using a <a data-item-id=\"5cff133b-460c-4bf2-94c2-3957a7b88e47\" href=\"\"><strong>cross-section</strong></a> selected from the library. </li>\n <li>Compared to wall and beam types, you can't set supports. Only the usage of <a data-item-id=\"aa1a5fc8-a069-4196-9c2e-cde472068193\" href=\"\"><strong>trimmed</strong></a> or <strong>free ends</strong> is allowed in this case. Nevertheless, all types of load transferring devices can be applied to the structure.</li>\n <li>All types of <strong>openings</strong> can be applied.</li>\n <li>The structure can have <strong>haunches</strong> - just select the checkbox in the data window and set the parameters. On top of that, the members can be <strong>inclined</strong> by the wanted angle. </li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2f0b6e92-12e9-4d0e-9ca1-694c0b540aae\" data-image-id=\"2f0b6e92-12e9-4d0e-9ca1-694c0b540aae\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/34573afb-190b-430c-b7bb-01d268959bb0/RC-D_03_03.png\" data-asset-id=\"2f0b6e92-12e9-4d0e-9ca1-694c0b540aae\" data-image-id=\"2f0b6e92-12e9-4d0e-9ca1-694c0b540aae\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The geometry of the knee joint may vary. In the Detail app, you can select from three options to define the most suitable one.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c5edd940-03b8-45d5-b727-8c7519191be0\" data-image-id=\"c5edd940-03b8-45d5-b727-8c7519191be0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/74ac2f16-df31-4471-8ef0-3b05a412f654/QRC-D_03%20Knee%20joint_joint%20type.png\" data-asset-id=\"c5edd940-03b8-45d5-b727-8c7519191be0\" data-image-id=\"c5edd940-03b8-45d5-b727-8c7519191be0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>To see it in the action, check the image below. These three structures were created by using the same settings, only with different joint types.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7c4d9fea-76b9-4de6-9399-7946e1351c95\" data-image-id=\"7c4d9fea-76b9-4de6-9399-7946e1351c95\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f261ebd1-7854-4d18-808c-6acfc4334d6b/RC-D_03_04.png\" data-asset-id=\"7c4d9fea-76b9-4de6-9399-7946e1351c95\" data-image-id=\"7c4d9fea-76b9-4de6-9399-7946e1351c95\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Cross joint</h2>\n<p>This option is identical to the knee joint. For the characteristics, see the previous paragraph.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e4670a1e-0b30-4707-b708-7858eb147bae\" data-image-id=\"e4670a1e-0b30-4707-b708-7858eb147bae\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4bb40a71-3067-4cf2-8aa5-71024ddeb7c6/RC-D_03_05.png\" data-asset-id=\"e4670a1e-0b30-4707-b708-7858eb147bae\" data-image-id=\"e4670a1e-0b30-4707-b708-7858eb147bae\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>There are two types of Cross joints - prismatic beam or prismatic column. The difference is shown in the image below. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a10dccd9-755e-4463-ab21-21803ae67e73\" data-image-id=\"a10dccd9-755e-4463-ab21-21803ae67e73\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/87cc88dc-5366-4e2c-b264-8cd1619eaeb0/RC-D_03_06.png\" data-asset-id=\"a10dccd9-755e-4463-ab21-21803ae67e73\" data-image-id=\"a10dccd9-755e-4463-ab21-21803ae67e73\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Diaphragm</h2>\n<p>Diaphragms are exactly the same as walls in terms of the element's definition. For more information, please see the Wall paragraph.</p>\n<p>There are three ways to define the shape:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Two-way bridge </li>\n <li>Highway bridge </li>\n <li>And General - by polyline or imported from the DXF file</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3c3913eb-ffb0-4e02-8ae8-59a315d449a5\" data-image-id=\"3c3913eb-ffb0-4e02-8ae8-59a315d449a5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/87d19f2d-5c10-4531-97a5-0e36f138587b/QRC-D_03%20Diaphragm_types.png\" data-asset-id=\"3c3913eb-ffb0-4e02-8ae8-59a315d449a5\" data-image-id=\"3c3913eb-ffb0-4e02-8ae8-59a315d449a5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>It is important to mention that these details (subregions) can be divided into two groups. The difference between them is in the element's thickness definition:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Walls and Diaphragms - constant thickness </li>\n <li>Beams and Joints - thickness defined by a cross-section</li>\n</ul>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Please be aware that all geometry types mentioned above are in the software considered as 2D elements, thus can transfer only in plane loads, and out of plane forces must be neglected.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n46c56442_ec49_010d_69d5_cea1d05d7dcd\"></object>"
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"value": "<h2>1 New project</h2>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b228b018-7410-488d-a190-39a90b700fca\" data-image-id=\"b228b018-7410-488d-a190-39a90b700fca\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ae7cb3f1-214d-417c-8224-b6d703b9c794/1_1.png\" data-asset-id=\"b228b018-7410-488d-a190-39a90b700fca\" data-image-id=\"b228b018-7410-488d-a190-39a90b700fca\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Start a <a data-item-id=\"9b7994e5-6207-43cf-9f97-a754d0362241\" href=\"\"><strong>New</strong></a> project in <a data-item-id=\"a0e85d28-23e6-4006-94d6-f334c2be9b67\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Detail</a>.</p>\n<p>In the first step, select the desired class and topology, you can then define the design code (choose <strong>EN</strong>) as well as the concrete grade and cover (use concrete<strong> C30/37</strong> and cover <strong>30 mm</strong>). You can change your choice of material (or add another one) later, nevertheless, the design code can be chosen only in this first step of the project.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0b678e22-8ff7-4917-882c-e71da7e23c97\" data-image-id=\"0b678e22-8ff7-4917-882c-e71da7e23c97\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a5663589-fde9-42df-a943-40fbf4014345/1_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"0b678e22-8ff7-4917-882c-e71da7e23c97\" data-image-id=\"0b678e22-8ff7-4917-882c-e71da7e23c97\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>2 Geometry</h2>\n<p>Start the definition of geometry by changing the cross-section of the <strong>Member</strong> <strong>M1</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1c000a6d-7f43-42bc-b164-23c720978712\" data-image-id=\"1c000a6d-7f43-42bc-b164-23c720978712\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bf1fbecd-1f2e-40cf-9b46-28d0595bb46d/2_1.png\" data-asset-id=\"1c000a6d-7f43-42bc-b164-23c720978712\" data-image-id=\"1c000a6d-7f43-42bc-b164-23c720978712\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Define the <strong>I shape with haunched flanges</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c31546e4-0b63-45de-85df-6626a6ddfea4\" data-image-id=\"c31546e4-0b63-45de-85df-6626a6ddfea4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/ce99c108-ec5b-430d-800e-5b9edb6f0c27/2_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"c31546e4-0b63-45de-85df-6626a6ddfea4\" data-image-id=\"c31546e4-0b63-45de-85df-6626a6ddfea4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Change the width of the flanges and the height of the beam.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1f596505-cab1-46b0-9633-1c168b12f29b\" data-image-id=\"1f596505-cab1-46b0-9633-1c168b12f29b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9839e7bd-5471-4883-a4c1-e28609fb85d7/2_3.png\" data-asset-id=\"1f596505-cab1-46b0-9633-1c168b12f29b\" data-image-id=\"1f596505-cab1-46b0-9633-1c168b12f29b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The <a data-item-id=\"865804fb-a8ac-42df-9ddd-e05404a48c9d\" href=\"\"><strong>opening</strong></a> is enlarged and shifted to the center of the beam.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0a2d95bf-6ddf-4177-a0c9-d2ee8a68eec4\" data-image-id=\"0a2d95bf-6ddf-4177-a0c9-d2ee8a68eec4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/17810c5a-140d-4372-946e-e540cad41f7d/2_4.png\" data-asset-id=\"0a2d95bf-6ddf-4177-a0c9-d2ee8a68eec4\" data-image-id=\"0a2d95bf-6ddf-4177-a0c9-d2ee8a68eec4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Read more about the geometry definition in <a data-item-id=\"d687ccdc-e898-489c-91cf-c4d935406d36\" href=\"\"><strong>Geometry types in Detail</strong></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>3 Load effects</h2>\n<p>Let us now define the <strong>Load</strong> of the detail. You can see that two load cases were already automatically created. Change the content of the load cases a little bit.</p>\n<p>For <strong>LC1</strong> (permanent load), change the <strong>Internal forces</strong> so that you input the values of shear force and bending moment at the point of the opening. In <strong>Load Impulses</strong>, keep the value of line load to <strong>-10 kN/m</strong> in global Z-.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"58c23394-f525-4def-b435-61566cc335a9\" data-image-id=\"58c23394-f525-4def-b435-61566cc335a9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1773c0ed-07fd-440a-9c65-6f322ad14e20/3_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"58c23394-f525-4def-b435-61566cc335a9\" data-image-id=\"58c23394-f525-4def-b435-61566cc335a9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Similarly, change the values of <strong>Internal forces</strong> for <strong>LC2</strong> (variable load). In <strong>Load impulses</strong>, change the value to <strong>-5 kN/m</strong> in global Z-direction.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1204edbd-1741-4f5a-beea-26a61c2f5722\" data-image-id=\"1204edbd-1741-4f5a-beea-26a61c2f5722\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1ed3197b-d918-489b-8613-8fc59e89e9fd/3_4.png\" data-asset-id=\"1204edbd-1741-4f5a-beea-26a61c2f5722\" data-image-id=\"1204edbd-1741-4f5a-beea-26a61c2f5722\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Three nonlinear combinations were already defined: C1 stands for ULS checks. C2 is a quasi-permanent and C3 a characteristic load combination, both defined for SLS code checks. You can define new combinations if required, there are three types of combinations available for SLS code checks: characteristic, frequent and quasi-permanent. You can select which checks shall be performed for each combination and the partial coefficients for the combination rules can be adjusted as well. In our case we use the predefined combinations.</p>\n<p>The calculations will be performed only for the checked items. Right now we leave all three combinations (C1, C2 and C3) selected.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"05026937-915b-4619-9d3b-df0063ec00b5\" data-image-id=\"05026937-915b-4619-9d3b-df0063ec00b5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e5376849-76d4-498e-953f-fef18b8306dc/3_6.png\" data-asset-id=\"05026937-915b-4619-9d3b-df0063ec00b5\" data-image-id=\"05026937-915b-4619-9d3b-df0063ec00b5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Learn more about internal forces in <a data-item-id=\"38cbe005-0e1e-4d75-ae8a-2ef9dcee4c2b\" href=\"\">General description of Load impulses in Detail application</a></li>\n <li>Learn more about load impulses in <a data-item-id=\"05ba912c-dc0b-4a2f-9763-099001bbb052\" href=\"\">Internal forces and equilibrium in Detail application</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>4 Reinforcement</h2>\n<p>Once the load has been defined, you can proceed to input the <strong>Reinforcement</strong>. You will use the items created by the template.</p>\n<p>You can change the diameter of stirrups and adjust their distances (the first value corresponds to the distance of the first stirrup from the edge, the other stirrups will be distributed in distances given by the second value).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"80475315-55d1-4a6d-962c-fbbf5a47a15b\" data-image-id=\"80475315-55d1-4a6d-962c-fbbf5a47a15b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e73ef6fa-d511-47c2-b10c-c010ded36316/4_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"80475315-55d1-4a6d-962c-fbbf5a47a15b\" data-image-id=\"80475315-55d1-4a6d-962c-fbbf5a47a15b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Reduce the diameter of bars of reinforcement <strong>RO1</strong> around the opening and the number of layers of horizontal/vertical and diagonal bars. Change the distance between horizontal/vertical bars and also adjust the length of the diagonal bars and anchoring of horizontal/vertical bars.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"52fa5a28-71ee-4ee4-80ee-58c09c778f11\" data-image-id=\"52fa5a28-71ee-4ee4-80ee-58c09c778f11\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/327fd926-94d2-48d3-b417-68f8de3030fc/4_3.png\" data-asset-id=\"52fa5a28-71ee-4ee4-80ee-58c09c778f11\" data-image-id=\"52fa5a28-71ee-4ee4-80ee-58c09c778f11\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The operation <strong>GB1</strong> includes a group of bars at the bottom face of the beam. Change the diameter of bars.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"12dc786c-f420-4bbc-afee-83b9c0e742d0\" data-image-id=\"12dc786c-f420-4bbc-afee-83b9c0e742d0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/605263be-1f0b-480f-9810-a9e18e7f6db2/4_4.png\" data-asset-id=\"12dc786c-f420-4bbc-afee-83b9c0e742d0\" data-image-id=\"12dc786c-f420-4bbc-afee-83b9c0e742d0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Master your reinforcing skills by reading <a data-item-id=\"6fa5f6f4-dd62-4a8b-a85b-77dc223d2e05\" href=\"\">Reinforcement definition in the Detail application</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>5 Calculation and Check</h2>\n<p>Proceed to calculate the project. Continue to <strong>Check</strong> Tab and press the <strong>Calculate</strong> button in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9069ec11-c781-4e87-b152-9670ed6cc3f1\" data-image-id=\"9069ec11-c781-4e87-b152-9670ed6cc3f1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5bfb0f66-41ac-4b88-8c00-e7708211994b/5_1.png\" data-asset-id=\"9069ec11-c781-4e87-b152-9670ed6cc3f1\" data-image-id=\"9069ec11-c781-4e87-b152-9670ed6cc3f1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>At the top left of the screen, you can see the overview of all the code checks and the status of the checks (passed/failed).</p>\n<p>In the table on the right, all the detailed results and the amount of permanent and variable load applied can be found. At the moment, the resulting strength check of the concrete in ULS is presented. In the <strong>Results</strong> toolbar, the limit value for the diagram can be changed. Change the value so that only the concrete in compression over <strong>-2 MPa</strong> is marked red.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"399e0a14-3878-4bab-b705-23a7f63ecce8\" data-image-id=\"399e0a14-3878-4bab-b705-23a7f63ecce8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2b213a23-c573-4a41-815a-4e8ba256beac/1.png\" data-asset-id=\"399e0a14-3878-4bab-b705-23a7f63ecce8\" data-image-id=\"399e0a14-3878-4bab-b705-23a7f63ecce8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You can display all the code checks using the buttons in the <strong>Code-check results</strong> toolbar. In the <strong>Summary</strong>, the main results for ULS/SLS are presented. Click for instance on the line in <strong>ULS/Anchorage length</strong> to display the utilization of the bond between concrete and reinforcement (with the most critical spot marked in the figure).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d1582b74-b0b4-4e4e-9c1d-a7d7f0965965\" data-image-id=\"d1582b74-b0b4-4e4e-9c1d-a7d7f0965965\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7ae29cba-2d39-4d59-aa42-d270c02da894/2.png\" data-asset-id=\"d1582b74-b0b4-4e4e-9c1d-a7d7f0965965\" data-image-id=\"d1582b74-b0b4-4e4e-9c1d-a7d7f0965965\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>We open the SLS results by selecting a SLS Combination, e.g. C2 or C3.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a150e9aa-f2fe-4548-bf86-64e0bb5c88e0\" data-image-id=\"a150e9aa-f2fe-4548-bf86-64e0bb5c88e0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/59cbb2a8-dfb3-4f3e-9bd3-e2991a85a5f0/3.png\" data-asset-id=\"a150e9aa-f2fe-4548-bf86-64e0bb5c88e0\" data-image-id=\"a150e9aa-f2fe-4548-bf86-64e0bb5c88e0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>To open the detailed results of ULS, click <strong>Strength</strong> in Code-check results. As noted above the table, C1 combination was used to check ULS.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d717738e-3f23-4f4e-99e8-0e6f86b8563c\" data-image-id=\"d717738e-3f23-4f4e-99e8-0e6f86b8563c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/aba8fc13-3fbe-47a8-a281-fe12c1d9f11b/4.png\" data-asset-id=\"d717738e-3f23-4f4e-99e8-0e6f86b8563c\" data-image-id=\"d717738e-3f23-4f4e-99e8-0e6f86b8563c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Again, you can display the results for <strong>Concrete</strong> and also for <strong>Reinforcement</strong> by selecting the corresponding tab above the table. You can select any bar of reinforcement to see its results of analysis and code check.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"fe9f6f00-5d60-49e0-bfc0-74e28d6ceffc\" data-image-id=\"fe9f6f00-5d60-49e0-bfc0-74e28d6ceffc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d3cbd0bc-46fd-4d9c-8776-d71d9eb4bd21/5.png\" data-asset-id=\"fe9f6f00-5d60-49e0-bfc0-74e28d6ceffc\" data-image-id=\"fe9f6f00-5d60-49e0-bfc0-74e28d6ceffc\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>More info about ULS results can be found in <a data-item-id=\"dfd7d908-843b-4d1e-8f66-26343a9bf3ff\" href=\"\">General description of ULS results in Detail application</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>The detailed results of SLS can be found under <strong>Stress limitation, </strong><a data-item-id=\"ea994302-6f97-4068-818f-19f6666fdb27\" href=\"\"><strong>Crack</strong></a><strong> width</strong> and <strong>Deflection</strong>. For the Stress limitation state, the stress in concrete is checked for both C2 and C3 combinations, while the check of reinforcement is applied only for the combination C3.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"657ab157-7e89-4488-aff6-aeb6e402a3ba\" data-image-id=\"657ab157-7e89-4488-aff6-aeb6e402a3ba\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5fe709e5-124b-4c6a-949f-1720f1e7eb80/6.png\" data-asset-id=\"657ab157-7e89-4488-aff6-aeb6e402a3ba\" data-image-id=\"657ab157-7e89-4488-aff6-aeb6e402a3ba\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Calculated <strong>Crack width</strong>s can be displayed by clicking the corresponding icon. The calculated values are compared to the limit value w_{st,lim} which can be edited in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b669b1ec-73dc-413d-8eaf-008ea0e2f387\" data-image-id=\"b669b1ec-73dc-413d-8eaf-008ea0e2f387\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a9405f9f-0e01-4e76-ad1c-ae7df7d478c8/7.png\" data-asset-id=\"b669b1ec-73dc-413d-8eaf-008ea0e2f387\" data-image-id=\"b669b1ec-73dc-413d-8eaf-008ea0e2f387\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>More info about SLS results can be found in <a data-item-id=\"9e7e995c-6e74-422f-af6e-88a8d7fe047f\" href=\"\">General description of SLS results in Detail application</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>6 Report</h2>\n<p>At last, go to the <strong>Report </strong>Tab. IDEA StatiCa offers a fully customizable report to print out or save in an editable format.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"07b2a2d9-31e0-4f6e-ad3c-660419aa72aa\" data-image-id=\"07b2a2d9-31e0-4f6e-ad3c-660419aa72aa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6d0a57ef-98c6-4dd9-8077-b3103cbfd075/8.png\" data-asset-id=\"07b2a2d9-31e0-4f6e-ad3c-660419aa72aa\" data-image-id=\"07b2a2d9-31e0-4f6e-ad3c-660419aa72aa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2e3559ac-8f4b-47ce-ad68-1a79a58db745\" data-image-id=\"2e3559ac-8f4b-47ce-ad68-1a79a58db745\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b5212488-59ca-4a61-a429-b45cecbb29a5/6_2.png\" data-asset-id=\"2e3559ac-8f4b-47ce-ad68-1a79a58db745\" data-image-id=\"2e3559ac-8f4b-47ce-ad68-1a79a58db745\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You have designed, optimized, and code-checked the part of the <a data-item-id=\"77764ea2-7c2a-5b80-820b-8f3db5624600\" href=\"\">beam with an opening</a>.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"beam_with_an_opening_b2933a1\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"campus_cta\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n06189af4_92d9_014b_d1b5_bbc055bf0ffc\"></object>"
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"value": "<h4>Reinforced concrete wall or deep beams full code-check? No problem!</h4>\n<p>The aim of the webinar is to present how to code-check a <strong>general-shape deep beam</strong> in <strong>IDEA StatiCa Detail</strong> in connection with results from the FEA application in minutes. We will show the workflow on an example of a residential concrete building – exporting the geometry, creating the submodel in IDEA StatiCa Detail, applying the <strong>correct loads</strong>, design of the reinforcement, and the final code-check for both <strong>ultimate and serviceability limit</strong> <strong>states</strong>.</p>\n<p>Try it on your own - get the <a data-item-id=\"0c872071-6a3f-4b99-8cd4-66440db9cc0d\" href=\"\">free Trial license</a> and follow the step-by-step tutorial on <a data-item-id=\"1dc3667d-ddd6-5483-8b97-e7b69923fef7\" href=\"\">Concrete wall</a>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2a799851-47a8-48ba-a994-6142976c5204\" data-image-id=\"2a799851-47a8-48ba-a994-6142976c5204\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/177694cc-5c91-42cb-b88c-568f900670fe/Code-check%20of%20walls%20and%20deep%20beams.png\" data-asset-id=\"2a799851-47a8-48ba-a994-6142976c5204\" data-image-id=\"2a799851-47a8-48ba-a994-6142976c5204\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>The ultimate solution for concrete details and structural parts</h4>\n<p>Common 3D FEA software considers the linear behavior of concrete. Design and code-checks of reinforcement are limited, especially for the <strong>serviceability limit state</strong> which may lead to the development of <strong>excessive cracks</strong>. All of that is covered within the <a data-item-id=\"42ce7f6b-6491-4224-a01e-c4c0072ed1cd\" href=\"\">CSFM-based</a> application IDEA StatiCa Detail. Now, all engineers can efficiently design and code-check walls or deep beams of any shape and many more.</p>\n<p>If you want to see more of <strong>IDEA StatiCa Detail </strong>in action, there are two other recorded webinars to watch:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"1300fb1c-8e32-47f3-8b21-0e8e77e1f238\" href=\"\">How to design a prestressed beam with openings easily?</a></li>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"73d449cf-610e-5c7c-9e8c-da8093630d24\" href=\"\">Cast in situ wall – Ruzomberok (Slovakia)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Or browse our Support center for <a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center-tutorials?product=concrete&label=detail\" title=\"IDEA StatiCa Detail\">tutorials</a> and read the <a data-item-id=\"0000c94c-b603-48c4-8d31-bc56d7c95886\" href=\"\">theoretical background.</a></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<h3>Webinar recording</h3>"
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"value": "<p><br></p>\n<p>The theoretical background is based on COMPATIBLE STRESS FIELD DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE<br>\n(Kaufmann et al., 2020)</p>\n<h1>Structural design of concrete discontinuities in IDEA StatiCa Detail</h1>\n<h2>Introduction to the CSFM method</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#general-introduction\">General introduction for the structural design of concrete details</a><br>\n<a href=\"#main-assumptions-and-limitations\">Main assumptions and limitations</a><br>\n<a href=\"#design-tools-for-reinforcement\">Design tools for reinforcement</a></p>\n<h2>Analysis model of IDEA StatiCa Detail</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#introduction-to-finite-element-implementation\">Introduction to finite element implementation</a><br>\n<a href=\"#supports-and-load-transmitting-components\">Supports and load transmitting components</a><br>\n<a href=\"#load-transfer-at-trimmed-ends-of-beams\">Load transfer at trimmed ends of beams</a><br>\n<a href=\"#geometric-modification-of-cross-sections\">Geometric modification of cross-sections</a><br>\n<a href=\"#finite-element-types\">Finite element types</a><br>\n<a href=\"#meshing\">Meshing</a><br>\n<a href=\"#solution-method-and-load-control-algorithm\">Solution method and load-control algorithm</a><br>\n<a href=\"#presentation-of-results\">Presentation of results</a></p>\n<h2>Model verification</h2>\n<p><a href=\"#limit-states-and-crack-width-calculation\">Limit states, crack width calculation, and Tension stiffening</a></p>\n<h3>Structural verifications according to EUROCODE</h3>\n<p>- <a href=\"#material-models-en\">Material models (EN)</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#safety-factors\">Safety factors</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#ultimate-limit-state-analysis\">Ultimate limit state analysis</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#partially-loaded-areas\">Partially loaded areas (PLA)<br>\n</a>- <a href=\"#serviceability-limit-state-analysis\">Serviceability limit state analysis</a></p>\n<h3>Structural verifications according to ACI 318-19</h3>\n<p>- <a href=\"#material-models-aci\">Material models (ACI)</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#strength-reduction-and-load-factors\">Strength reduction and load factors</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#strength-verifications\">Strength verifications</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#bearing-and-anchorage-zones-partially-loaded-areas\">Bearing and anchorage zones - Partially loaded areas<br>\n</a>- <a href=\"#serviceability-verifications\">Serviceability verifications</a></p>\n<h3>Structural verifications according to AS 3600</h3>\n<p>- <a href=\"#material-models-aus\">Material models (AUS)</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#stress-reduction-and-load-factors\">Stress reduction and load factors</a><br>\n- <a href=\"#strength-and-anchorage-verifications\">Strength and anchorage verifications</a><a href=\"#bearing-and-anchorage-zones-partially-loaded-areas\"><br>\n</a>- <a href=\"#serviceability-checks\">Serviceability checks</a></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><a href=\"#prestressing-in-detail-model-description\">Prestressing in Detail - Model description</a></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<h1>Introduction to the CSFM method</h1>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n8161827f_4fd0_019b_30ec_1aacffee82a8\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___general\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n387365f7_e3d9_01aa_e886_972961a26e65\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___main_assumptions_a\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n0a84f631_ea9b_013c_03cc_539ce65deca6\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___general___reinforc\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>Analysis model of IDEA StatiCa Detail</h1>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n89f4de7a_1d1c_0124_366a_02fface0ceb4\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___general___finite_e\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"e688ad2c_cf9f_01bc_f232_0e8775f4ea76\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___supports_and_load_\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n7c119da7_a9d0_01c7_1ed2_863545949b9d\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___load_transfer_at_t\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n91eb67de_a4e3_0116_4e1d_a5d40a51a9f5\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___geometric_modifica\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n0f9ca641_709c_01f7_e9e9_8bc2ba8a3caa\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___finite_element_typ\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n733ffebb_6b50_0162_851a_23e757287ac5\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___meshing\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n9cb31166_8318_01ab_9863_1f3f0c142b7d\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___solution_method_an\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"dcdd3559_e216_01a8_796d_905a8bf8dfa4\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___presentation_of_re\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>Model verification</h1>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n86f24311_5115_0178_6257_893251992815\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___general___verifica\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>Structural verifications according to Eurocode</h1>\n<p>Assessment of the structure using CSFM is performed by two different analyses: one for serviceability, and one for ultimate limit state load combinations. The serviceability analysis assumes that the ultimate behavior of the element is satisfactory, and the yield conditions of the material will not be reached at serviceability load levels. This approach enables the use of simplified constitutive models (with a linear branch of concrete stress-strain diagram) for serviceability analysis to enhance numerical stability and calculation speed.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n14632137_15ba_01af_c5f2_f8806b7af7d5\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___material_models__e\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n2a996bb1_7427_0141_697a_2f4649d9bbbc\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___safety_factors\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n7d7fbadc_7f26_0159_2acd_a508ea63d72e\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___ultimate_limit_sta\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"ff6e634b_31f7_01aa_ae97_3cc277823534\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___partially_loaded_a\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"d1ef4528_2e76_010d_453d_fb29f1bbf92c\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___serviceability_lim\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>Structural verifications according to ACI 318-19</h1>\n<p>Assessment of the structure using the CSFM is performed by two different analyses: one for serviceability, and one for strength load combinations. The serviceability analysis assumes that the behavior under factored loads is satisfactory, and the yield conditions of the material will not be reached at serviceability load levels. This approach enables the use of simplified constitutive models (with a linear branch of concrete stress-strain diagram) for serviceability analysis to enhance numerical stability and calculation speed.</p>\n<p>CSFM is in accordance with ACI 318-19, chapter 6.8.1.1. In order for the CSFM to meet the requirements from ACI 318-19 Section 6.8.1.2, a lot of verification testing was done at various universities. Individual articles summarizing the results of verification and validation can be found at the following link.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center-verifications?label=detail\">Verifications: Detail 2D</a></li>\n</ul>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n290d9d15_842c_016f_16ed_e82b056aedaa\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___material_models__a\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n8db66791_e455_015f_0225_68cb060469a3\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___factors___aci\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n5518b5db_9a75_0114_3040_d88e8b8b7a97\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___strength_analysis_\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n6f82b2c2_dd71_0110_ff39_352e28b1afb8\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___bearing_and_anchor\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n9a0db098_ea3e_012f_f7c6_b8b8582f3e9a\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___serviceability_ver\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>Structural verifications according to Australian standard AS 3600 (2018)</h1>\n<p>Assessment of the structure using the CSFM is performed by two different analyses: one for serviceability, and one for strength load combinations. The serviceability analysis assumes that the behavior under factored loads is satisfactory, and the yield conditions of the material will not be reached at serviceability load levels. This approach enables the use of simplified constitutive models (with a linear branch of concrete stress-strain diagram) for serviceability analysis to enhance numerical stability and calculation speed.</p>\n<p>The CSFM is a structural analysis method that satisfies the general rules in Chapters 6.1.1 and 6.1.2 and is defined as (f) non-linear stress analysis in Chapter 6.1.3 - further in Chapter 6.6. </p>\n<p>The analysis by CSFM takes into account all relevant non-linear and inelastic effects (except shrinkage) defined in 6.6.3. </p>\n<p>In order to satisfy the requirements in Sections 6.6.4 and 6.6.5 - more can be found in AS3600:2018 Sup 1:2022 Section C6.6 - verification and validations of the method were done at various universities. Individual articles summarizing the results of verification and validation can be found at the following link.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"https://www.ideastatica.com/support-center-verifications?label=detail\">Verifications: Detail 2D</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Since IDEA StatiCa Detail is a practical design program, factored characteristic compressive cylinder strength at 28 days <em>f'</em><em><sub>c</sub></em> is used for calculations, as is described in the next chapter.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n93622323_5a16_0121_3cab_de1e1f0fd677\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___material_models__a_b7035a6\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n126c047e_65e6_0169_94ce_c74e41c5ca7c\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___stress_reduction_a\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"abcd9332_ed6f_0156_c6e9_2b18784bffe3\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___strength_analysis__8bc3bfe\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"ff7c0163_1239_012b_43da_91da8d3dfbcd\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"theoretical_background_detail___serviceability_ver_77b5f2c\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>Prestressing - model description</h1>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"c1b068bd_e046_0151_e774_bd083e4cceca\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"prestressing_in_detail___model_description__body_\"></object>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"e7385921_c260_01af_098b_dcd12e427a3a\"></object>\n<h1><br></h1>\n<h1>References</h1>\n<p>ACI Committee 318. 2019. <em>Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary</em>. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Alvarez, Manuel. 1998. <em>Einfluss des Verbundverhaltens auf das Verformungsvermögen von Stahlbeton</em>. IBK Bericht 236. Basel: Institut für Baustatik und Konstruktion, ETH Zurich, Birkhäuser Verlag.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Beeby, A. W. 1979. “The Prediction of Crack Widths in Hardened Concrete.” <em>The Structural Engineer</em> 57A (1): 9–17.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Broms, Bengt B. 1965. “Crack Width and Crack Spacing In Reinforced Concrete Members.” <em>ACI Journal Proceedings</em> 62 (10): 1237–56. https://doi.org/10.14359/7742.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Burns, C.. 2012. “Serviceability Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Members Based on the Tension Chord Model.” IBK Report Nr. 342, Zurich, Switzerland: ETH Zurich.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Crisfield, M. A. 1997. <em>Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures</em>. Wiley.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2015. <em>1 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings</em>. Brussels: CEN, 2005.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Fernández Ruiz, M., and A. Muttoni. 2007. “On Development of Suitable Stress Fields for Structural Concrete.” <em>ACI Structural Journal</em> 104 (4): 495–502.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Kaufmann, W., J. Mata-Falcón, M. Weber, T. Galkovski, D. Thong Tran, J. Kabelac, M. Konecny, J. Navratil, M. Cihal, and P. Komarkova. 2020. “<em>Compatible Stress Field Design Of Structural Concrete</em>. Berlin, Germany.”AZ Druck und Datentechnik GmbH, ISBN 978-3-906916-95-8.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Kaufmann, W., and P. Marti. 1998. “Structural Concrete: Cracked Membrane Model.” <em>Journal of Structural Engineering</em> 124 (12): 1467–75. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1998)124:12(1467).</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Kaufmann, W.. 1998. “Strength and Deformations of Structural Concrete Subjected to In-Plane Shear and Normal Forces.” Doctoral dissertation, Basel: Institut für Baustatik und Konstruktion, ETH Zürich. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7612-4.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Konečný, M., J. Kabeláč, and J. Navrátil. 2017. <em>Use of Topology Optimization in Concrete Reinforcement Design</em>. 24. Czech Concrete Days (2017). ČBS ČSSI. https://resources.ideastatica.com/Content/06_Detail/Verification/Articles/Topology_optimization_US.pdf.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Marti, P. 1985. “Truss Models in Detailing.” <em>Concrete International</em> 7 (12): 66–73.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Marti, P. 2013. <em>Theory of Structures: Fundamentals, Framed Structures, Plates and Shells</em>. First edition. Berlin, Germany: Wiley Ernst & Sohn.</p>\n<p>http://sfx.ethz.ch/sfx_locater?sid=ALEPH:EBI01&genre=book&isbn=9783433029916.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Marti, P., M.Alvarez, W. Kaufmann, and V. Sigrist. 1998. “Tension Chord Model for Structural Concrete.” <em>Structural Engineering International</em> 8 (4): 287–298.</p>\n<p>https://doi.org/10.2749/101686698780488875.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Mata-Falcón, J. 2015. “Serviceability and Ultimate Behaviour of Dapped-End Beams (In Spanish: Estudio Del Comportamiento En Servicio y Rotura de Los Apoyos a Media Madera).” PhD thesis, Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Meier, H. 1983. “Berücksichtigung Des Wirklichkeitsnahen Werkstoffverhaltens Beim Standsicherheitsnachweis Turmartiger Stahlbetonbauwerke.” Institut für Massivbau, Universität Stuttgart.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Navrátil, J., P. Ševčík, L. Michalčík, P. Foltyn, and J. Kabeláč. 2017. <em>A Solution for Walls and Details of Concrete Structures</em>. 24. Czech Concrete Days.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Schlaich, J., K. Schäfer, and M. Jennewein. 1987a. “Toward a Consistent Design of Structural Concrete.” <em>PCI Journal</em> 32 (3): 74–150.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Standards Australia. 2018. <em>Concrete Structures (AS 3600:2018)</em>. Sydney, NSW: Standards Australia.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Standards Australia. 2022. <em>Concrete Structures – Commentary (Supplement 1 to AS 3600:2018)</em>. Sydney, NSW: Standards Australia.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>Vecchio, F.J., and M.P. Collins. 1986. “The Modified Compression Field Theory for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear.” <em>ACI Journal</em> 83 (2): 219–31.</p>"
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"value": "<p>You will find out how to apply boundary conditions in the application IDEA StatiCa Detail which uses the <a data-item-id=\"86ad7678-0f7f-452a-8e0d-376ea5797b27\" href=\"\">CSFM (Compatible stress field method)</a>. There are five types of supports, let's find out what are they for.</p>\n<h2>Supports in IDEA StatiCa Detail</h2>\n<h4>Point Distributed Support</h4>\n<p>The first type of support is <strong>point distributed support</strong> which is defined on the edge or within an area of the model where the reaction is distributed. Due to distribution, the stress is not concentrated at one point but distributed over an area. No abrupt changes of stress occur. This type of support is perfect where rotation is enabled, and the stress distribution is uniform under the support, especially <strong>elastomeric</strong> and <strong>pot bridge bearings</strong>. Check out the functionality of <a data-item-id=\"bc5b5556-856a-4f0d-8f32-c4e2de75e237\" href=\"\">partially loaded areas</a> which is compatible only with point-distributed support.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8b1b6d29-5bae-44ec-992e-cef457d6e920\" data-image-id=\"8b1b6d29-5bae-44ec-992e-cef457d6e920\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/76438042-0256-4eee-b9c3-96cc482f48ad/Point%20distributed%20support%20%28CSFM%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"8b1b6d29-5bae-44ec-992e-cef457d6e920\" data-image-id=\"8b1b6d29-5bae-44ec-992e-cef457d6e920\" alt=\"Point distributed support\"></figure>\n<h4>Bearing Plate Support</h4>\n<p>The second type of support is called <strong>bearing plate support</strong>. A point reaction is transferred to the model via a steel plate where the plate is not checked, and it serves as a reaction transfer device. The steel plate prevents the occurrence of cracks in concrete and deforms. The dimensions of the plate may affect the results significantly. This kind of support is perfect for structures where a real steel plate is, such as <strong>roller bridge bearing</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b685fe3c-ec08-4d5f-b2e1-415a3a23b3c0\" data-image-id=\"b685fe3c-ec08-4d5f-b2e1-415a3a23b3c0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d5dca6f7-506e-49ea-9248-00bd2856aa32/Bearing%20plate%20support%20%28CSFM%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"b685fe3c-ec08-4d5f-b2e1-415a3a23b3c0\" data-image-id=\"b685fe3c-ec08-4d5f-b2e1-415a3a23b3c0\" alt=\"Bearing plate support\"></figure>\n<h4>Line Support</h4>\n<p>The third type of support, which can be considered as universal or more general than these two previous ones, is called <strong>line support</strong>. It acts as a <strong>group of spring supports within a defined length</strong> on the edge or area of the model. Spring stiffness is either default (corresponding to the structure stiffness above the support) or defined by the user. There is a possibility of modeling non-linear support acting in compression only. This kind of support is perfect for any support which does not fit to assumptions of the first two supports (point distributed, bearing plate), especially line supports and spring supports of the piles acting in compression only.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"377ec61e-0181-42d6-b807-8551ef18e856\" data-image-id=\"377ec61e-0181-42d6-b807-8551ef18e856\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/41b6a0e5-80c3-4712-bf5b-3fa1cc373c2c/Line%20support%20%28CSFM%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"377ec61e-0181-42d6-b807-8551ef18e856\" data-image-id=\"377ec61e-0181-42d6-b807-8551ef18e856\" alt=\"Line support\"></figure>\n<h4>Hanging Support</h4>\n<p>The fourth type of support is the <strong>hanging support</strong>. The support applied at the hanging is converted, according to the rotation, to the supports acting in the axes of each hanging branch, applied at the point where the hanging branches enter the concrete. The part of the hanging protruding from the concrete is not checked. The utilization of such support is quite obvious – precast concrete <strong>lifting anchor system</strong>, especially the site operational loop made from reinforcing steel. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"22af22f4-8657-4453-9e4a-866083d1532b\" data-image-id=\"22af22f4-8657-4453-9e4a-866083d1532b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d68c0c7a-0f69-467d-b9bc-52e66cfa8c7c/Hanging%20support%20%28CSFM%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"22af22f4-8657-4453-9e4a-866083d1532b\" data-image-id=\"22af22f4-8657-4453-9e4a-866083d1532b\" alt=\"Hanging support\"></figure>\n<h4>Patch Support</h4>\n<p>The fifth type of support in IDEA StatiCa Detail is <strong>patch support</strong>. It is a point support with a specific area through which the reaction is transferred to the model. The reaction is applied directly to reinforcement, explicitly specified (otherwise, it is applied to a concrete). The utilization of such support is quite obvious – <strong>precast concrete lifting anchor system</strong>, especially steel plate welded to reinforcement, basically all kinds of lifting anchor systems fastened (welded) to reinforcement or supported the anchor against it. 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"value": "<p><strong>Compatible Stress Field Method </strong>(CSFM) is an innovative method implemented in IDEA StatiCa Concrete used for the design of reinforced concrete structures. Let’s take a look behind the scenes of our software and see for yourselves that there is no need to be afraid of using CSFM calculations in your projects. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a7b3dcf1-10ed-4b44-99e3-f59b4bd2a7fe\" data-image-id=\"a7b3dcf1-10ed-4b44-99e3-f59b4bd2a7fe\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7fd8d041-20d1-40a8-9a71-eb9cdce27155/7.png\" data-asset-id=\"a7b3dcf1-10ed-4b44-99e3-f59b4bd2a7fe\" data-image-id=\"a7b3dcf1-10ed-4b44-99e3-f59b4bd2a7fe\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Fig: a) Wall with openings b) Shear wall c) Beam with dapped ends and openings d) Bridge pier e) Bridge diaphragm </em></p>\n<p>See the <strong>introduction video about CSFM and IDEA StatiCa Detail</strong>:</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n9cf4be9e_1a16_013b_08ac_786b868df709\"></object>\n<p>CSFM offers much more than just ULS checks. The advanced state of the method is based on <strong>modified compression field theory</strong>, implementation of <strong>tension stiffening</strong>, and distinguishing between stabilized or non-stabilized cracking; hence we <strong>perform SLS checks</strong> of the concrete member. Thus, we can observe <strong>crack width</strong>, <strong>deformation</strong>, and <strong>stresses</strong> corresponding to SLS combinations.</p>\n<p>Watch the recording of a webinar where the theory behind the CSFM was explained in detail. </p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n4a95bf6f_e0a2_0145_b0f4_e9fe78b96928\"></object>\n<p>If you are interested in the method itself, see some more resources:</p>\n<p><strong>Article summarizing the principles</strong> of the method: <a data-item-id=\"eaab962d-ba44-4ee0-8fa7-45193c9f52b5\" href=\"\">CSFM explained</a></p>\n<p><strong>Extensive theoretical background</strong> where you will find in detail the material methods used, how the model is built and meshed, and how the individual values are calculated: <a data-item-id=\"0000c94c-b603-48c4-8d31-bc56d7c95886\" href=\"\">Theoretical Background</a></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>The method (CSFM) is implemented in <a data-item-id=\"4d79cdf4-c6ee-47e8-b4f2-58f4281194bf\" href=\"\">IDEA StatiCa Detail</a>.</p>\n<p><br></p>"
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"value": "<p>Il CSFM (<em>Compatible stress field method</em>), è un metodo per progettare e verificare i dettagli in calcestruzzo (come mensole, teste di pali, travi con aperture, estremità scassate, ecc. I dettagli possono essere creati passo dopo passo utilizzando le entità o possono essere importati da un riferimento DXF, e il modello viene automaticamente trasferito al modello di analisi dal CSFM. I risultati, in base al codice, sono forniti.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9739b6d6-2cbc-4745-a590-4a85f7e1862f\" data-image-id=\"9739b6d6-2cbc-4745-a590-4a85f7e1862f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/dc56c80f-67f3-481d-a2c8-26dacc258bb2/csfm%20explained%20%281%29.png\" data-asset-id=\"9739b6d6-2cbc-4745-a590-4a85f7e1862f\" data-image-id=\"9739b6d6-2cbc-4745-a590-4a85f7e1862f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Il metodo è <strong>riassunto</strong> brevemente e tutti i <strong>principi essenziali</strong> sono spiegati nell'articolo seguente. Si troverà anche un confronto con il metodo dei puntoni e dei legami e con il metodo dei campi di sollecitazione e come si relazionano tra loro.</p>\n<p><a data-item-id=\"eaab962d-ba44-4ee0-8fa7-45193c9f52b5\" href=\"\">Spiegazioni sul CSFM</a></p>\n<p>Per ottenere informazioni complete e teoria, puoi scegliere una delle seguenti fonti:</p>\n<p>1. <strong>Lezione online</strong> del Prof. Kaufmann dell'ETH:</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n1543fee3_6abc_011a_43f1_669ba3c2182a\"></object>\n<p>2. Il <strong>background teorico</strong> scritto dal nostro team:</p>\n<p>Per saperne di più sulla CSFM, consultate il nostro <a data-item-id=\"0000c94c-b603-48c4-8d31-bc56d7c95886\" href=\"\">Background teorico</a>.</p>\n<p>Se vuoi vedere l'<strong>uso pratico</strong>, vai su <a data-item-id=\"ebaacf5d-a42f-4212-8530-4a798a6bffe0\" href=\"\">Casi di studio</a> o <a data-item-id=\"6960cf43-a5d3-4169-8fd0-59b3574b7a36\" href=\"\">Progetti campione</a>, dove potete scaricare i modelli e vedere voi stessi quali risultati può offrirvi <a data-item-id=\"4d79cdf4-c6ee-47e8-b4f2-58f4281194bf\" href=\"\">IDEA Statica Detail</a>.</p>"
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"value": "<p>Questa pubblicazione presenta i principi e la validazione del <strong>Compatible Stress Field Method (CSFM)</strong>.</p>\n<p>Questo nuovo metodo può essere utilizzato per la progettazione e la valutazione di qualsiasi struttura in calcestruzzo soggetta a carichi in piano ed è particolarmente adatto per il dimensionamento di \"regioni di discontinuità\", come mensole, travi profonde, pareti con aperture, estremità di travi tagliate e angoli del telaio. Il CSFM rappresenta un significativo passo avanti per la pratica dell'ingegneria strutturale, in quanto consente di verificare efficacemente tutte le disposizioni del codice di progettazione, compresi gli aspetti di funzionalità, carico-deformazione e capacità di deformazione, anche per le membrature in calcestruzzo con geometria complessa. Il metodo si basa sull'analisi agli elementi finiti e utilizza solo i parametri di base dei materiali impiegati nella progettazione standard del calcestruzzo strutturale.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"428fd7cc-55be-430b-b478-a32e674105be\" data-image-id=\"428fd7cc-55be-430b-b478-a32e674105be\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bb6950c3-dc66-45e5-b3fe-43dfe57f7918/CSFM%20-%20design%20tools.png\" data-asset-id=\"428fd7cc-55be-430b-b478-a32e674105be\" data-image-id=\"428fd7cc-55be-430b-b478-a32e674105be\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Vengono presentati e discussi i risultati del CSFM per una serie di esempi di verifica, durante i quali viene trattata anche l'influenza dei parametri principali del metodo e dei modelli sottostanti. I risultati sono confrontati con un'ampia gamma di soluzioni analitiche, disposizioni del codice di progettazione e risultati sperimentali, e mostrano un buon accordo con tutti.</p>\n<h4>Ascolta l'autore mentre parla del metodo CSFM</h4>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"untitled_content_item_eb331e6\"></object>\n<h2>Team di autori</h2>\n<p>Prof. Dr. Walter Kaufmann, Dr. Jaime Mata-Falcón, Dr. Marius Weber, Tena Galkovski, Duc Thong Tran, Dr. Jaromir Kabelac, Michael Konecny, Ass. Prof. Dr. Jaroslav Navratil, Michal Cihal, Petra Komarkova</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9b1c8f09-47f6-4693-b6bd-48dbb34c3d20\" data-image-id=\"9b1c8f09-47f6-4693-b6bd-48dbb34c3d20\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5ffb9625-f94e-4eba-a2b6-d721f8399241/ETH%20Zurich%20logo.png\" data-asset-id=\"9b1c8f09-47f6-4693-b6bd-48dbb34c3d20\" data-image-id=\"9b1c8f09-47f6-4693-b6bd-48dbb34c3d20\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><em>Politecnico di Zurigo, Istituto di ingegneria strutturale</em></p>\n<h2>Informazioni sul Prof. Dr. Walter Kaufmann</h2>\n<p>Walter Kaufmann è titolare della cattedra di Ingegneria strutturale (strutture in calcestruzzo e progettazione di ponti) presso il Politecnico di Zurigo. È presidente della Commissione svizzera per il codice del calcestruzzo ed è ricercatore principale presso il Centro nazionale svizzero di competenza per la ricerca (NCCR) sulla fabbricazione digitale. La sua ricerca si concentra sulle strutture innovative, sulla capacità di carico e di deformazione delle strutture in calcestruzzo, sulla valutazione della sicurezza strutturale delle strutture esistenti e sui metodi di fabbricazione digitale.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"478e3e10-7415-41cb-9eaf-525455c49df7\" data-image-id=\"478e3e10-7415-41cb-9eaf-525455c49df7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f9a70452-c086-43c1-a82b-8b12de808aa8/Kaufmann_Passfoto_small.jpg\" data-asset-id=\"478e3e10-7415-41cb-9eaf-525455c49df7\" data-image-id=\"478e3e10-7415-41cb-9eaf-525455c49df7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Si è laureato al Politecnico di Zurigo nel 1992 (dipl. Bau-Ing.) e nel 1998 (Dr. sc. techn.). Prima di entrare al Politecnico di Zurigo nel 2014, è stato attivo nell'industria per oltre 15 anni, lavorando principalmente in Spagna e Svizzera. 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Tutti i risultati mostrano una correlazione molto stretta con i dati confrontati.</p>"
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"value": "<p><br></p>\n<p>There are two workflows for how to design the prestressed beam in IDEA StatiCa software, which can be even composite (concrete-concrete) with a combination of pre- and post-tensioned tendons. </p>\n<ul>\n <li>Using the <strong>Beam</strong> application, where you can calculate a complete TDA analysis, use data import from 3rd party software, design the geometry of the tendons, etc. And of course design and code-check all cross-sections using implemented RCS module.</li>\n <li>Input the results of global analysis from FEA software to the <strong>RCS</strong> application. Where you can do a complete design and code-check of cross-sections (composite with a combination of pre- and post-tensioned tendons).</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For the first approach watch the video below, where the complete workflow is shown, and where you will for example see how the templates speeds-up the definition of tendon layout, prestressing losses, equivalent load due to prestess, etc. This is possible even for complex models like composite cast-in-situ slab laying on precast beams that form a skew bridge supported by elastomer bridge bearings, where the precast beams are indirectly supported by cast-in-situ diaphragms. </p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"component\" data-codename=\"n970ecc19_c45a_01b3_852d_77a96491b064\"></object>\n<p>For the second approach, we recommend diving into the Campus course to fully understand the RCS application. This will also be useful for approach one, where the implemented RCS module is used for the design of cross-sections, which is identical to the stand-alone application. The only difference is that in the case of the first approach, the inputs from Beam are imported into RCS automatically. Whereas for the second approach, the user has to manually enter the results from the global model into the RCS application. </p>\n<ul>\n <li>Read the following article where you will learn how to correctly set the Action stages: <a data-item-id=\"6c03cee7-a595-491a-b4f6-131085dd26b1\" href=\"\"><strong>RCS - Action stages</strong></a></li>\n</ul>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"campus_cta\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>SLS checks in IDEA StatiCa automatically take into account the influence of the r<sub>inf</sub> and r<sub>sup</sub> coefficients defined in EN 1992-1-1; 5.10.9 (1) for prestressing effects. Therefore, it is not necessary to consider these effects in combination factors in the Beam application or in 3rd party software used for import.</p>\n<p>In the following figure, you can see the results in the RCS application where the supremum and infimum effects are marked.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b91d541b-f653-4e87-af5d-77164eb6543f\" data-image-id=\"b91d541b-f653-4e87-af5d-77164eb6543f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/eb0c3702-c267-4588-ab38-09b070afeb35/Rinf%20Rsup_03.png\" data-asset-id=\"b91d541b-f653-4e87-af5d-77164eb6543f\" data-image-id=\"b91d541b-f653-4e87-af5d-77164eb6543f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>So what will happen if we use the coefficients in combinations? Let's have a look at it.</p>\n<h2>Beam</h2>\n<p>The combination factor defined by the user for prestressing load case in the Beam application is considered just for presented diagrams of internal forces. The coefficient will not influence the stress in the tendons and the internal forces which go to the code-check (as shown above).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"067ee6e8-0449-47dc-8103-73a3ea27caa4\" data-image-id=\"067ee6e8-0449-47dc-8103-73a3ea27caa4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3a6de7a3-e9b2-4a32-b68c-a55d1dd8b0f5/Rinf%20Rsup_04.png\" data-asset-id=\"067ee6e8-0449-47dc-8103-73a3ea27caa4\" data-image-id=\"067ee6e8-0449-47dc-8103-73a3ea27caa4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>In other words, for code-check purposes, the effects of prestressing are defined by the area of the tendon and its initial stress. The combination factor for code checks is always equal to one.</p>\n<h2>BIM - import</h2>\n<p>In combinations of the global model, the coefficients of load cases containing prestress should be equal to 1.0. The coefficients <em>r</em><em><sub>sup</sub></em> and <em>r</em><em><sub>inf</sub></em> will be applied as described above.</p>\n<h2>How to influence the value of the coefficients?</h2>\n<p>The coefficients are defined by the code. You can influence the value by changing the national annexe or altering the value in Code and calculation settings in the RCS application. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9364513f-c31d-4cf0-be3a-46e635cb3faa\" data-image-id=\"9364513f-c31d-4cf0-be3a-46e635cb3faa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/cd6ac36b-e78e-4ecc-943e-33119ccbbb07/rsup%20rinf%20code.png\" data-asset-id=\"9364513f-c31d-4cf0-be3a-46e635cb3faa\" data-image-id=\"9364513f-c31d-4cf0-be3a-46e635cb3faa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Read more about code settings in <a data-item-id=\"4c296380-45bb-40ec-ac2f-2ce0a0d47c84\" href=\"\"><strong>Code and calculation settings in RCS</strong></a></li>\n</ul>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"take_idea_statica_24_0_for_a_test_drive_today\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>There are four tabs focused on SLS results in the application.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Overall results</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Stress Limitation</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Crack Width</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Detailing</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p>In the first tab, you can find a brief overview of the Overall results. You will see only the results of the analysis you selected using calculation control. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8b8a40c7-ad5e-4088-aa38-1615c9559c1c\" data-image-id=\"8b8a40c7-ad5e-4088-aa38-1615c9559c1c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/da6079fd-4c24-428a-b8df-b9d8331fb0f0/rcb_05_03_01.png\" data-asset-id=\"8b8a40c7-ad5e-4088-aa38-1615c9559c1c\" data-image-id=\"8b8a40c7-ad5e-4088-aa38-1615c9559c1c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The rest of the tabs are dedicated to individual checks. But before looking at them, we need to understand the assumptions of the calculation. Therefore please go through the article: <a data-item-id=\"6fcefe69-5439-4ac1-af76-f388fab9b968\" href=\"\">Calculation Assumptions for SLS</a>. With this knowledge, we can then continue and go through the individual results step by step.</p>\n<h2>Stress Limitation</h2>\n<p>First, there is Stress Limitation Check. This calculation provides a comparison of the calculated stress with limit values according to Eurocode. How specific values are obtained and what basic cases (in terms of stress limit) we solve, you can find in the article: <a data-item-id=\"27c146c7-45d0-47d3-b354-a8e4059db365\" href=\"\">Stress Limitation Check</a>. </p>\n<p>We'll explore how to work with the results and how to eventually influence them as soon as we've got some idea of the layout and display options. </p>\n<h4>Layout</h4>\n<p>Check to Top Ribbon, the part Setting is dedicated to Code and Project Data. It is the same for all the steps of the workflow. </p>\n<p>The following parts are already different. Notice the figure below, there are marked options for adjusting the graphical presentation of the result:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a0ff777a-fec0-4165-8f83-d3f70869cb80\" data-image-id=\"a0ff777a-fec0-4165-8f83-d3f70869cb80\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1f542c41-10ca-4661-b12e-b3f6b8ebebf6/rcb_050302.png\" data-asset-id=\"a0ff777a-fec0-4165-8f83-d3f70869cb80\" data-image-id=\"a0ff777a-fec0-4165-8f83-d3f70869cb80\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Options Description:</p>\n<ol>\n <li>Option to switch between 2D and 3D view. For the 2D view, we can decide if we want to see a rotated cross-section or the result inside/outside of the cross-section. </li>\n <li>The tab is used to switch off/on the strain diagram for the concrete and reinforcement section and its size adjustments.</li>\n <li>The tab is used to switch off/on the stress diagram for the concrete and reinforcement section and its size adjustments.</li>\n <li>The option to display extreme values of the diagrams, all or none.</li>\n <li>As next, we can modify the filling of the diagram.</li>\n <li>The following two buttons allow us to switch on/off dimension lines.</li>\n <li>The last part is dedicated to the cross-section. We have the option to display bar and fibres numbers and modify their position. We can also display Extreme bar and fibre.</li>\n</ol>\n<h4>Calculation</h4>\n<p>The rest buttons from the top ribbon are related to the calculation itself.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"33728ffb-b234-4560-aac0-b5b4a475e8d2\" data-image-id=\"33728ffb-b234-4560-aac0-b5b4a475e8d2\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/77d90fc7-bc8e-4bec-a13d-2683df29426f/rcb_050303.png\" data-asset-id=\"33728ffb-b234-4560-aac0-b5b4a475e8d2\" data-image-id=\"33728ffb-b234-4560-aac0-b5b4a475e8d2\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>For the stress limitation, we have 4 code checks, as mentioned at the beginning of the chapter. The first two checks, according to 7.2 (2) and 7.2 (3), are done for both cases: With or without the influence of the long-term effects (rheology of concrete). </p>\n<p>For the short-term effects, the modulus of elasticity <em>E</em><em><sub>cm</sub></em> is used. </p>\n<p>For the long-term effects, the effective modulus of elasticity <em>E</em><em><sub>c,eff</sub></em><em> = E</em><em><sub>cm</sub></em><em>/(1+φ)</em> is used. Where <em>φ</em> is the creep factor.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f6d89cc7-2655-4481-9694-2e4c14171cde\" data-image-id=\"f6d89cc7-2655-4481-9694-2e4c14171cde\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d32e0630-8ffc-4e4f-b9d9-7546acb55672/rcb_050304.png\" data-asset-id=\"f6d89cc7-2655-4481-9694-2e4c14171cde\" data-image-id=\"f6d89cc7-2655-4481-9694-2e4c14171cde\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The long-term effects are thus included in the creep.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"64772e5a-aac8-421b-ba6c-f7a363681409\" data-image-id=\"64772e5a-aac8-421b-ba6c-f7a363681409\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d3e1e0eb-519c-443d-a338-bd52bd9fbd82/rcb_050305.png\" data-asset-id=\"64772e5a-aac8-421b-ba6c-f7a363681409\" data-image-id=\"64772e5a-aac8-421b-ba6c-f7a363681409\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The creep factor can be Calculated by the software (default option) or can be set manually in <a data-item-id=\"953a0c24-4990-44c2-8f09-492e6a115342\" href=\"\">Design Member</a>. Please be aware that in the RCS, the linear calculation is used for the creep factor.</p>\n<p>The code-check is provided by a comparison of the calculated stress in the concrete and in reinforcement with limit values according to EN 1992-1-1 7.2. </p>\n<h4>Tip for advanced users</h4>\n<p>There is an option how to influence the results when the limit is exceeded for 7.2 (3). It is allowed to consider a higher value of the k<sub>2</sub> factor when the nonlinear calculation of the creep factor is considered. </p>\n<p>You can change the value of k<sub>2</sub> in the Code setting:</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8d4b3031-c81b-49b6-8d6d-2c4b219daef5\" data-image-id=\"8d4b3031-c81b-49b6-8d6d-2c4b219daef5\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/db9228cf-066d-4924-91bc-15a984a177d5/rcb_050307.png\" data-asset-id=\"8d4b3031-c81b-49b6-8d6d-2c4b219daef5\" data-image-id=\"8d4b3031-c81b-49b6-8d6d-2c4b219daef5\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>But remember that it is necessary to determine the creep factor more precisely.</p>\n<p>Let's summarize the options we have:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>The creep coefficient is Calculated by software using linear calculation. Then factor k<sub>2</sub> = 0.45 (set by default) has to be used. </li>\n <li>The creep coefficient is set as User input. When considering the nonlinear creep, we can increase the factor to k<sub>2</sub> = 0.6.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Crack Width</h2>\n<p>If the concrete stress is higher than the concrete tensile strength, the section is considered as a cracked one. And the next code check from the SLS check is the crack width.</p>\n<p>See the <a data-item-id=\"5b51a310-2eed-4d41-aea8-3b1a41713f43\" href=\"\">Theoretical background - Cracks</a> for the theory, assumptions, and how the crack width calculation is implemented in RCS. </p>\n<p>For complete understanding, it is also recommended to read the following article: <a data-item-id=\"754996ca-bca4-4953-aac7-de7b6aa4598a\" href=\"\">Crack width check of cross-sections with a large concrete cover</a>.</p>\n<p>The code-check of the crack width is provided by comparing the calculated width w<sub>k</sub> with the width w<sub>lim</sub> according to 7.3.1 (5). </p>\n<p>Implemented limits can be found in the Code setting. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d5020bf7-1c0f-4299-875e-f39c3aa7666f\" data-image-id=\"d5020bf7-1c0f-4299-875e-f39c3aa7666f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a67cf91d-0968-43b2-b875-dd2aa3360b37/rcb_050308.png\" data-asset-id=\"d5020bf7-1c0f-4299-875e-f39c3aa7666f\" data-image-id=\"d5020bf7-1c0f-4299-875e-f39c3aa7666f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Detailing</h2>\n<p>Detailing is the last code-check from the SLS checks.</p>\n<p>The internal forces for which the check is made are listed at the beginning of the table.</p>\n<p>The following are the conditions of the check. All are taken from the Eurocode. The reference to the specific article is always given next to the title.</p>\n<p>This is followed by information on the values used in the calculation based on the input data.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a301b9df-d0db-44fa-b268-a014b56863a0\" data-image-id=\"a301b9df-d0db-44fa-b268-a014b56863a0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bdcb5153-0845-4965-a975-0cb9233994d5/rcb_050309.png\" data-asset-id=\"a301b9df-d0db-44fa-b268-a014b56863a0\" data-image-id=\"a301b9df-d0db-44fa-b268-a014b56863a0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>Tip for advanced users</h4>\n<p>It may happen that in order to speed up the design, we enter into RCS the simplified scheme of the reinforcement. In this case, we recommend switching Detailing off in Calculation Control and checking it manually according to more detailed drawings.</p>"
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"value": "<p>There are five tabs for ULS results in the application.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Capacity N-M-M</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Shear</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Torsion</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Interaction</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Response N-M-M</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Before we go through them let's look at the Overall result where you can find all selected results (by using calculation control) with corresponding internal forces.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"82776974-6cef-4d9f-be99-eff926a2db1a\" data-image-id=\"82776974-6cef-4d9f-be99-eff926a2db1a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f76b5dbd-bb24-49d3-bb63-5048434a9fdd/RC-B_06_13.png\" data-asset-id=\"82776974-6cef-4d9f-be99-eff926a2db1a\" data-image-id=\"82776974-6cef-4d9f-be99-eff926a2db1a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Capacity N-M-M</h2>\n<p>The first tab is the Capacity N-M-M check. This type of calculation provides a check of the interaction between normal force and bending moments. If you want to know the theory behind it, read this article: <a data-item-id=\"fa1ccbb4-2aaf-4470-872c-01deea75f006\" href=\"\"><strong>Bending</strong></a>.</p>\n<p>As was written in the introduction. The article is focused on practical usage. So let's have a look at ways how to display this type of result. Listed below are three display settings that can be combined with each other.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Diagram type</strong>\n <ul>\n <li>Interaction sections </li>\n <li>ULS eccentricity</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n <li><strong>Type of results</strong>\n <ul>\n <li>for Extreme</li>\n <li>for Section</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n <li><strong>Evaluation of interaction diagram</strong>\n <ul>\n <li>NuMuMu</li>\n <li>NuMM</li>\n <li>NMuMu</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8d74aef7-49c2-48aa-8541-ee7b7edf4b47\" data-image-id=\"8d74aef7-49c2-48aa-8541-ee7b7edf4b47\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f71d514f-396b-4f7d-945e-e169d695f8de/RC-B_06_14.png\" data-asset-id=\"8d74aef7-49c2-48aa-8541-ee7b7edf4b47\" data-image-id=\"8d74aef7-49c2-48aa-8541-ee7b7edf4b47\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Let's go over the options for combinations of display settings.</p>\n<h3>Interaction sections + Extreme</h3>\n<p>At first, we start with the <strong>Interaction sections</strong> displayed for the <strong>current extreme</strong>. In the toolbar Interaction surface section, you can display four sections of an interaction surface. </p>\n<ul>\n <li>My - Mz -> horizontal surface</li>\n <li>N - M resultant -> according to the current ratio between My and Mz</li>\n <li>N - My -> vertical surface on y-axis</li>\n <li>N - Mz -> vertical surface on z-axis</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"585e7199-f633-484b-848b-240ad3fc5b82\" data-image-id=\"585e7199-f633-484b-848b-240ad3fc5b82\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3b125f5b-ecf1-4694-a464-fd1fbc5efac8/RC-B_06_15.png\" data-asset-id=\"585e7199-f633-484b-848b-240ad3fc5b82\" data-image-id=\"585e7199-f633-484b-848b-240ad3fc5b82\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"ab27f060-081b-4cf3-8303-26d57322e1ec\" data-image-id=\"ab27f060-081b-4cf3-8303-26d57322e1ec\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/645ea1b5-5d5a-4f25-8854-9a354d50549e/RC-B_06_16.png\" data-asset-id=\"ab27f060-081b-4cf3-8303-26d57322e1ec\" data-image-id=\"ab27f060-081b-4cf3-8303-26d57322e1ec\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You can also decide if you want to see loads or the ultimate point in the diagram. It can be changed in the top ribbon in the Draw points toolbar.</p>\n<p>In the Grid of interaction surface sections toolbar, you can adjust the grid of the interaction diagrams.</p>\n<p>And the interaction diagrams can be also exported to the text file or to the spreadsheet. To do it use tools in the Interaction diagram export toolbar.</p>\n<h4>Evaluation of interaction diagram</h4>\n<p>There are three methods to evaluate interaction diagram. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"03bac79f-b627-4add-83e4-1f9f3e215d1f\" data-image-id=\"03bac79f-b627-4add-83e4-1f9f3e215d1f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/00b9e293-5541-4648-a2fb-eea67c94a21c/RC-B_06_17.png\" data-asset-id=\"03bac79f-b627-4add-83e4-1f9f3e215d1f\" data-image-id=\"03bac79f-b627-4add-83e4-1f9f3e215d1f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><strong>NuMuMu</strong> - cross-sectional resistance is determined assuming a proportional change of all components of acting internal forces.</p>\n<p><strong>NuMM</strong> -<strong> </strong>cross-sectional resistance is determined assuming constant bending moments.</p>\n<p><strong>NMuMu</strong> - cross-sectional resistance is determined assuming constant normal force.</p>\n<h3>Interaction sections + Section</h3>\n<p>Secondly, we can display Interaction sections for more extremes. To do it simply change the Type of results in the top ribbon. You will then see all the extremes drawn to one (or more) interaction section. If the interaction sections differ for individual extremes, you can get the program to display them with different colours. It can be done in the top ribbon in the Colour settings toolbar. You can also limit the number of displayed diagrams in the Drawing settings toolbar.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f205a0b0-e1c9-48f4-b6dc-43c284d1660c\" data-image-id=\"f205a0b0-e1c9-48f4-b6dc-43c284d1660c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/72f58eef-689f-4538-88a7-2d6d67cdb827/RC-B_06_18.png\" data-asset-id=\"f205a0b0-e1c9-48f4-b6dc-43c284d1660c\" data-image-id=\"f205a0b0-e1c9-48f4-b6dc-43c284d1660c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h3>ULS eccentricity</h3>\n<p>Finally, you can display the diagram of an eccentricity of normal force depending on normal forces. It can be again displayed for Extreme or for Section. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"303a896d-a3e8-460f-af0b-f97a3c0f20e9\" data-image-id=\"303a896d-a3e8-460f-af0b-f97a3c0f20e9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7e1b15ea-8e42-4245-853f-89af44ef9752/RC-B_06_19.png\" data-asset-id=\"303a896d-a3e8-460f-af0b-f97a3c0f20e9\" data-image-id=\"303a896d-a3e8-460f-af0b-f97a3c0f20e9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Shear</h2>\n<p>The second tab for ULS checks is the Shear. All of the calculations are done according to EN 1992-1-1 article 6.2. You can control the theta angle at the top ribbon. This angle governs the inclination between concrete struts and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear force. Or you can use the Strut optimization function, which can find the most effective angle automatically. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3a0f2815-204e-4763-9aa7-1e96dd08b6f7\" data-image-id=\"3a0f2815-204e-4763-9aa7-1e96dd08b6f7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e385fbfc-4c5d-45ec-a5b2-d1db90b2652e/RC-B_06_20.png\" data-asset-id=\"3a0f2815-204e-4763-9aa7-1e96dd08b6f7\" data-image-id=\"3a0f2815-204e-4763-9aa7-1e96dd08b6f7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You can of course calculate the Shear capacity for both directions, but you have to be aware of the angle between the in-plane gradient of the strain plane and the resultant shear forces. The program can automatically calculate the effective depth of the cross-section <em>d</em>, inner lever arm <em>z</em>, and the effective width <em>b</em><em><sub>w</sub></em>, but if the angle exceeds 20 degrees, the values of effective depth and lever arm and consequently strength in shear could be affected. So it is recommended to set these values manually in the Reinforcement editor -> User settings -> Cross-section.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"92f75867-bd21-402b-accf-37ad06c8ec53\" data-image-id=\"92f75867-bd21-402b-accf-37ad06c8ec53\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2f641c22-813c-4c3a-ba44-3e6c9c5859cd/RC-B_06_21.png\" data-asset-id=\"92f75867-bd21-402b-accf-37ad06c8ec53\" data-image-id=\"92f75867-bd21-402b-accf-37ad06c8ec53\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Read the following article to know - <a data-item-id=\"20140238-707b-59c0-86f2-a824eaf6787a\" href=\"\"><strong>How to set the lever arm properly</strong></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>If you want to know what is behind read the following article: <a data-item-id=\"a42a6426-b702-4eba-b703-d55b11365bad\" href=\"\"><strong>Shear</strong></a>. In the <strong>Lever arm of internal forces</strong> chapter, you can find an explanation of why to set manually the values of effective depth and lever arm.</p>\n<p>Another important topic is the evaluation of the shear in circular sections. Read the following article to learn how IDEA StatiCa RCS can solve such an issue - <a data-item-id=\"6f90f137-b429-4f05-8c59-2f834c651a95\" href=\"\"><strong>Shear in RCS - circular cross-sections</strong></a></p>\n<h2>Torsion</h2>\n<p>The next tab for ULS checks is the Torsion. All of the calculations are done according to EN 1992-1-1 article 6.3. The theta angle is of course shared with the shear check and can be defined in the top ribbon as well as in the shear check. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"eff167ad-ad28-4bd1-b3b6-d83c43efc83f\" data-image-id=\"eff167ad-ad28-4bd1-b3b6-d83c43efc83f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e1e8b01d-c1cd-4cfc-bed1-f7170844acc9/RC-B_06_22.png\" data-asset-id=\"eff167ad-ad28-4bd1-b3b6-d83c43efc83f\" data-image-id=\"eff167ad-ad28-4bd1-b3b6-d83c43efc83f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The equivalent thin-walled section can be created automatically based on the selected stirrup. If the situation is simple as in the following figure, there is no problem.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"23e28d0b-1d85-4dba-b922-0d73373a0469\" data-image-id=\"23e28d0b-1d85-4dba-b922-0d73373a0469\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d209c3e4-6257-44c7-b948-a99c4be4ad43/RC-B_06_23.png\" data-asset-id=\"23e28d0b-1d85-4dba-b922-0d73373a0469\" data-image-id=\"23e28d0b-1d85-4dba-b922-0d73373a0469\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>But in the case of complicated cross-sections like box girder bridges or general shapes, where multiple stirrups are usually defined for torsion, the automatic creation of the equivalent thin-walled section is not enough. In that case, go to Reinforcement editor -> User settings -> Torsion and do the manual input.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f2e5585a-4978-4ec9-9761-1528048bebf2\" data-image-id=\"f2e5585a-4978-4ec9-9761-1528048bebf2\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1ef86159-2d5b-4d31-888c-2d1ba36aee30/RC-B_06_24.png\" data-asset-id=\"f2e5585a-4978-4ec9-9761-1528048bebf2\" data-image-id=\"f2e5585a-4978-4ec9-9761-1528048bebf2\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Again the theory behind the torsion calculation is described in the following article: <a data-item-id=\"0f49a9be-8632-4dc8-ad0d-c692a14ab752\" href=\"\"><strong>Torsion</strong></a>.</p>\n<h2>Interaction</h2>\n<p>The interaction between shear force and torsion can be calculated as well as the interaction between shear torsion and bending. You can check concrete, shear reinforcement and longitudinal reinforcement. All theory about interaction is described in the following article: <a data-item-id=\"1dd237d8-efd5-4460-9bb9-b72a65dbef5d\" href=\"\"><strong>Interaction</strong></a></p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c0ab7116-0afc-419f-a2db-36b56104b85b\" data-image-id=\"c0ab7116-0afc-419f-a2db-36b56104b85b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b08ea329-0fbb-4e64-ae4a-f5f6e63ce810/RC-B_06_25.png\" data-asset-id=\"c0ab7116-0afc-419f-a2db-36b56104b85b\" data-image-id=\"c0ab7116-0afc-419f-a2db-36b56104b85b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>But the question is: Is it necessary to always check the interaction between all of the forces (V+T+M)? If not, where should I check what?</p>\n<p>You have to check N-M-M capacity everywhere of course. But what about shear? Follow article 6.2.3 (5) from EN 1992-1-1 where you can read that you don't have to always use the full value of the shear force to check the shear reinforcement.</p>\n<p>For longitudinal reinforcement above support, the entire interaction is not always necessary as well. To learn more read article 6.2.3 (7) from EN 1992-1-1. To exclude the additional tensile force in the longitudinal reinforcement due to shear go to Navigator -> Design member and turn on Limited interaction check.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"28f9456c-35b7-4a6b-b0e3-50c359134105\" data-image-id=\"28f9456c-35b7-4a6b-b0e3-50c359134105\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1027c071-381e-42db-b817-dc98e7a61394/RC-B_06_26.png\" data-asset-id=\"28f9456c-35b7-4a6b-b0e3-50c359134105\" data-image-id=\"28f9456c-35b7-4a6b-b0e3-50c359134105\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>After that, you still have to choose the combination for the limited interaction check. It can be done in Navigator -> Internal forces.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a94ae749-3f49-4ec6-9cc7-86bf7293afc0\" data-image-id=\"a94ae749-3f49-4ec6-9cc7-86bf7293afc0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/68271571-4736-44cf-a975-0dd0667c75b4/RC-B_06_27.png\" data-asset-id=\"a94ae749-3f49-4ec6-9cc7-86bf7293afc0\" data-image-id=\"a94ae749-3f49-4ec6-9cc7-86bf7293afc0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Read the following article where you can find how <strong>the longitudinal force caused by shear and torsion is applied to the cross-section</strong>.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"808008d4-d25a-403f-a4cd-ed61e1c71203\" href=\"\"><strong>Interaction code-check improvements </strong></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Response N-M-M</h2>\n<p>This type of calculation can find the response of the cross-section when the load is applied. The results (stress and strain) are then compared with the limits determined by the ultimate limit strain method.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"f28107d1-1db9-4d8b-bcff-a7264b14f7ca\" data-image-id=\"f28107d1-1db9-4d8b-bcff-a7264b14f7ca\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/78d7ee2e-4f85-4e97-9a7f-bc8474c6dc07/RC-B_06_30.png\" data-asset-id=\"f28107d1-1db9-4d8b-bcff-a7264b14f7ca\" data-image-id=\"f28107d1-1db9-4d8b-bcff-a7264b14f7ca\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>There are four different options for displaying results. Note that they are the same for Interaction.</p>\n<ul>\n <li>2D</li>\n <li>3D</li>\n <li>3D forces</li>\n <li>Diagram</li>\n</ul>\n<p>You can switch between them on the top ribbon. In the previous figure, the 2D displaying option was shown. If the option is selected, you can display a rotated cross-section or rotated results. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c90ca42a-794d-46e4-b3c5-c48f99130824\" data-image-id=\"c90ca42a-794d-46e4-b3c5-c48f99130824\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/cda2413a-36ac-4e5a-846a-0ad673e0fa6f/RC-B_06_31.png\" data-asset-id=\"c90ca42a-794d-46e4-b3c5-c48f99130824\" data-image-id=\"c90ca42a-794d-46e4-b3c5-c48f99130824\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>In the figure, the results were outside of the cross-section. If you need, the results can be also shown inside the section.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d4f9f758-aa7d-44ac-a59a-06d159d657d1\" data-image-id=\"d4f9f758-aa7d-44ac-a59a-06d159d657d1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/edadacea-aa94-4c88-9043-7a7550e781dc/RC-B_06_32.png\" data-asset-id=\"d4f9f758-aa7d-44ac-a59a-06d159d657d1\" data-image-id=\"d4f9f758-aa7d-44ac-a59a-06d159d657d1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>For the 2D view, you can turn off / on strain and stress in concrete and reinforcement, adjust the labels, modify the results graph, add dimension lines, and bar numbers, and display extreme fibre or extreme bar. All of these view settings are available in the top ribbon in the different toolbars.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7072c791-55a4-481c-a885-b3af83e623e4\" data-image-id=\"7072c791-55a4-481c-a885-b3af83e623e4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c743d7b7-7ff7-4495-8e0e-6da2391cc06b/RC-B_06_33.png\" data-asset-id=\"7072c791-55a4-481c-a885-b3af83e623e4\" data-image-id=\"7072c791-55a4-481c-a885-b3af83e623e4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The 3D view is shown below. It can help you to understand the results of the cross-section affected by both bending moments <em>M</em><em><sub>y</sub></em> and <em>M</em><em><sub>z</sub></em>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6de19521-3ac8-4311-8d24-2d8fee7c1ee3\" data-image-id=\"6de19521-3ac8-4311-8d24-2d8fee7c1ee3\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/54c0b813-e8de-4163-9107-bc14609a9d9f/RC-B_06_34.png\" data-asset-id=\"6de19521-3ac8-4311-8d24-2d8fee7c1ee3\" data-image-id=\"6de19521-3ac8-4311-8d24-2d8fee7c1ee3\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>In 3D forces view, you can display the resultant forces for concrete in compression and reinforcement under the tension as well as under the compression. 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"value": "<p>We bring an unconventional webinar. This time we are not going to focus on one specific topic but talk about several topics instead. Five hot helpdesk or frequently asked problems were chosen to be demonstrated. And we would like to share them with you. Both existing and new users will get their money's worth, as the content of the webinar is designed to explain the basic principles of calculations, but at the same time, they are extended by interesting questions from our users. </p>\n<p>IDEA StatiCa Concrete includes several applications meant for reinforced concrete design. We will stay in the IDEA StatiCa RCS app at the webinar. This application was developed for code-checks of reinforced and prestressed concrete cross-sections of a design member - beam, column, slab, walls, and shells. It can be launched as a standalone app or as a part of IDEA StatiCa Beam, BIM, Column, and Member.</p>\n<p>The response N-M-M of the section is one of the possibilities how to check a reinforced or prestressed concrete section subjected to normal force and bending moments. The method behind this check is also called the limit deformation method. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2323ed91-1e64-4102-b416-271f289128a0\" data-image-id=\"2323ed91-1e64-4102-b416-271f289128a0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/90f16a33-7747-4ccc-988a-85044c37fed3/Response%20of%20RC%20T-section%20-%20strain%20and%20stress%20distribution%20along%20the%20height.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"2323ed91-1e64-4102-b416-271f289128a0\" data-image-id=\"2323ed91-1e64-4102-b416-271f289128a0\" alt=\"Response of RC T-section - strain and stress distribution along the height\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3e8f3539-8026-44cf-814d-c33906b5a77e\" data-image-id=\"3e8f3539-8026-44cf-814d-c33906b5a77e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bf2d6dcb-e2a5-4d68-84bc-9b650f58f247/Response%20of%20RC%20T-section%20-%20stress-strain%20diagram%20-%20extreme%20value%20of%20fiber.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"3e8f3539-8026-44cf-814d-c33906b5a77e\" data-image-id=\"3e8f3539-8026-44cf-814d-c33906b5a77e\" alt=\"Response of RC T-section - stress-strain diagram - extreme value of fiber\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5eda43be-b8bd-4855-9497-ec854e6df0bc\" data-image-id=\"5eda43be-b8bd-4855-9497-ec854e6df0bc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b2e75bc4-65e0-4ecb-9dd5-36ccaa4a86c5/Response%20of%20RC%20T-section%20-%20stress-strain%20diagram%20-%20extreme%20value%20of%20rebar.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"5eda43be-b8bd-4855-9497-ec854e6df0bc\" data-image-id=\"5eda43be-b8bd-4855-9497-ec854e6df0bc\" alt=\"Response of RC T-section - stress-strain diagram - extreme value of rebar\"></figure>\n<p>Do you know that it is possible to import 2D members including their corresponding internal forces? The workflow is as follows:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>global model in FEA software (Axis VM, SCIA Engineer, midas Civil/Gen)</li>\n <li>import the design member to IDEA StatiCa BIM</li>\n <li>create a section where the critical forces occur</li>\n <li>code-check in IDEA StatiCa RCS</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b667c31f-9ba9-4413-9af7-2e2e0ddfb051\" data-image-id=\"b667c31f-9ba9-4413-9af7-2e2e0ddfb051\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6260c9ce-5736-4f09-bf5a-53401dec017b/imported%20internal%20forces%20of%202D%20member%20in%20BIM.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"b667c31f-9ba9-4413-9af7-2e2e0ddfb051\" data-image-id=\"b667c31f-9ba9-4413-9af7-2e2e0ddfb051\" alt=\"imported internal forces of 2D member in BIM\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0e029334-a41d-4c09-9e6d-d811efa09a3d\" data-image-id=\"0e029334-a41d-4c09-9e6d-d811efa09a3d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/4ea3ca33-16f2-407f-97ab-5ff7bd04d7be/shell%20internal%20forces%20in%20RCS.PNG\" data-asset-id=\"0e029334-a41d-4c09-9e6d-d811efa09a3d\" data-image-id=\"0e029334-a41d-4c09-9e6d-d811efa09a3d\" alt=\"shell internal forces in RCS\"></figure>\n<h2>Webinar recording</h2>"
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"value": "<h2>Project data</h2>\n<p>First, let's start with the Project data settings. You can access the table from the top ribbon -> Settings toolbar. One of the things to be defined here is the base information about the project like project name, number, description, author, and date. This information will be then sent to the automatic report. </p>\n<p>Another input you can do here is the settings of the <strong>default values</strong> for the National Code. You can set the codes and national annexe for the project as well as functionalities, design working life, exposure classes, and material grades.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"584d548f-1ed7-4810-a38a-8e4b68d7b135\" data-image-id=\"584d548f-1ed7-4810-a38a-8e4b68d7b135\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d9e72823-f207-4cb3-80c6-d0cc56e77222/RC-B_06_37.png\" data-asset-id=\"584d548f-1ed7-4810-a38a-8e4b68d7b135\" data-image-id=\"584d548f-1ed7-4810-a38a-8e4b68d7b135\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Code and calculation settings</h2>\n<p>Secondly, there are the Code and calculation settings where you can go through the chapters of the used code and change the default values of coefficients, limits, or conditions. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7333aae3-7a22-457b-87a0-701393bf0ae9\" data-image-id=\"7333aae3-7a22-457b-87a0-701393bf0ae9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c3bb1af6-3221-4d77-a3cf-97cee9469273/RC-B_06_38.png\" data-asset-id=\"7333aae3-7a22-457b-87a0-701393bf0ae9\" data-image-id=\"7333aae3-7a22-457b-87a0-701393bf0ae9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>If the national annexe is selected, you will see the flag of the annexe next to the values which differ from the general Eurocode. There will be also the new value or for example the equation for the automatic calculation. Like it is shown in the following figure.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2c363868-e283-47b4-9f3d-9f248b7ca0c8\" data-image-id=\"2c363868-e283-47b4-9f3d-9f248b7ca0c8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5a09cb9b-c85d-4eab-bfb6-2dc021b130fb/RC-B_06_39.png\" data-asset-id=\"2c363868-e283-47b4-9f3d-9f248b7ca0c8\" data-image-id=\"2c363868-e283-47b4-9f3d-9f248b7ca0c8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>There can be also a table input that can be of course adjusted in the same way. See the example with the table of the crack width in the next figure.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"220bf51f-a42b-4d12-bf03-93afe8634702\" data-image-id=\"220bf51f-a42b-4d12-bf03-93afe8634702\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/70640c8f-4b73-48a1-b083-8bce8b529a00/RC-B_06_40.png\" data-asset-id=\"220bf51f-a42b-4d12-bf03-93afe8634702\" data-image-id=\"220bf51f-a42b-4d12-bf03-93afe8634702\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The last but not least tab is the <strong>General</strong>. Here are the general settings of the calculation.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3cac0f63-8f88-4579-8c43-4f9cee0d9096\" data-image-id=\"3cac0f63-8f88-4579-8c43-4f9cee0d9096\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/a371afd8-8db8-48b9-9b7c-d20616f93538/RC-B_06_44.png\" data-asset-id=\"3cac0f63-8f88-4579-8c43-4f9cee0d9096\" data-image-id=\"3cac0f63-8f88-4579-8c43-4f9cee0d9096\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Let's go through them: </p>\n<p>G.1 - Limit value of exploitation - The maximal value of the utilization of the cross-section doesn't have to be 100%. You can change it by using this setting</p>\n<p>G.2 - Maximal presentable value - Here you can change the maximal value of the utilization.</p>\n<p>G.3 and G.4 - Precision of iteration and Number of iteration steps - You can also influence the iteration process. It can help with the speed of the calculation.</p>\n<p>G.5 - Evaluation of iteration diagram - It is described in the following article in the chapter Capacity N-M-M: <a data-item-id=\"c8bad084-6363-4e07-87ac-c53a30fc1983\" href=\"\">ULS results in RCS</a></p>\n<p>G.6 - Number of diagrams - Number of vertical sections through interaction surface around vertical axes. If you increase the number you can increase the precision of the interaction diagram. Read more in the following article: <a data-item-id=\"fa1ccbb4-2aaf-4470-872c-01deea75f006\" href=\"\">Bending</a></p>\n<p>G.7 - Division of interaction diagram - Again if you increase the number you can increase the precision of the interaction diagram.</p>\n<p>G.8 - Vestigial resistance - It is valid for prestressed cross-sections only. If it is turned <strong>OFF</strong> - The left-hand side of the reliability condition contains the external load only. The right-hand side is the resistance, which consists of the primary effects resulting from the decompression prestressing force and the effect of the vestigial resistance of the prestressing reinforcement. If it is turned <strong>ON</strong> - An additional table is displayed, in which the left-hand side of the reliability condition contains the external load minus the primary effect resulting from the decompression prestressing force. The right-hand side is the resistance, which consists of the effect of the vestigial resistance of the prestressing reinforcement only.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9d27f3ed-e2b9-4bed-bbe1-fc5a52ecd4a6\" data-image-id=\"9d27f3ed-e2b9-4bed-bbe1-fc5a52ecd4a6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/25c12fc0-340e-456a-8aa6-a68620a82f46/RC-B_06_41.png\" data-asset-id=\"9d27f3ed-e2b9-4bed-bbe1-fc5a52ecd4a6\" data-image-id=\"9d27f3ed-e2b9-4bed-bbe1-fc5a52ecd4a6\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>G.9 - Don't exclude tendons - If it is turned on the tendons which are outside of the cross-section will be included in the calculation.</p>\n<p>G.10 - Used a simplified model - You can use this option to speed up your calculation.</p>\n<p>G.12 - Direction of imperfection - The effect is described in the following article: <a data-item-id=\"17353810-3c1d-4db4-bc6d-ad9e2c9a7126\" href=\"\">Second-order effect in RCS application</a></p>\n<p>G.14 - No resistance of concrete in tension - members 1D</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Always - The assumption that the concrete resists no tension will be applied in all SLS checks for all combinations of all sections and their extremes.</li>\n <li>Section - In the case that the upper or lower design value of internal forces of one of the SLS combinations will cause concrete stress higher than the concrete tensile strength, the assumption that the concrete resists no tension will be applied in all SLS checks for all extremes of the current section. 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"value": "<p>There are several options for the reinforcement setup for a 1D cross-section:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Templates</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Import</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Reinforcement editor</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p>For information about the reinforcement setup for 2D elements, check out the <a data-item-id=\"ec27c0e7-ec98-41d1-9e7d-81a2ad088f42\" href=\"\">Reinforcement for 2D elements</a><strong> </strong>article!</p>\n<p>Now, let's see the options:</p>\n<h2>Templates</h2>\n<p>As well as for geometry, the RCS application offers pre-defined templates for reinforcement. This option is available only for cross-sections created by pre-defined templates. </p>\n<h3>Setting a template</h3>\n<p>To set the reinforcement, go to <strong>Navigator</strong> <strong>-> Reinforcement</strong>, and select a preferred template in the top ribbon. The layout table will appear, so just fill in the values, and click OK.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"eda8a3cd-2f2c-450e-ade6-92946cd6100a\" data-image-id=\"eda8a3cd-2f2c-450e-ade6-92946cd6100a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3a17bb40-ef0d-4168-ba1a-90b01a1556c4/RC-B_05_04.png\" data-asset-id=\"eda8a3cd-2f2c-450e-ade6-92946cd6100a\" data-image-id=\"eda8a3cd-2f2c-450e-ade6-92946cd6100a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>After that, you will see the tables of reinforcement bars and reinforcement layers in the Data window. Working with the tables, you can adjust properties such as the diameter, number of layers, if the reinforcement is bent-up, and reinforcement type (this functionality is meant for <a data-item-id=\"5bc035cd-2680-4beb-ace8-094d3b3fb73d\" href=\"\">Fatigue</a> calculation).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5175380d-2b70-46b5-96c1-3cb285e69d59\" data-image-id=\"5175380d-2b70-46b5-96c1-3cb285e69d59\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6b30b28d-b917-4aeb-bf7f-1e6b97d5bea5/RC-B_05_05.png\" data-asset-id=\"5175380d-2b70-46b5-96c1-3cb285e69d59\" data-image-id=\"5175380d-2b70-46b5-96c1-3cb285e69d59\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The reinforcement's diameter and material can be set individually for each bar. In case of having the same diameter or material for a group of bars, you can tick the Identical checkboxes and save time setting the properties of bars one by one.</p>\n<h3>Stirrups modification</h3>\n<p>Click on the stirrup in the Main graphic window. The selected stirrup is highlighted, and you can see a table with properties in the Data window. Here you can set the diameter, material, spacing, and other settings depending on the stirrup type. </p>\n<p>The <strong>Shear</strong> and <strong>Torsion</strong> checkboxes in the middle of the table are an important part of this section. Select the corresponding options to choose the type of code-check of the stirrup.</p>\n<p>More information about shear and torsion checks, as well as other types of checks, with a thorough description, can be found in the <a data-item-id=\"c8bad084-6363-4e07-87ac-c53a30fc1983\" href=\"\">ULS results in RCS - Capacity N-M-M, Shear, Torsion, Interaction, Response N-M-M article</a>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"27490870-9ff5-4fb1-9244-74bcd6b8551c\" data-image-id=\"27490870-9ff5-4fb1-9244-74bcd6b8551c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/480b1c4f-03f2-4d32-91d8-d3ec0ac74723/RC-B_05_09.png\" data-asset-id=\"27490870-9ff5-4fb1-9244-74bcd6b8551c\" data-image-id=\"27490870-9ff5-4fb1-9244-74bcd6b8551c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The <strong>Stirrups shape</strong> can be displayed in the Main graphic window by using the button of the same name in the top ribbon in the View settings section.</p>\n<p>The concrete cover can be set using the <strong>Cover</strong> button in the top ribbon. It can be set for each edge of the cross-section separately. I.e., each edge can have a different value of concrete cover.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1e2c0c9c-1db7-4805-b77d-a4dbac3d9d4c\" data-image-id=\"1e2c0c9c-1db7-4805-b77d-a4dbac3d9d4c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/0849e5fe-8edb-49c9-95d4-524a5fa01b98/RC-B_05_06.png\" data-asset-id=\"1e2c0c9c-1db7-4805-b77d-a4dbac3d9d4c\" data-image-id=\"1e2c0c9c-1db7-4805-b77d-a4dbac3d9d4c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>The reinforcement can be deleted using the <strong>Delete</strong> button in the top ribbon. You can either delete just the selected reinforcement or the whole layout.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"42890c61-3785-417e-91d4-b6473a24d90f\" data-image-id=\"42890c61-3785-417e-91d4-b6473a24d90f\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c8c39219-190d-4759-9980-0f5a4a7b9ee9/RC-B_05_07.png\" data-asset-id=\"42890c61-3785-417e-91d4-b6473a24d90f\" data-image-id=\"42890c61-3785-417e-91d4-b6473a24d90f\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Import</h2>\n<p>To import a file containing reinforcement, click on the <strong>Import</strong> button in the top ribbon and choose what you want to import. <strong>Export</strong> (using the button right next to the Import one) works exactly the same way. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"99e81882-5ee2-4e71-a45d-d07bebd70dc4\" data-image-id=\"99e81882-5ee2-4e71-a45d-d07bebd70dc4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f5a21a9a-466b-485b-a6cc-62fde4782db4/RC-B_05_08.png\" data-asset-id=\"99e81882-5ee2-4e71-a45d-d07bebd70dc4\" data-image-id=\"99e81882-5ee2-4e71-a45d-d07bebd70dc4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You can export/import cross-section <strong>geometry</strong>, <strong>reinforcement</strong>, and <strong>tendons </strong>separately. Or there is an option to export/import all at once. </p>\n<h2>Reinforcement editor</h2>\n<p>The Reinforcement editor can be very helpful. It is a tool providing you with many possibilities of how to reinforce a cross-section in the RCS application. To launch the editor, click on the <strong>Reinforcement editor</strong> button in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"10b601cf-8fa2-4528-99ea-1ea59457163c\" data-image-id=\"10b601cf-8fa2-4528-99ea-1ea59457163c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1db5e729-fb97-483e-b31c-ecd263371c80/RC-B_05_10.png\" data-asset-id=\"10b601cf-8fa2-4528-99ea-1ea59457163c\" data-image-id=\"10b601cf-8fa2-4528-99ea-1ea59457163c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>A separate window will appear. In the editor, you can, among other things, define reinforcement by <strong>templates</strong> as well as was shown before. Or you can <strong>Import/Export</strong> reinforcement. The same applies to <strong>deleting</strong>. All buttons needed for mentioned operations are in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"19237ca1-19ab-42ce-a624-f16c055398e8\" data-image-id=\"19237ca1-19ab-42ce-a624-f16c055398e8\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1b4b792c-93f0-4124-9e93-b50af1483c29/RC-B_05_19.png\" data-asset-id=\"19237ca1-19ab-42ce-a624-f16c055398e8\" data-image-id=\"19237ca1-19ab-42ce-a624-f16c055398e8\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>One of the biggest advantages of the editor is the possibility to use <strong>Undo</strong> and <strong>Redo</strong> buttons. This cannot be done in the general RCS window.</p>\n<p>But that's not all! Let's have a look at what more can be done in the editor, one option by one.</p>\n<h3>Longitudinal reinforcement</h3>\n<p>We shall start with defining the longitudinal bars. You can find it in the Data window under the <strong>Longitudinal reinforcement</strong> tab. There are five possible options available to define reinforcement.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>New in line</strong></li>\n <li><strong>New on edge</strong></li>\n <li><strong>New by spacing</strong></li>\n <li><strong>New on all edges</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Import layers</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"fe8fe2f6-3f46-485b-a739-295932e66352\" data-image-id=\"fe8fe2f6-3f46-485b-a739-295932e66352\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6d38bfe9-1f35-47e4-89ce-bc784705c67e/RC-B_05_11.png\" data-asset-id=\"fe8fe2f6-3f46-485b-a739-295932e66352\" data-image-id=\"fe8fe2f6-3f46-485b-a739-295932e66352\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>New in line</h4>\n<p>The <strong>New in line</strong> option defines reinforcement <strong>based on coordinates</strong>. You have to define the origin of the first bar's position and the last bar's position, which can be Point (0,0) or one of the vertexes. And then, you have to define the delta coordinates of these two points.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e2fcf908-d582-4576-bc17-cce0e9cb55cc\" data-image-id=\"e2fcf908-d582-4576-bc17-cce0e9cb55cc\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f8730b1e-76c3-48a3-a926-c9bfff5ea4eb/RC-B_05_12.png\" data-asset-id=\"e2fcf908-d582-4576-bc17-cce0e9cb55cc\" data-image-id=\"e2fcf908-d582-4576-bc17-cce0e9cb55cc\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>In the Bars tab of the corresponding layer, you can display the position of each bar. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"0b3d189d-9794-4716-9409-6a08129db43c\" data-image-id=\"0b3d189d-9794-4716-9409-6a08129db43c\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3d0d1889-a09e-411b-9f34-b24060b9d224/RC-B_05_13.png\" data-asset-id=\"0b3d189d-9794-4716-9409-6a08129db43c\" data-image-id=\"0b3d189d-9794-4716-9409-6a08129db43c\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>New on edge</h4>\n<p>The <strong>New on edge</strong> option defines reinforcement <strong>based on the edge number and the cover</strong>. The cover can be as defined in the cross-section or user-defined. Don't forget to turn on the labelling of cross-section edges in the top ribbon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5789bdd5-eb53-4b18-9b05-ef47756ca340\" data-image-id=\"5789bdd5-eb53-4b18-9b05-ef47756ca340\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e7bafbd4-6caf-4a3a-a7d3-985339129900/RC-B_05_14.png\" data-asset-id=\"5789bdd5-eb53-4b18-9b05-ef47756ca340\" data-image-id=\"5789bdd5-eb53-4b18-9b05-ef47756ca340\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>New by spacing</h4>\n<p>The <strong>New by spacing</strong> option defines reinforcement <strong>based on the distance and cover</strong>. The number of bars in the layer is automatically calculated. This option is available only for 1D decks -> for Beam member type only rectangular cross-section and for One-way slab member type.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"61b10a11-1843-4b06-99be-c527642bb2aa\" data-image-id=\"61b10a11-1843-4b06-99be-c527642bb2aa\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/26b28a43-80d6-471e-84bc-8115fa7146d9/RC-B_05_15.png\" data-asset-id=\"61b10a11-1843-4b06-99be-c527642bb2aa\" data-image-id=\"61b10a11-1843-4b06-99be-c527642bb2aa\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Note that number of bars doesn't have to be an integer number. You can also define surface to cover - lower or upper and edge bar specification - symmetrically, diameter/2, or user-defined.</p>\n<h4>New on all edges</h4>\n<p>The <strong>New on all edges</strong> option defines reinforcement <strong>based on the distance and cover</strong>.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5e829d1a-d827-4fd3-b3e7-6be3216c359e\" data-image-id=\"5e829d1a-d827-4fd3-b3e7-6be3216c359e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/e58c29f7-a2ed-4c62-861c-31d88f66ef09/RC-B_05_16.png\" data-asset-id=\"5e829d1a-d827-4fd3-b3e7-6be3216c359e\" data-image-id=\"5e829d1a-d827-4fd3-b3e7-6be3216c359e\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Once you input reinforcement like this the application will create uniform layers or single bars around the cross-section automatically.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c72ef944-4bb8-4857-81a0-126d231f64ee\" data-image-id=\"c72ef944-4bb8-4857-81a0-126d231f64ee\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/fd04282b-72f5-4ec6-abb8-d5b836b06689/RC-B_05_17.png\" data-asset-id=\"c72ef944-4bb8-4857-81a0-126d231f64ee\" data-image-id=\"c72ef944-4bb8-4857-81a0-126d231f64ee\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>Explore layer</h4>\n<p>All of the previous inputting functionalities create a layer or row of reinforcement bars. To change the position or diameter of a single bar, you can explode the layer and do the modifications only for the selected item.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8180e4d2-ff9a-431d-b474-bee4d231d35a\" data-image-id=\"8180e4d2-ff9a-431d-b474-bee4d231d35a\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5cb9a599-ecd4-4b62-953f-631b52760b4f/RC-B_05_18.png\" data-asset-id=\"8180e4d2-ff9a-431d-b474-bee4d231d35a\" data-image-id=\"8180e4d2-ff9a-431d-b474-bee4d231d35a\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>Import layers</h4>\n<p>This is the same import functionality which was described above. The only difference is that by this button only the longitudinal reinforcement will be imported.</p>\n<h4>Bent-up bars</h4>\n<p>You can select which bar will be bent-up in the Bars tab. It can be done for all types of reinforcement. And also as was described above you can select individual bars to be bent-up in the general RCS window.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6a0b1c73-2008-4710-bd6d-486f3eb21871\" data-image-id=\"6a0b1c73-2008-4710-bd6d-486f3eb21871\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9718719d-715b-4618-b007-13aff56c56de/RC-B_05_30.png\" data-asset-id=\"6a0b1c73-2008-4710-bd6d-486f3eb21871\" data-image-id=\"6a0b1c73-2008-4710-bd6d-486f3eb21871\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>It is necessary to set the values of <em>s</em><em><sub>b</sub></em> and <em>α</em> correctly. The distance s<sub>b</sub> is defined as a projection of the inclined part to the direction of beam axis (or a rather effective length of bent-up bar). For more layers of bent-up bars, the distance s<sub>b</sub> is defined as a horizontal distance between them. After this input, the automatic detection of effective bars in a projection of crack to the axis perpendicular to the geometry of bent-up bars is performed (blue dash-dotted line).</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5fbb8b0c-5fd4-4737-bd0d-b5ccc74ac48d\" data-image-id=\"5fbb8b0c-5fd4-4737-bd0d-b5ccc74ac48d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/52f4f5a7-c555-4dbb-ae6b-f9f2a4b4cb5f/8_jednavlozka.png\" data-asset-id=\"5fbb8b0c-5fd4-4737-bd0d-b5ccc74ac48d\" data-image-id=\"5fbb8b0c-5fd4-4737-bd0d-b5ccc74ac48d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a3c3a038-4376-490e-b3c6-8c35724288f0\" data-image-id=\"a3c3a038-4376-490e-b3c6-8c35724288f0\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/60f5e747-db26-4a24-b793-53f2c482c065/8_effectivebars.png\" data-asset-id=\"a3c3a038-4376-490e-b3c6-8c35724288f0\" data-image-id=\"a3c3a038-4376-490e-b3c6-8c35724288f0\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The shear resistance of bent-up bars is defined by the following equation. If we use the unequal distance between the layers of bent-up bars, distance sb is averaged and used in the same equation.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d4f1408b-a259-4383-ab87-5256d4668d68\" data-image-id=\"d4f1408b-a259-4383-ab87-5256d4668d68\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/6549e326-8ee8-4714-a84c-f3198697f7de/8_formula.png\" data-asset-id=\"d4f1408b-a259-4383-ab87-5256d4668d68\" data-image-id=\"d4f1408b-a259-4383-ab87-5256d4668d68\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>To consider smaller effectiveness of bent-up bars in areas of smaller crack width, there is an option to use the reduction by kb factor. The recommended value is 0,75 (generally <1).</p>\n<p>We should also check the maximal distance between bent-up bars according to the code.</p>\n<p>s<sub>b,max</sub> = 0,6 d (1 + cot α) (9.7N)</p>\n<h3>Stirrups</h3>\n<p>To define stirrups go to the Data window -> Stirrups tab. There are four possible options available to define stirrups.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>New</strong></li>\n <li><strong>New around bars</strong></li>\n <li><strong>New from points</strong></li>\n <li><strong>Import</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"a18497eb-8bf3-40ed-bd30-14311dbda821\" data-image-id=\"a18497eb-8bf3-40ed-bd30-14311dbda821\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/76f89dd0-4283-4dd0-a575-48af3b280b06/RC-B_05_20.png\" data-asset-id=\"a18497eb-8bf3-40ed-bd30-14311dbda821\" data-image-id=\"a18497eb-8bf3-40ed-bd30-14311dbda821\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>New</h4>\n<p>The <strong>New </strong>option defines stirrups <strong>based on coordinates</strong>. First, you need to define the origin as a Point (0,0) or as one of the vertexes in the Stirrup tab. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"fabac534-bb8f-446e-970a-6c42b24c313b\" data-image-id=\"fabac534-bb8f-446e-970a-6c42b24c313b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/2b7f2bd1-1f44-43df-9852-b06de49708ff/RC-B_05_21.png\" data-asset-id=\"fabac534-bb8f-446e-970a-6c42b24c313b\" data-image-id=\"fabac534-bb8f-446e-970a-6c42b24c313b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>And then you are supposed to define the coordinates in the vertices tab.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"9bba73e8-83a7-4462-b878-25896535607e\" data-image-id=\"9bba73e8-83a7-4462-b878-25896535607e\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/11272b81-2c88-464e-9e36-4454e9a7ff6a/RC-B_05_22.png\" data-asset-id=\"9bba73e8-83a7-4462-b878-25896535607e\" data-image-id=\"9bba73e8-83a7-4462-b878-25896535607e\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Finally, you can go back to the stirrup tab and check closed if it is needed. Or change the inner diameter of the mandrel <em>n</em><em><sub>dm</sub></em> which is defined as a multiple of the stirrup diameter.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"41c177aa-0bdf-4564-bab0-85752f9c163d\" data-image-id=\"41c177aa-0bdf-4564-bab0-85752f9c163d\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/806458f4-956d-46c9-93f0-9f01c389689e/RC-B_05_24.png\" data-asset-id=\"41c177aa-0bdf-4564-bab0-85752f9c163d\" data-image-id=\"41c177aa-0bdf-4564-bab0-85752f9c163d\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>New around bars</h4>\n<p>The <strong>New around bars </strong>option defines stirrups <strong>based on the reinforcement bars position</strong>. Click on the button, set the diameter and distance and click on Start selection of bars by mouse.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"6b2847cb-e03e-43d7-ad15-3b37d8bbc0ab\" data-image-id=\"6b2847cb-e03e-43d7-ad15-3b37d8bbc0ab\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/673f6fd9-6b3e-40e5-ae20-ee00f4a33566/RC-B_05_25.png\" data-asset-id=\"6b2847cb-e03e-43d7-ad15-3b37d8bbc0ab\" data-image-id=\"6b2847cb-e03e-43d7-ad15-3b37d8bbc0ab\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Then gradually select bars. You can use the step back button or finish selection without closing stirrups.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"1f2bbfb1-8537-47dd-ba15-452549e228c4\" data-image-id=\"1f2bbfb1-8537-47dd-ba15-452549e228c4\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/674d18f5-52c3-4482-804d-179c37fe1339/RC-B_05_26.png\" data-asset-id=\"1f2bbfb1-8537-47dd-ba15-452549e228c4\" data-image-id=\"1f2bbfb1-8537-47dd-ba15-452549e228c4\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>New from points</h4>\n<p>The <strong>New from points </strong>option defines stirrups <strong>based on the cross-section vertices</strong>. Click on the button, set the diameter and distance and click on Start selection of points.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"3a280adb-7220-40b2-94e9-911c38e3f0a7\" data-image-id=\"3a280adb-7220-40b2-94e9-911c38e3f0a7\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/f16da87f-a802-468a-9861-b7e45925a04b/RC-B_05_27.png\" data-asset-id=\"3a280adb-7220-40b2-94e9-911c38e3f0a7\" data-image-id=\"3a280adb-7220-40b2-94e9-911c38e3f0a7\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Then gradually select points. You can use the step back button or finish selection without closing stirrups.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"fdaab78f-a03e-4f12-8c36-fd7104f550f9\" data-image-id=\"fdaab78f-a03e-4f12-8c36-fd7104f550f9\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/31ec0b49-78e6-4d74-b8d5-16dfdc2f544c/RC-B_05_28.png\" data-asset-id=\"fdaab78f-a03e-4f12-8c36-fd7104f550f9\" data-image-id=\"fdaab78f-a03e-4f12-8c36-fd7104f550f9\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h4>Explode stirrup</h4>\n<p>With this functionality, you can convert stirrup created from points or around bars to the general one defined by coordinates. The converted stirrup will be the same as the stirrup created using the New option.</p>\n<h4>Import</h4>\n<p>This is the same import functionality which was described above. The only difference is that by this button only the stirrups will be imported.</p>\n<h4>Links</h4>\n<p>For one-way slabs and for 2D elements, you can define links. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"170698d8-2729-4148-a4c6-e4109b9ced1b\" data-image-id=\"170698d8-2729-4148-a4c6-e4109b9ced1b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/c2899a1e-5fc4-4500-9153-f2ce3f4a9074/RC-B_05_29.png\" data-asset-id=\"170698d8-2729-4148-a4c6-e4109b9ced1b\" data-image-id=\"170698d8-2729-4148-a4c6-e4109b9ced1b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h3>Calculation</h3>\n<p>In the reinforcement editor, users usually iterate from version to version of the reinforcement design. A useful feature is to calculate the cross-section directly in the editor. There is the calculate button on the top ribbon. After calculation, you will see the overall check status of the reinforced cross-section. And also all of the relevant nonconformities will be available.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"7a3abb36-eddc-48d1-9778-4cb734657de3\" data-image-id=\"7a3abb36-eddc-48d1-9778-4cb734657de3\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/026c4775-fb00-4861-a7a9-1e5bfe23ca5b/RC-B_05_31.png\" data-asset-id=\"7a3abb36-eddc-48d1-9778-4cb734657de3\" data-image-id=\"7a3abb36-eddc-48d1-9778-4cb734657de3\" alt=\"\"></figure>"
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"value": "<p>There are two possible cases for the input if internal forces. Let´s start with an easier one – reinforced section and after that, we will explain it for the staged and prestressed cross-section.</p>\n<h3>Reinforced cross-section</h3>\n<p>Input for reinforced sections is easy to understand. Just fill in the <strong>design</strong> values of internal forces (partial factors are included) in the proper section and extreme.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"2e08eff6-af36-4b3a-a110-77dec42a7cb6\" data-image-id=\"2e08eff6-af36-4b3a-a110-77dec42a7cb6\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/bfa06090-7e4a-4ef0-9d60-6358c5bf77f5/6_reinforced%20concrete.png\" data-asset-id=\"2e08eff6-af36-4b3a-a110-77dec42a7cb6\" data-image-id=\"2e08eff6-af36-4b3a-a110-77dec42a7cb6\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Complex projects require lots of sections and extremes. For such big data, it is useful to use table input in Section menu. Start with creating the desired number of extremes and then run Table editor and a dialog as on the following picture will appear. ULS and SLS values of internal forces can be filled in one place.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"610256fd-ac57-47f5-a102-8fe5e0d07f51\" data-image-id=\"610256fd-ac57-47f5-a102-8fe5e0d07f51\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/968d33f1-0c00-4893-9b66-b5a9ce4a2aa2/6_reinforced%20concrete%20editor.png\" data-asset-id=\"610256fd-ac57-47f5-a102-8fe5e0d07f51\" data-image-id=\"610256fd-ac57-47f5-a102-8fe5e0d07f51\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h3>Staged or prestressed cross-sections</h3>\n<p>To make a proper input, we need to start in the Action stages tab. The first table is for the input of <strong>increments</strong> of effects (internal forces) from <strong>characteristic</strong> values of permanent loads and these are used for the so-called initial state of the cross-section for ULS, SLS, and tendon losses calculations.</p>\n<p>Read a detailed article describing all the methods and options for filling the Action stages, including a more detailed description of the Initial state.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><a data-item-id=\"6c03cee7-a595-491a-b4f6-131085dd26b1\" href=\"\">RCS - Action stages</a></li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"eda27df8-70f3-43ca-827a-65b9be293c66\" data-image-id=\"eda27df8-70f3-43ca-827a-65b9be293c66\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/3e71e636-14db-4aef-b09f-6a270e085c0d/6_construction%20stages.png\" data-asset-id=\"eda27df8-70f3-43ca-827a-65b9be293c66\" data-image-id=\"eda27df8-70f3-43ca-827a-65b9be293c66\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>We will switch to the Internal forces tab after that and transfer the internal forces from the previous step to the initial state by clicking on <strong>All</strong> icon.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"b1e64234-338b-46e5-9b7f-1be610d367f1\" data-image-id=\"b1e64234-338b-46e5-9b7f-1be610d367f1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9a952518-c929-4239-9851-8de895411ad6/6_internal%20forces.png\" data-asset-id=\"b1e64234-338b-46e5-9b7f-1be610d367f1\" data-image-id=\"b1e64234-338b-46e5-9b7f-1be610d367f1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>This step transfers all permanent and prestressing effects, and automatically multiply them by a proper gamma partial factor to obtain the <strong>design</strong> values.</p>\n<p>The only thing that remains is to fill in <strong>variable</strong> load already in <strong>design</strong> values and we are done.</p>\n<object type=\"application/kenticocloud\" data-type=\"item\" data-rel=\"link\" data-codename=\"take_idea_statica_24_0_for_a_test_drive_today\"></object>"
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"value": "<p>In the Action stages tab, the goal is to define the <strong>initial stress-strain state</strong> of the cross-section. This is the stress state of the cross-section from permanent loads, prestressing, creep, and shrinkage in the individual stages of construction. The inputs are obtained from the global calculation FEA model. The response of the cross-section in SLS and ULS is then calculated by further loading (variable load, etc..) of the cross-section from this initial state, respecting the working diagrams of the materials. In the Action Stages tab, the initial state of a general cross-section, including phased (composite) cross-sections, can be defined, making the method general. If you are interested in the composite cross-sections it is recommended to go through the tutorial: <a data-item-id=\"45f41f1d-4934-4083-aef1-bc69cd11b1fc\" href=\"\">Structural design of composite concrete section in RCS (EN)</a>.</p>\n<p>For the purpose of this article, the action stages will be explained on a simple beam with one prestressing cable. </p>\n<p>There will be the bending moment from dead load <em>M</em><em><sub>dl</sub></em>, a bending moment from live load <em>M</em><em><sub>ll</sub></em>, and a bending moment from prestress <em>M</em><em><sub>p</sub></em>. Moreover, there will be a normal force from prestress <em>N</em><em><sub>p</sub></em>. Beam and internal forces are explained in the figure below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"8c87f10a-2695-466a-8a07-abc27954d21b\" data-image-id=\"8c87f10a-2695-466a-8a07-abc27954d21b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/5387f3a7-a75f-4db8-b6f9-ad9a2e3ad8fb/Action%20stages_01.png\" data-asset-id=\"8c87f10a-2695-466a-8a07-abc27954d21b\" data-image-id=\"8c87f10a-2695-466a-8a07-abc27954d21b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You can notice that <em>M</em><em><sub>dl</sub></em><em> + M</em><em><sub>p</sub></em><em> = 0 kNm. </em>It is simply because the results will be much clearer. It will be easier to understand. Displayed internal forces <em>N</em><em><sub>p</sub></em> and <em>M</em><em><sub>p</sub></em> are after long-term losses.</p>\n<p>Internal forces from creep and shrinkage are also zero values in our simple case.</p>\n<p>Cross-section S1 is shown in the figure below.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"e7023aeb-bb50-4998-9078-d0d720df7b4b\" data-image-id=\"e7023aeb-bb50-4998-9078-d0d720df7b4b\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/54edc27d-a508-485a-8cda-ce84c3fceb85/Action%20stages_02.png\" data-asset-id=\"e7023aeb-bb50-4998-9078-d0d720df7b4b\" data-image-id=\"e7023aeb-bb50-4998-9078-d0d720df7b4b\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The RCS file is created and also attached. </p>\n<p>First, the construction stages can be defined in Design member -> Construction stages. The Time of the phases, and prestress application can be set to the individual stage. New stages can be also added.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"170c4b64-e738-42d6-95bf-8bb9bd02c605\" data-image-id=\"170c4b64-e738-42d6-95bf-8bb9bd02c605\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/8d7ce6d5-ccba-4c71-8de5-d57e13e5cba6/Action%20stages_03.png\" data-asset-id=\"170c4b64-e738-42d6-95bf-8bb9bd02c605\" data-image-id=\"170c4b64-e738-42d6-95bf-8bb9bd02c605\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Specifying the time for each load extreme defines at which times (construction stages) the design checks will be performed.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"dedbcc07-3fcb-4f37-8904-d8b17cb5cfc2\" data-image-id=\"dedbcc07-3fcb-4f37-8904-d8b17cb5cfc2\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/9b790018-67aa-4616-8697-38722ad6429b/Action%20stages_12.png\" data-asset-id=\"dedbcc07-3fcb-4f37-8904-d8b17cb5cfc2\" data-image-id=\"dedbcc07-3fcb-4f37-8904-d8b17cb5cfc2\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Initial state</h2>\n<p>There are two possibilities for determination of the initial state in the action stages:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Calculate</li>\n <li>User input / Import</li>\n</ul>\n<p>As it was written, the initial state is defined as the total effect of all dead loads (permanent load), creep, shrinkage, and prestress in characteristic values.</p>\n<p>Further explanation will be done just for the second stage 18250d.</p>\n<p>Read more about the Initial state for Composite cross-sections in <a data-item-id=\"d6f6fbca-f69a-4141-b9b9-5da07aa119a0\" href=\"\">Design of prestressed composite cross-section in RCS</a></p>\n<h3>Calculate</h3>\n<p>The increments of the permanent loads (summation of dead loads, creep, and shrinkage) have to be inputted into the table. Prestress effects are not inputed here, they are defined in the subsequent table and they are included automatically. Please notice that for the specific construction stage, <strong>only the increments</strong> are inputted in each row of the table.</p>\n<p>For our example, <em>N=0 kN</em> and <em>M = M</em><em><sub>dl</sub></em><em> = 222.8 kNm</em> are inputted for t=28d stage.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5c511fac-4889-4536-80e2-199690fb87d1\" data-image-id=\"5c511fac-4889-4536-80e2-199690fb87d1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/7a806692-c389-446a-84af-d9ec6441f10e/Action%20stages_08.png\" data-asset-id=\"5c511fac-4889-4536-80e2-199690fb87d1\" data-image-id=\"5c511fac-4889-4536-80e2-199690fb87d1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>The drawback of this method is that the whole loading history of the cross-section has to be defined to obtain values for the last stage. </p>\n<h3>User input / Import</h3>\n<p>The summation of the <strong>dead loads, creep, shrinkage, and prestress</strong> have to be input into the table. </p>\n<p>For our example, <em>N=-495 kN</em> and <em>M = M</em><em><sub>dl</sub></em><em> + M</em><em><sub>p</sub></em><em> = 0 kNm</em> are inputted t=18250d stage. </p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d37b20a1-aebe-4dc6-b00e-0b968e241757\" data-image-id=\"d37b20a1-aebe-4dc6-b00e-0b968e241757\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/1d509690-84ee-4c8d-a824-2bdc3e78e490/Action%20stages_04.png\" data-asset-id=\"d37b20a1-aebe-4dc6-b00e-0b968e241757\" data-image-id=\"d37b20a1-aebe-4dc6-b00e-0b968e241757\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>Important thing is that these <strong>stages</strong> (each row of the table)<strong> are Independent in the User input / Import method</strong>. It means that all rows not have to be filled, or rows for stages that will not be checked can be omitted. In other words, even if the first row is not filled, the same results are obtained.</p>\n<h2>Prestressing</h2>\n<p>There are two types of prestressing input.</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Estimation of prestressing losses - Maximal stress is applied to the tendon and coefficients are inputted</li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"c27f3331-1514-4130-9cba-7c9c5d5d0b47\" data-image-id=\"c27f3331-1514-4130-9cba-7c9c5d5d0b47\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/61eaba44-5ad6-445a-ac4f-202642c7ec88/Action%20stages_06.png\" data-asset-id=\"c27f3331-1514-4130-9cba-7c9c5d5d0b47\" data-image-id=\"c27f3331-1514-4130-9cba-7c9c5d5d0b47\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<ul>\n <li>Stress after long-term losses - the final stress read directly from the FEA model is inputted. </li>\n</ul>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"34eb1eef-e980-4cef-bdda-82c04a1ce340\" data-image-id=\"34eb1eef-e980-4cef-bdda-82c04a1ce340\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b5482301-cde2-4e8a-8718-c2aa021c8a56/Action%20stages_05.png\" data-asset-id=\"34eb1eef-e980-4cef-bdda-82c04a1ce340\" data-image-id=\"34eb1eef-e980-4cef-bdda-82c04a1ce340\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You can see that the final stress is the same in both ways.</p>\n<h2>Total effect of prestressing</h2>\n<p>The total effect of the prestressing table shows Primary internal forces calculated from geometry and stress in the tendon and secondary internal forces which have to be inputted manually.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"66e9302c-9395-46ff-a476-058bf09e85f1\" data-image-id=\"66e9302c-9395-46ff-a476-058bf09e85f1\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/b7e83dc2-3774-425c-ab0f-eb86b5ac1639/Action%20stages_07.png\" data-asset-id=\"66e9302c-9395-46ff-a476-058bf09e85f1\" data-image-id=\"66e9302c-9395-46ff-a476-058bf09e85f1\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Internal forces</h2>\n<p>There is a possibility to load permanent internal forces from the action stages tab. Permanent internal forces can be filled manually, there is no difference.</p>\n<p>The automatic including of the <em>Υ</em><em><sub>Gj,sup</sub></em> can be used. But for a better explanation, the coefficient is set to 1.0. After clicking on All button the permanent forces will be filled.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"421a5898-5899-43b6-99e5-7c41ed716519\" data-image-id=\"421a5898-5899-43b6-99e5-7c41ed716519\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/57ac890b-d006-4bb9-9605-ec02e2273cad/Action%20stages_09.png\" data-asset-id=\"421a5898-5899-43b6-99e5-7c41ed716519\" data-image-id=\"421a5898-5899-43b6-99e5-7c41ed716519\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>You will obtain the same Internal force from the User input / Import method or from the Calculate method. Of course, the values have to be set like was shown.</p>\n<p>The last item is the live load. Simply fill in the values to the table.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"5fe21f9c-460c-4ceb-8047-35ad6da69690\" data-image-id=\"5fe21f9c-460c-4ceb-8047-35ad6da69690\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/11c2be61-79cf-4d9d-b435-00ed2c3341e4/Action%20stages_10.png\" data-asset-id=\"5fe21f9c-460c-4ceb-8047-35ad6da69690\" data-image-id=\"5fe21f9c-460c-4ceb-8047-35ad6da69690\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<h2>Results</h2>\n<p>The situation is explained in Response N-M-M type of results. The initials (orange) and the Increment (green) are turned on.</p>\n<p>The initial state, where the cross-section is only under the compression (<em>M</em><em><sub>dl</sub></em><em> + M</em><em><sub>p</sub></em><em> = 0 kNm</em>) can be seen. Increment from live load can be also seen. The Total type of results is a summation of Initials and Increments.</p>\n<figure data-asset-id=\"d4d77e88-3da1-4d5c-83b4-3237c58bf812\" data-image-id=\"d4d77e88-3da1-4d5c-83b4-3237c58bf812\"><img src=\"https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com:443/28eac049-c8ed-00e2-220c-12142a968dff/d16ad7aa-dfdd-4de2-9049-fca79572c7b1/Action%20stages_11.png\" data-asset-id=\"d4d77e88-3da1-4d5c-83b4-3237c58bf812\" data-image-id=\"d4d77e88-3da1-4d5c-83b4-3237c58bf812\" alt=\"\"></figure>\n<p>It can be seen in the attached file that the results are the same for Calculate and User input / Import methods.</p>"
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Versions of applications supported by IDEA StatiCa 20.1 (Concrete)
Licensing
Licensing improvements highlights:
- Possibility of the automatic sign out after you close IDEA StatiCa
- IDEA StatiCa launches 40 % faster
- Better error messages so you know what the problem with your license is
- New License dialog with "Forgotten password" button at hand